4. Thuyết Trình Giữa Kỳ - Chương 4

Chapter 4
Randolph Quirk
Sidney Green
Nouns, pronouns,
and the basic
noun phrase
Member: Lê Thị Bách Thảo- TA46A
Hoàng Thị Huyền- TA46B
Đặng Thị Thu Hương- TA46B
Hoàng Hương Thảo- TA46A
Contents of This Template
● Noun classes
● Determiners
● Reference and the articles
● Number
● Gender
● The genitive
● Pronouns
The basic noun phrase: 4.1
Noun classes: 4.2-4.6
Determiners: 4.5
Predeterminers: 4.7-4.9
Postdeterminers: 4.10-4.12
Quantifiers: 4.13-4.15
Reference and the articles: 4.16-4.19
Presented by Le Thi Bach Thao – TA46A

4.1 (p.59) The basic
noun phrase
- The noun phrase typically functions as subject , object,
complement of sentences, and as complement in
prepositional phrases
(a) The girl

(b)The pretty girl
(c) The pretty girl in the corner is Mary Smith
(d)The pretty girl who became angry
(e) She
A University Grammar of English-Randolph Quirk & Sidney
GreenBaum (page 59)
4.1(p.59) The basic
noun phrase
- We shall deal with elements found in those noun

phrases that consist of pronouns and numerals, and of
nouns with articles or other closed-system items that can
occur before the noun head such as predeterminers like
‘all’

GreenBaum (page 59)
Noun classes
(p.59)
4.2 (p.60)
(1) (2) (3) (4)
John *bottle furniture cake

I saw *the John the bottle the furniture the cake
*a John a bottle *a furniture a cake
*some John *some bottle some furniture some cake
*Johns bottles *furnitures cakes

GreenBaum (page 60)
- Nouns that behave like John in column 1 (Paris, Gandhi,...) are proper
nouns, further discussed in 4.23.
- The nouns in columns 2, 3 and 4 are all COMMON NOUNS
- Nouns which behave like “bottle” in column 2 (chair, word, finger,

remark,...) are called COUNT NOUNS
- Those conforming like “furniture” to the pattern of column 3 (grass,

warmth, humour,...) are called NON-COUNT NOUNS.
- Finally in column 4 we have nouns which combine the characteristics of

count and non-count nouns (cake, paper, stone,...)
GreenBaum (page 60)
4.3 (p.60) Anger, applause, behaviour, chaos,
chess, conduct, courage, dancing,
education, harm, homework,
hospitality, leisure, melancholy,
We list some examples which moon-light, parking, photography,
are non-count in English but poetry, progress, publicity,
count nouns in some other research, resistance, safety,
languages shopping, smoking, sunshine,
violence, weather
A University Grammar of English-Randolph Quirk & Sidn

GreenBaum (page
4.4 (p.61)
COUNT NON-COUNT
She was a beauty in her youth She had beauty in her youth
He’s had many odd experiences This job requires experience
Buy an evening paper Wrap the parcel in brown paper
A University Grammar of English-Randolph Quirk & Sidne

GreenBaum (page 6
4.5 (p.61) Determiners
- There are six classes of determiners with respect to their co-occurrence with
the noun classes singular count (such as bottle), plural count (such as
bottles), and non-count nouns (such as furniture). The check marks in the
figures that follow indicate which noun classes will co-occur with members of
the determiner class concerned

GreenBaum (page 61)
COUNT NON-COUNT
SINGULAR bottle
furniture
PLURAL bottles
(A) - the (B) - zero article (as in

- possessive (my, our, etc) ‘They need
- whose, furniture’
which(ever),what(ever) - some (unstressed)
- some (stressed) - any (unstressed)
- any (stressed) - enough
- no
GreenBaum (page 62)
COUNT NON-COUNT
(E)
- a(n)
SINGULAR bottle - every
furniture - each
PLURAL bottles
- either
(C) - neither
- this
- that
(F)
(D)
- much
- these
- those
GreenBaum (page 62)
Exercise 45 (workbook/page 29). Complete
the table below . See the note in the
instructions
Determiner to exercise 20
Count, singular Count, plural Non-count Pronominal
a(n) book x x one
any (unstressed) x books money any
any (stressed) book books money any
each book x x each
either book x x either
enough x books money enough
every book x x every
my book books money mine
neither book x x neither
much x x money much

