Chapter 1

The emotion of sadness

1.1 Sadness as an emotion (what is emotion, types of emotion, sadness as an emotion)-5 pages

Sadness is an emotional state marked by emotions of disadvantage, loss, despair, sadness,

helplessness, disappointment, and sorrow. An someone suffering melancholy may become
silent or sluggish, withdrawing from others. Depression is an example of intense sadness, as it
can be caused by major depressive disorder or persistent depressive disorder. Crying might
indicate melancholy (Jellesma, F.C.; Vingerhoets, Ad J.J.M., 2012:412-421)
Sadness is profoundly embedded in people's lives. Ekman (1999) defines it as the loss of a
cherished person, failure to attain a goal, or loss of control. While sorrow can be triggered by
many events (Scherer and Wallbott, 1994), it's unclear if these sentiments are universal.
Research indicates that a single emotion may have several subcategories. Nesse (1990)
claimed that different emotions correlate to diverse contexts, leading to the development of
distinct subtypes of fear to address various dangers. Frick (1986) identified two forms of
anger: low-pitched and high-pitched, which are connected with threat and frustration.
Yoder et al. (2015) found that physical and moral disgust are distinct emotions with unique
facial expressions. These data suggest that there may be several sorts of sadness.
Shirai and Suzuki (2015) used subjective assessments to analyze the features of
melancholy across six contexts. Three emotive words were used to measure the
characteristics: "tears," "chest ache," and "powerlessness." Participants were asked to evaluate
the scenario at four different time points (event occurrence, 1 week, 1 month, and 6 months)
and assess the features at each. The study found that grief caused by the loss of a family
member was often expressed in terms of "tears," with high scores for all three criteria over
time. In contrast, melancholy caused by failure to attain an objective diminished over time.
Shirai and Suzuki (2015) found that melancholy is classified into two groups based on
subjective perception. If melancholy is classified into subgroups, physiological reactions may
differ.
Numerous research have explored the physiological reactions to sorrow, revealing
distinctions amongst emotions (Kreibig et al., 2007). Research suggests that melancholy
might cause an increase in heart rate (HR) or a reduction in skin conductance (SCL) (Ekman

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et al., 1983; Krumhansl, 1997). Using various strategies to evoke emotion might explain the
discrepancy in outcomes. However, Kreibig et al. (2007) claimed that conflicting results
could not be attributable exclusively to changes in elicitation methods, as both HR
acceleration and deceleration were seen using the same induction methods. A meta-analysis
of autonomic specificity studies found that the nature of sorrow remains unclear when
compared to other emotions (Cacioppo et al., 2000).
Shirai and Suzuki (in press) reference studies on physiological responses to identify
several kinds of melancholy. The study focused on physiological reactions to melancholy
caused by loss and failure, taking into account various subjective varieties of sadness. The
study found that diastolic blood pressure (DBP) rose exclusively during loss imagery, not
failure imagery. more diastolic blood pressure during a losing situation may indicate more
physical activity. Additionally, the "tears" rating (a measure of grief) was greater in the loss
condition compared to the failure condition.
Researchers have been looking for a dependable way to trigger emotions when studying
emotional phenomena. Emotion elicitation in the laboratory is challenging due to its elusive
nature and the lack of a universal approach (Rottenberg et al., 2007). Researchers have
utilized several methods to elicit emotions in the lab, such as watching sights, sounds, videos,
and imagined situations (Lang, 1978; Rottenberg et al., 2007). Allen et al. (1996) found that
using imagery to elicit emotional reactions in a laboratory context allows for easier
psychophysiological testing.
Cuthbert et al. (1991) suggested that physiological output indicates a person imagining a
real-life event. Based on a prior work (Shirai and Suzuki, in press), we used images to elicit
grief in the laboratory. Participants were given the option of imagining several scenarios to
increase their emotional intensity. Furthermore, Velasco and Bond (1998) brought out the
importance of personal relevance. Personally related emotional scripts were shown to cause
more physiological arousal than non-personally relevant scripts. We focused on individuals
who had previously encountered similar situations to those in the emotional scripts.
The situation, assessment, and attribution all play a role in triggering grief. Emotional
responses vary depending on the scenario and evaluation. Appraisals often add to feelings of