Determiner Count, singular Count, plural Non-count Pronominal
no book books money none
some (unstressed) x books money some
some (stressed) book books money some
that book x money that
the book books money it
this book x money this
these x books x these
those x books x those
what book books money what
which book books money which
whose book books money whosoever
zero x books money none

4.6(p.62) Closed-system premodifiers
In addition to determiners, there is a large number of other closed-system
items that occur before the head of the noun phrase.
These form three classes (predeterminers, ordinals, and quantifiers) which

have been set up on the basis of the possible positions that they can have in
relation to determiners and to each other.
Within each of the three classes, we will make distinctions according to

their patterning with the classes of singular count, plural count, and non-
count nouns

GreenBaum (page 62)
Predeterminers
(p.63)
4.7 All, both, half,...
4.8 Double, twice, three/ four … times
4.9 One-third, two- fifths, etc
4.7 (p.63) All, both, SINGULAR COUNT NOUNS
half a pen
half
this, that book
NON-COUNT NOUNS
all the, my book
half the, my, …
this, that PLURAL COUNT NOUNS
ink
the, my, ...
half
all no article these, those
pens
all
A University Grammar of English-Randolph Quirk & Sidney no article
GreenBaum (page 63) both
- These predeterminers (all, both, half) do not occur with the
following ‘quantitative’ determiners: every, (n)either, each,
some, any, no, enough.
- All, both and half have of-constructions, which are optional

with nouns and obligatory with personal pronouns:
all (of) the meat all of it
both (of) the students both of them
half (of) the time half of it

GreenBaum (page 63)
- All three can be used pronominally:
All/ both/ half pass their exams
- All and both (but not half) can occur after the head ,
either immediately or within the predication:
The students all passed their exam

They both
- The students were all hungry

They may have all rinished
GreenBaum (page 64)
Exercise 46 ( workbook/page 30). Which of 4, X students were too ill to get up.
the three predeterminers all, both and half
could acceptably replace X as All/ both students were too ill to get up.
predeterminers? Note that more than one
answer may be acceptable 5, X had influenza.
1, I have read X of this book already. All/ both/ half had influenza.
I have read all/ half of this book already.
6, They X had a high fever
2, I have read X of these books already.
They all/ both had a high fever.
I have read all/ both/ half of these books
already. 7, X of them had to go to hospital.
3, X the students were away.
All/ both/ half had to go to hospital.
All/ half/ both the students were away.
8, X the medicines they took was no use. 12, He visited X of them everyday.
He visited all/ both/ half of them everyday

All/ half the medicine they took was no
use. 13, He was sometimes up X the night.
9, It X cost a lot of money.
He was sometimes up all/ half the night.

It all cost a lot of money.
10, They were X away for weeks. 14, Once or twice he was up X night.
They were all/ both away for weeks. Once or twice he was up all night.
15, The patients have X recovered.
11, Doctor Bland attended them X.
The patients have all/ both

Doctor Bland attended them all/both. recovered.
4.8(p.64) Double, twice, 4.9(p.65) One-third,
three/ four … times two- fifths, etc
double their salaries The fractions are used with non
count and with singular and plural
twice his strength count nouns, can also be followed by
determiners, and have the
three times this amount
alternative of-construction:
day
Once a He did it in one-third (of) the time it
week
Twice every month took me
Three times each year
Four per Decade
… ... A University Grammar of English-Randolph Quirk & Sidney
GreenBaum (page 64-65)
POSTDETERMINERS
4.10 (p.65)
- Items which must follow determiners but precede adjectives in

the pre modification structure include numerals (ordinal and
cardinal) and quantifiers.
4.11(p.65) Cardinal numerals
He has one sister and three brothers
The two blue cars belong to me

GreenBaum (page 65)
4.12 (p.65-66) Ordinal numerals and general ordinals
- All ordinals usually precede any cardinal numbers in the noun phrase:
The first three planes were American
The general ordinals , however, may be used freely before or after

cardinals, according to the meaning required:
His books were novels

last two
two last
QUANTIFIERS
(p.66)
Quantifiers
4.13(p.66)
- There are two small groups of closed-system quantifiers:
(1) many, (a) few, and several co-occur only with plural count nouns:
+ The few words he spoke was well chosen
(2) much and (a) little co-occur only with non-count nouns:
+ There hasn’t been much good weather recently

GreenBaum (page 66)
4.13(p.66)
- Several is rarely (and much virtually never) preceded by a
determiner, and in the case of few and little there is a positive/
negative contrast according as the indefinite article is or is not used:
a few biscuits (= several)

few biscuits (= not many)
He took a little butter (= some)
little butter (= not much)

GreenBaum (page 66)
4.14 (p.67)
- There is also a large open class of phrasal quantifiers. Some can co-
occur equally with non-count and plural count nouns:
penty of
The room contained a lot of students
lots of furniture
- These are restricted to occurring with non-count nouns :
a great deal of
The room contained good
money
a (large) quantity of
(small) amount
GreenBaum (page 67)
4.15 (p.67)
- The phrasal quantifiers provide a means of imposing countability on non-
count nouns as the following partitive expressions illustrate:
two pieces news
GENERAL PARTITIVES a bit of information
an item furniture
a slice of cake
a roast of meat
TYPICAL PARTITIVES a few loaves of bread
a bowl of soup
a bottle of wine

GreenBaum (page 67)
4.15 (p.67)
a pint of beer
MEASURES a spoonful of medicine
a pound of butter

GreenBaum (page 67)
Quantifier
Exercise 47 ( workbook/ pageCount, plural the table below
30): Complete Non-count Pronominalof
to illustrate the co-occurrence
quantifiers with count nouns, singular and plural, and with non-count nouns
a large amount of x money a large amount
a great deal of x money a great deal
enough books money enough
(a) few books x (a) few
(a) little x money (a) little
a lot of books money a lot
much x money much
a large number of books x a large number
plenty of books money plenty
several books x several

REFERENCE
AND THE
ARTICLES
(p.67)
4.16(p.68) Specific/generic
The distinctions that are important
reference
for count nouns with specific
reference disappear with generic
A lion and two tigers are sleeping reference.
in the cage
Generic reference is used to
=> The reference is specific denote what is normal or typical
for members of a class.
Tigers are dangerous animal
=> The reference is generic

GreenBaum (page 68)
4.17(p.69) System of article usage
DEFINITE INDEFINITE
the tiger a tiger

SPECIFIC (Some)
the ink (some)
REFERENCE ink
the tigers tigers
the tiger
GENERIC a tiger ink
REFERENCE tigers
GreenBaum (page 69)
4.17 (p.69)
- With
definite specific reference, the definite article is used for all noun classes:
Where is the pen
Where are the pens I bought ?
Where is the ink
-With indefinite specific reference, singular count nouns take the indefinite
article a(n), while non-count and plural count nouns take zero article or
unstressed some
I want a pen/ some pens/ some ink
I don't want a pen/ any pens/ any ink

GreenBaum (page 69)
4.18(p.69-70) Nationality words and adjectives as head
-There are two kinds of adjectives that can act as noun-phrase head with
generic reference (cf 5.6 ff):
(a) PLURAL PERSONAL (for example the French = the French nation; the
rich = those who are rich)
(b) SINGULAR NON-PERSONAL ABSTRACT (for example: the evil = that
which is evil)
-Where nationality words have no double form (like English, English man), the +
plural can be both generic and specific:
The Greeks are musical (generic)
The Greeks that I know are musical (specific)

4.19(p.71) Non-count and plural count noun
- With the zero article:
wine, wood, cream cheese, …
He likes music, chess, literature, history, skiing, ...
lakes, games, long walks, ...