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melancholy. When someone considers a situation as a loss, they may get sad. According to
Barr-Zisowitz (2000:607-622), attribution can also contribute to feelings of melancholy.
Summerfield and Green (1986:50-68) investigated which conditions most cause
melancholy. The following are the most commonly reported causes of sadness, ranging from
high to low prevalence: problems with friends, death of friends, sickness (own or others),
death of relatives, permanent separation from friends, failure in achievement situations, bad
news (social or mass media), temporary separation from friends, solitude, end of pleasurable
experience, and depression. Compared to pleasure, fear, and anger, sorrow has the most
diverse antecedents. It's unclear if this is due to trouble recalling melancholy or other factors.
Scherer and Wallbott (1986:69-83) grouped these circumstances into more general
groups. Relationships, birth/death, body/mind, good/bad news, permanent separation,
achievement, temporary separation, social institutions, and contacts with strangers were
identified as antecedents of melancholy in varying degrees of prevalence.
Relationship troubles, sometimes resulting in death, and physical challenges, such as
sickness or unpleasant news, are the most typical provoking scenarios. Sadness is often
triggered by a loss or unmet aim (Stearns, 1993:547-562). It's important to recognize that this
might also lead to emotional disappointment. Nesse (1990:261-289) identifies melancholy as
a response to illness, social rejection, loss of a loved one, loss of status, loss of wealth, or loss
of a child.
Sadness, like other emotions, affects the body and behavior. Sometimes it is difficult to
discern between these two levels. Physiological reactions can manifest in behavioral
reactions, such as crying. Najib, Lorberbaum, Kose, Bohning, and George (2004) studied
women whose romantic relationships terminated. Women were asked to recollect both a sad,
ruminative memory about a loved one and a neutral thinking about someone they had
known for a long time. Meanwhile, brain activity was assessed using fMRI. Brain activity
alterations in the cerebellum, anterior temporal cortex, insula, anterior cingulate, and
prefrontal cortex were observed during grief and rumination about a loved one.
Freed et al. (2007) address the neuroscience of melancholy. During melancholy,
endogenous opioid transmission in the rostral anterior cingulate diminishes. Oxytocin levels
may also be lowered. Furthermore, dopamine is released during melancholy. According to

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Myron and Hofer (1984:28-34), sadness can be caused by a variety of mechanisms, including
acute emotional responses and longer-term disruptions of biological and psychological
functioning.
Scherer et al. (1994:310-328) found that crying and sobbing are distinct nonverbal
behaviors associated with grief. When someone is unhappy, he exhibits several nonverbal
responses. This may be due to a lack of control over the emotion and the urge to express it.
Sad people exhibit a variety of nonverbal responses, but few spoken ones. Scherer et al.
(1994) found that sadness and fear are the most quiet emotions. According to Cunningham's
(1988) research, individuals in a melancholy mood tend to prefer solitude and naps. Sadness
is an emotion without an evident action component (Brehm, Brummett & Harvey, 1999:31-
44).
Darwin (1965) observed that sadness causes a pale face, flaccid muscles, drooping eyes,
head hanging on a constricted chest, sinking lips, cheeks, and lower jaw, and sluggish
breathing with heavy sighs.
Sadness differs from person to another. Individuals may see different indicators as reasons
of sorrow. People experience and show grief differently. Sex and culture have significant
roles in determining how people perceive and show melancholy.
There hasn't been much research into sex differences and grief. Most study focuses on sex
differences and depression. According to Nolen-Hoeksema's (1987) response type hypothesis,
women tend to linger on their unhappiness more than males. Research suggests that males
are more likely than women to divert themselves from melancholy. Differences in reaction
styles are attributed to upbringing rather than nature. Socialization is crucial for promoting
proper sex behavior. Conway et al. (1990) investigated the relationship between sex-role
orientation and reaction styles in an adult population. The study indicated that higher levels
of femininity led to more rumination on melancholy, whereas higher levels of masculinity
led to greater diversion from it.
Another aspect that might contribute to unhappiness is culture. Barr-Zisowitz (2000)
argues that melancholy is a universally recognized emotion. In Asian civilizations,
melancholy is seen as a step towards redemption. Barr-Zisowitz (2000) suggests that how
civilizations view aid influences their perception of melancholy. Individualistic and