- of-phrase:
the wine(s)
He likes the music of France
the countryside
the lakes A University Grammar of English-Randolph Quirk & Sidney

GreenBaum (page 71)
4.19 (p.72)
NON-COUNT NOUNS the paper of Canada

Canadian paper
paper from Canada
Chinese history the history of China
Trotskyite politics the politic of Trotsky
American literature the literature of America
Restoration comedy the comedy of the Restoration
PLURAL COUNT NOUNS Japanese cameras cameras from Japan

Oriental women the women of the Orient
GreenBaum (page 72)
Dang Thi Thu Huong
ARTICLE AND
NUMBER
Grammar of English - RANDOLPH QUIRK, SIDNEY GREENBAUM

Workbook p.31
Ex. 50: Write a, an, the or 0 according to which article is required
at the point indicated by the oblique stoke. If there are two
possible answers, give them both.
0 caves but……
0 men used to live in ..…
1, …… 0 few people make
homes in them right now.
A
2, …….beacon a
was……..light 0 signal to give
or fight used as ………
warning of……0 danger.
3, … the top of ……..

0 beacons are now placed on ……… 0 mountain or
on …… the sea to guide….…planes
0 rock in …….. 0 0 ships.
or ….…
4, To grow ……. 0 farmers sow ……..
0 corn, …….. 0 seed in …….0
the season when many trees are in ……
spring. That is ……… 0
flower.
0 fruit ripens in ….…

5, ….. 0 autumn and then …….leaves
0 of
certain trees fall.
COMMON NOUNS
Indefinite Zero article

article
NOUNS
Definite article
ARTICLE USAGE WITH COMMON NOUNS IN INTENSIVE
RELATION
- The indefinite article is used:
(i) Intensive complementation John became a bussinessman
(ii) Complex transitive

complementation Mary considered John a genius
(article verb)
(iii) Complex trasitive

complementation John was taken for a linguist
(passive verb)
- Definite reference requires the definite article:
(i) John became
(ii) Mary considered John the genius of the family
(iii) John was taken for

Note: the zero article may be used with the noun
complement after:
copulas
naming verbs
Example: appoint, declare, elect,…….: designate a unique

office/ task
They elected him (the) President of the United State.

Workbook p.51
Ex. 50: Write a, an, the or 0 according to which article is
required at the point indicated by the oblique stoke. If there are
two possible answers, give them both.
0
22, One day, about ……… noon, …… 0 Robinson Crusoe was
a printed of ……
supprised to see……. 0 man’s naked foot on ……...
the
the the sand.
shore. He could see it very clearly in………
27, John Smart was trained as …… a lawyer. Then he took up…...

0
a member of …….
Politics and was returned as ….… 0 Parliament. He
was appointed………(the) junior minister in…….…
the White administration
and was later made ……. 0 Minister of ………the Interior.
Counts nouns that take zero article in abstract/
specialized use
( eg: idiomatic expressions with verb like be/go)
SEASONS: In winter, we go skiing. After the winter is over, the

INSTITUTIONS swallows will return.
bed decorate the bed
go to
school look out toward the school
be in
collage,... walk around the collage
MEANS OF TRANSPORTS:
travel sit on the bicycle
bicycle
leave by sleep on the car
car
come sit on the boat
boat
IMES OF THE DAY AND NIGHT:
dawn during the dawn

sun set admire the sunset
At noon in the afternoon
midnight nothing in the midnight
morning
in the morning
evening,…
in the evening,…
MEALS:
Have enjoy the breakfast
breakfast
Before the good lunch
lunch
At the bad dinner,…
dinner,...
Stay for Grammar of English - RANDOLPH QUIRK, SIDNEY GREENBAUM
ILLNESS: appendicitis
the plague
anaemia
(the) flu
diabetes
influenza (the) measles
PRALLEL STRUCTURES:
hand in hand in her hand

beginning to end the beginning of something
from west to north in the north
from left to right beside my right hand
arm in arm by my arm
Workbook p.31-32
required at the point indicated by the oblique stoke. If there
are two possible answers, give them both.
0 0 0 the
9, ……..wild animals never kill for …….sport. ………man ………only
the
animal to whom ……..torture the
and …….death of his fellow-creatures
is amusing
13, What would you like for …… 0 breakfast? …… 0 eggs and…… 0
bacon? …….0 Tea or ……. 0 coffee?
0
26, I am going to………..town 0
by…………. bus and coming back
0
on……..….. the 2.15 train, I think.
train. I’ll come by……….
Proper nouns with zero article
Proper nouns
Name of specific people, places,
months, days, holidays,
magazines,……
Note: proper nouns with initial capital letters