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collectivistic civilizations both contribute to this phenomenon. Collectivistic cultures tend to
prioritize helping unhappy individuals over individualistic societies, but may overlook
sadnesses that may not require a community reaction.
Individualistic societies emphasize self-care. Individuals who need assistance are typically
viewed as unwell or unusual. This can impact how people express melancholy in some
cultures. Matsumoto, Hee Yoo and Fontaine (2008) investigated the correlation between
emotional display regulations and individualism vs collectivism. The study found that
sadness is more prevalent in in-groups than out-groups, and that individualism has a negative
correlation with sadness. This suggests that individualistic cultures express sadness less than
collectivistic cultures.
Darwin (1965) suggests that sadness is universal, characterized by pale skin, flaccid
muscles, drooping eyelids, head hanging on a contracted chest, sinking lips, cheeks, and
lower jaw, and slow breathing with deep sighs. He emphasizes the universality of sorrowful
expressions, such as obliquity of the brows and depressed corners of the mouth, observed in
individuals worldwide. He believes that emotions play a crucial role in adaptation and are
consistent across cultures and races.
A great deal of study has been done on the neurobiology of sorrow (Arias, Juan A, et.al,
2020:199-228).The American Journal of Psychiatry reports that sorrow is linked to "increases
in bilateral activity within the vicinity of the middle and posterior temporal cortex, lateral
cerebellum, cerebellar vermis, midbrain, putamen, and caudate."( Lane, R.D, et.al, 1997:926-
933
Jose V. Pardo, who holds an M.D. and a Ph.D., directs a cognitive neuroscience research
program. Pardo and his colleagues used positron emission tomography (PET) to elicit grief in
seven healthy men and women by asking them to consider sad topics. They found higher
brain activity in the bilateral inferior and orbitofrontal cortex (Pardo, J.V, et.al, 1993:713-
719)
In short, sadness is a typical emotion in childhood. Sometimes melancholy leads to
depression. Some families may have a (conscious or unconscious) rule that melancholy is
"not allowed," (Masman, K, 2010:8) but Robin Skynner has proposed that this may cause
issues, claiming that by "screening out" sadness, individuals might become superficial and

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manic (Cleese J., 1994:33-36) . T. Berry Brazelton, a pediatrician, thinks that recognizing
grief might help families deal with more significant emotional issues.

1.2 Expressing sadness in English (10 pages)

Human emotions can take different forms, including wrath, happiness, sorrow, fear, joy,
and love (Parrot, 2001; Strongman, 2003). Emotions allow individuals to convey their
current feelings. Emotions may be communicated both vocally and nonverbally.
Emotions may be expressed using verbal vocabulary and figurative language such as
personification, metaphor, and hyperbole. Yanti (2013) suggests that repetition of words or
phrases may also be used to indicate emotions in specific situations. This research examines
how metaphorical notions are used to describe sadness. Everyone has feelings of sadness and
unhappiness. Sadness can be triggered by a variety of events, including the death of a loved
one, a broken heart, failure to attain a goal, or loss. These emotions may be represented not
only via words, but also through metaphors.

Scholars from numerous disciplines have long been interested in the relationship
between language and emotion. Language is vital in communicating the significance of
emotions in human existence, which are firmly anchored in culture and cognition (K. J. Lau,
et.al, 2004). Sadness is a universal emotion that spans time, geography, and cultures.

Proverbs convey cultural wisdom and ideals, effectively encapsulating common

information. Traditions that have been passed down over centuries provide insight into a
society's cultural consciousness (Kövecses Z., 2010). Proverbs, which preserve cultural
memory, offer vital insights on how emotions are perceived, processed, and expressed in a
given setting (Kövecses Z., 2012).

Linguistic expressions reflect common feelings across cultures, making them a useful tool
for researching emotional communication (Spellerberg C., 2022). Proverbs are unique in
their ability to convey cultural wisdom in a succinct manner. They retain communal
knowledge and offer insight into cultural ideas, values, and emotions. Gibbs and Colston's
(1995) study identified the metaphorical basis of proverbs, which encompass linguistic,
cognitive, and cultural components. Proverbs are an excellent resource for understanding
grief due to their brevity and ability to convey complex emotions through symbolic
language.

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 Analyzing English proverbs revealed a trend of using metaphorical terms to convey
melancholy. Metaphors such as "down in the dumps," "heartache," and "weighed down by
sorrow" associate melancholy with bodily feelings. Metaphors tying melancholy to physical
weight, geographical direction, and physiological feelings highlight its embodied aspect. The
metaphorical expression of grief in proverbs effectively conveyed the emotional condition in
a concise and strong manner.

"Weight" is a commonly recognized metaphor for conveying the severity of melancholy.

Proverbs like "bearing the weight of sorrow" and "overwhelmed by grief" use the metaphor
of physical load to describe the emotional weight of melancholy. This metaphor is
profoundly established in the visceral experience of emotional burden, providing a simple
yet powerful picture of the emotional state.

Furthermore, an often used metaphor focuses on spatial orientation. Proverbs like "in the
depths of despair" and "sunk in sorrow" make use of vertical space to convey the profound
nature of misery. This metaphorical application gives emotional experiences a three-
dimensional quality, reflecting our natural tendency to correlate emotions with physical
dimensions. Proverbs like "heartache" and "aching with sorrow" use bodily experiences to
express despair. Metaphors suggest that emotions are both cognitive and physical, making
melancholy a visceral sensation.

Example 1: Proverb: "Carrying the Weight of Sorrow"

This proverb uses the metaphor of "weight" to convey the severity of melancholy. The
metaphor compares the physical sensation of carrying a heavy load to the emotional
experience of being burdened by sadness. This metaphor connects the abstract notion of grief
with the real sensation of bearing a heavy weight, highlighting the emotional depth and
intensity of the emotions.

Example 2: Proverb: "in the depths of despair"

This proverb uses the metaphor of "depth" to express the profundity of melancholy. The
metaphor suggests that depth is related with intricacy and intensity, similar to the emotional
condition of despair. The metaphor of depths portrays the complexity of grief that lurks
underneath the surface of one's emotional condition.

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 Example 3: Proverb: "Heartache".

This proverb employs the metaphor of "heartache" to describe the emotional suffering
that comes with melancholy. The metaphor connects emotional pain with a physical
sensation around the heart, emphasizing the visceral character of grief and the
interdependence of emotions and body sensations. The metaphor uses the idea of the heart as
the center of emotions to convey emotional pain in a clear and powerful way.

Example 4: Proverb "In the Shadows of Sorrow"

The "shadows" metaphor in this proverb effectively captures the emotional experience of
mourning. This metaphor highlights the relationship between shadows, darkness, obscurity,
and negativity. The proverb uses a metaphor to describe grief as a murky, muddled condition
that reduces optimism and clarity. Darkness is often recognized as a negative symbol
throughout cultures.

Example 5: Proverb "Through the Valley of Tears"

This proverb employs the metaphor of a "journey" to capture the complex emotional
experience of managing melancholy. The metaphor compares melancholy to a valley full
with tears, emphasizing the difficult emotional condition. The metaphor of the valley
representing hardship and tears representing emotional suffering accurately depicts the
emotional environment. Cultural interpretations of the voyage metaphor may differ, despite
its consistency. In certain cultures, the emphasis can be on persistence through misfortune,
while in others, it could underscore the transforming possibilities of overcoming sadness.

Example 6: The proverb "A shared burden is lighter"

This proverb suggests that sharing sadness might make it more tolerable. The concept of
"shared burden" emphasizes the value of community and collective aid across cultures.
According to the saying, sharing one's sadness with others reduces stress for those
concerned. This example demonstrates linguistic variation among cultures. Collectivist
societies prioritize emotional support through shared experiences and relationships.

Example 7: "Keep a stiff upper lip"

This proverb reflects a societal view that perseverance and emotional strength are crucial.

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 Its message exhorts people to remain composed and refrain from displaying weakness,
especially in the face of adversity or grief. This adage, which encourages individuals to hide
obvious signs of grief and instead project an air of inner strength and fortitude, is a striking
example of how the culture values emotional reserve.

"A good cry cleanses the soul" is a proverb that captures the cultural idea that expressing
emotions is a healthy way to let go and recover. It suggests that crying has a good effect on
one's emotional condition.

In our everyday lives, we frequently meet circumstances in which we must express

melancholy or sympathize with another person's emotional state. Many words can
successfully describe sentiments of sadness or loss, and they serve an important role in
comforting others or explaining our own emotional condition. Bellow are mentioned phrases
for expressing grief, explain their meanings, and examples of how to apply them in regular
discussions.

The expression "I feel blue" is frequently used to describe melancholy or unhappiness.
Because blue is a cold, peaceful hue that contrasts with the warmth and vibrancy of brighter
colors like red and yellow, it is sometimes connected with sorrow. This is a casual, adaptable
phrase that works well in a variety of contexts.

An idiom for someone who is really dejected or melancholy is "down in the dumps." The
expression most likely came from the notion that someone would feel depressed or miserable
if they were in a dump, which is a landfill or place where waste is disposed of.

A "heavy heart" alludes to a feeling of stress or emotional weight. This is a more dramatic
expression than some of the others on this list since it is frequently used when someone is
experiencing extreme despair or has received upsetting news.

"I'm feeling out of sorts": When someone says they're "feeling out of sorts," they're often
unhappy or unsettled. Rather of referring to a particular cause of loss or grief, this expression
works well for conveying a more ambiguous or nuanced kind of melancholy.

Being in a condition of despair, sorrow, or poor energy is referred to as being "in a funk."
Rather than referring to a continuous emotional state, this expression is more colloquial and
can be used to express fleeting or situational melancholy.

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 "Heartbroken" is a potent phrase that characterizes intense emotional suffering,
frequently brought on by a major setback or disappointment. Although it can also be used to
other circumstances, this expression is commonly employed in the context of love
relationships.

"I'm in mourning."

The process of going through intense emotional anguish and sadness after a major loss,
such the death of a loved one, is known as grieving. This expression, which is particular to
grief-related circumstances, aids in expressing the depth of feelings experienced during this
trying period.
"It seems like a cloud is looming over me." This expression conjures up a clear picture of a
persistent grief or emotional load that seems to loom over the speaker like a black cloud. It's
frequently used to characterize a lingering sensation of sadness or dread.

''I’m at a low ebb'': When someone is "at a low ebb," it means that their spirits or
energies are at their lowest. This expression is frequently used to characterize a transient
melancholy or a sensation of emotional exhaustion.

“I feel dispirited” . To be in a condition of discouragement, melancholy, or lack of hope is

to feel "dispirited." This expression is appropriate for when a difficult scenario,
disappointment, or setback lowers one's spirits.

These idioms provide a variety of ways to communicate melancholy in various settings

and degrees of intensity. We may more successfully express our feelings and show sympathy
for others during difficult times if we know how to use these expressions.

Let's examine other examples.

Down in the mouth: looking unhappy is the meaning of the first expression on our list
that conveys melancholy. It originates from the fact that when someone is depressed, their
mouth corners are typically turned down. One never uses this idiom to characterize oneself.
It is constantly applied to characterize someone else.

Reduce to tears: This expression implies to bring someone to tears or to be so miserable

that you start crying yourself.

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 Lump in your throat: Typically, we get a knot in our throat signaling that we are ready to
cry when we watch an emotionally charged movie (such a drama like Titanic). We feel
angry, depressed, and concerned about the movie's primary characters.

Face like a wet weekend: This is colloquial British language. It might result from a
circumstance in which someone wants to unwind, go outside, or breathe fresh air on the
weekend but is unable to do so due to unsatisfactory weather-it's cloudy, chilly, or pouring
rain all the time-which makes them unhappy or melancholy.

Take something hard, Fall to pieces/Fall apart, Knocked sideways

These expressions of deep melancholy are called idioms. "Take something hard" is a
phrase used to describe someone who is really angry about something. The expressions "fall
to pieces/fall apart" describe someone who is unable to regulate their emotions or deal with a
difficult circumstance. Another metaphor for something that makes you feel depressed or
angry is "knocked sideways."

Sadness is widely expressed with adjectives. Here are some examples:

Example 1: The silly rooster has taught us a sad truth.

In a sample of 51,852 words from naturally occurring spontaneous English conversation,

Englebretson (1997) looks at the distribution of predicative vs attributive adjectives and
identifies three different forms of predicative adjectives that are seen in their data. The first
category consists of linking verbs, which are verbs that characterize a subject by attaching it
to a predicate noun or adjective, such a verb of perception or a copula. The examples of the
first kind are in (2a) and (2b).

Example 2 a. That sounds depressing. b. It’s sad.

As seen in (3), the second kind of predicative adjective functions as a predicate

complement in the absence of a connecting verb.

Example 3. I keep it really cool. (Englebretson 1997)

Since judgments depend on a referent's attribute that can only be understood in light of
prior speech or situational context, they fall under the third category. The examples in (4a)
and (4b) illustrate this.

Example 4 a. How unfortunate. b. Tragic.

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 Predicative adjectives are a kind of secondary predication. Generally speaking, they may
be separated into depictives and resultatives. As in (5a), resultatives convey a state outcome
that is represented by the primary predicate. Conversely, as shown in (5b), descriptives
convey a condition that exists within the reference time of the event that the primary
predicate encodes.
Example 5 a. The movie left me depressed. (constructed)
b. He walked around sad. (constructed)
Syntactic and semantic theory is faced with a variety of difficulties when dealing with
constructions that involve secondary predicates. Relevant considerations, especially for
typological analyses on adjectival lexemes, are whether all languages contain the same kind
of secondary predicate constructions and what kind of semantic content secondary
predicates typically handle (Himmelmann and Schultze-Berndt 2005:2).
The way that melancholy was expressed in different cultures was greatly impacted by
gender roles and social conventions. Such perceptions were greatly influenced by old
proverbs that portrayed males as being stoic and women as being more emotionally
expressive. Proverbs that advised men to "toughen up" and suppress their feelings therefore
represented a societal expectation that males would control their emotions. Proverbs that
recognized women's emotional complexity, on the other hand, reinforced social norms that
pushed women to express their emotions more honestly.
Example 1: "Keep a stiff upper lip"
The cultural value placed on emotional fortitude and tenacity is embodied in this
proverb.
Its message exhorts people to remain composed and refrain from displaying weakness,
especially in the face of adversity or grief. This adage, which exhorts individuals to repress
outward signs of grief and instead project an air of inner strength and fortitude, is a clear
expression of the societal norm that values emotional restraint.
Example 2: A good cry cleanes the spirit.
This proverb conveys a cultural viewpoint that emphasizes expressing emotions as a way
to cope and let go. It suggests that crying has a good effect on one's emotional condition. In
order to purify one's inner self, it is important to allow oneself to experience and express

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melancholy, as the adage emphasizes the cultural norm of accepting and embracing
emotional discharge.
Example 3: "Be a man"
This proverb upholds the gendered cultural norm that males should exhibit emotionless,
stoic behavior. It implies that males, particularly in times of melancholy, ought to regulate
their emotions and refrain from showing signs of weakness. The proverb reinforces
traditional gender norms and cultural views about what it means to be a man by reflecting
the pressure society places on men to hide their feelings.
Poems by Emily Dickinson express a range of depressing feelings especially different
types of sadness. The author identified 27 often used idioms that convey mourning out of 51
data pieces.
A Cap of Lead across the sky
Was tight and surly drawn
We could not find the mighty Face
The Figure was withdrawn –
Words like "tight" and "surly" create a gloomy atmosphere. The phrase successfully
portrays to the reader the demeanor of a depressed individual, and the word restricted
highlights just how hopeless they are. Gloom, as defined by the CDO, is a dismal feeling or
attitude.
Or would they go on aching still
Through Centuries of Nerve.
These phrases, which are located in the sixth stanza of Emily Dickinson's poem "I
Measure Every Grief I Met," are where you may find these words. Interestingly, this poem is
one of Emily Dickinson's longest pieces and offers a contemplative analysis of the natural
world. The poet embarks on a journey to find parallels between her personal struggles and
misfortunes and those of others. The inquiry delves into the depths and complexity of other
people's sorrow, raising the question of whether such suffering ever really ends.
(https://www.litcharts.com).

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 The Cambridge Online Dictionary defines disappointment as the emotional state of
discontent or discouragement that results from hopes or expectations not being met, or from
an object or person not living up to expectations or not being what was initially expected.
How paltry looked my cares
My practice how absurd
Superfluous my whole career
These lines belong to the poem titled "Conversing with myself". This poem explores the
idea of one's value and purpose, the fleeting nature of relationships, and the transitory nature
of events.
The lines that are presented contain the regretful terms "paltry," "absurd," and
"superfluous."
These expressions express displeasure. The phrase "paltry" Parrot's idea states that this
might lead to tertiary emotions like disappointment or discontent with items that previously
represented disappointment.
"Guilt is an unpleasant feeling felt when someone has done something that is considered
improper or degrading, or when someone close to them has done something like that," states
the Collins Dictionary.
Example: Is guilty of the whole
This section is taken from Emily Dickinson's poem "Whoever Disenchants." This poem
warns against the consequences of deluding people while highlighting the importance and
effect of disillusioned spirits.
"Is guilty of the whole" alludes to the consequences of bringing about melancholy or
disappointment. The word "guilty" suggests that the one who de-enchants one human soul is
responsible for the total effect and results of their acts. The depressing aspect of this scandal's
"Guilt"
Another type of sadness is neglect
Example: They put us far apart -
As separate as Sea
And Her unsown Peninsula -
We signified 'These see (Emily Dickinson "They Put Us Apart")

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 The sentence "far apart" and "separate as the Sea" is an example of neglect. These terms
imply isolation, distance, and separation, which might evoke depressing or yearning feelings.
Isolation is defined by the Cambridge Dictionary as social distancing. This statement
expresses the poet's loss of contact with the people they loved. Additionally, the poet says
that being apart is like being in the water.
In summary, the investigation showed how interestingly sociocultural factors interact to
portray grief in English proverbs. Shared ideals, gender norms, historical backgrounds, and
regional influences formed the emotional displays and gave them cultural importance. These
results highlight the close relationship between language, culture, and emotions; they also
reveal the rich tapestry of cultural subtleties that shape how proverbs understand and convey
melancholy. These illustrations show how common ideals, historical settings, and cultural
standards influence how proverbs portray grief. We may see the particular cultural attitudes
and expectations around emotional expressiveness and perseverance through these proverbs.
This provides an understanding of the most significant sociocultural elements influencing
how emotions are represented in language.

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 Chapter 2
Sadness in Bronte's novels
2.1 British literature specific author and his/her literature Broule?(about his novels)

2.2 means of expressing sadness… novels (based on his novels10 pages

some linguistic means and stylistic devices by which sadness is expressed

stylistic, syntactic, stylistic analysis of the material and adjectives

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