- When the names have restrictive modification to give a
partitive meaning to the name, proper nouns take the definite
article.
UNIQUE MEANING PARTTITIVE MEANING
during Easter during the Easter of that year

in England in the England of Queen Elizabeth
Shakespeare the young Shakespeare

Personal Name
Name+ common noun: denoting

- Dr. Watson buding, streets, bridges,…:
- President Trump Madison Avenue, Oxford street,…
- Emperor Haile Selassie
- Mr and Mrs Johnson
- father, mother, uncle

Calender items
Many such items can used as

a, festivals: Chirstmas, count nouns:
Easter,… I hate Mondays
b, months and day:
January, February,
Monday,…

Geographical name
a, continents: Europe,
Africa,…
b, countries, states: Note: Mount of Olives
Brazil,…
d, cities, towns: London, Note: the Argentine,…
Boston,….
D, lake: West Lake, Ho
Guom Lake,….
e, mountains: Mount
Everest,…
Workbook p.31
required at the point indicated by the oblique stoke. If there are
two possible answers, give them both.
16, Long before the birth of…..

0 Chirstopher Columbus,
0
……..people in…..
0 Europe believed that…… a land of…….
0
plenty, with ……0 perfect climate, lay to……. the
the west across ……
Atlantic Ocean.

Proper nouns with
definite article b, Geographical names
- river: the Avon, the Danube,
the Euphrates
a, Plural Names - sea: the Pacific (ocean), The
Baltic,…
- the Netherlands - canals: The Panama (canal),
- the Midlands The Erie Canal
- the Herbridges
- the Wilson Ellipted element: one element
has been dropped and the
elliptic has become
instituationalized as the full
Grammar of English - RANDOLPH QUIRK, SIDNEY GREENBAUM name
Proper nouns with definite article
c, Public institutions, d, Newspapers:
facilities,….
- the Economist, the New York
- hotel, restaurants: The Grand Times, the Observer
(hotel), the Hilton Theatres,…
Note: - after genitives and
- cinema, clubs: the Globe, the possesives the article is
Athenaeum,… dropped: today’s New York
Time
- museums, Libraries, ect,…: the - magazines, periodicals
Tate, The Bristish Museum,… normally have zero artile:
Laguage, Time, New Scientist
Note: Drury Lane, Convert Garden
Workbook p.32
Ex. 50: Write a, an, the or 0 according to which article is required at
the point indicated by the oblique stoke. If there are two possible
answers, give them both.
the
0 first article in ……….
12, …... 0
English Journal is interesting, ……..
arguments in it are sound, but ……..
the statements in …….. the third
paragraph are not entirely accurate, and …..…. 0 figures are out of
0 date.
……..
The ..Aswan Dam holds back……

17, ….. the Blue
the flood of waters of ……
the Atbara
Nile and ……
The Japanese use …..
18, …… the same kind of……. the
0 writing as……
Chinese.
0
25, ……..Andrew 0 Roman Law at …….
is studying ….. 0 University
0
and ……Paul 0 research in either …….
is doing ….. 0 Sixteenth
the literature of …….early
century literature, or ……. the renaissance I
don’t know which.
a
28, We went on ……..board the
……..Canton the
in ……evening and sailed
0
during …….night. the
We were then at …….sea for six weeks: that is
0
why we were away at ……Chirstmas 0
and ………New Year.
Workbook p.32 - RANDOLPH QUIRK, SIDNEY GREENBAUM

ENGLISH
NUMBER
SYSTEM

Number classes non-count nouns: concrete, gold, funiture
non-count nouns: abstract, music
singular proper nouns: Henry, the Thames
invariables
some nouns ending in –s: news
abstract adjectival heads: the beautiful,
the true
invariable
summation plurals: scissors
other pluralia tantum in –s: thanks
plural some plural proper nouns: the Netherlands
invariables
unmarked plral nouns: cattle
rammar of English - RANDOLPH QUIRK, SIDNEY GREENBAUM
personal adjectiveal heads: the rich
regular boy boys
plurals VOICING calf calves
MUTATION foot feet
EN PLURAL ox oxen
variable ZERO sheep sheep
irregular - us – I: radius radii
- a – ae: larva larvae
plurals
- um – a: statum stata
- ex, ix – ices: matrix matrices
FOREIGN - is - es: thesis theses
- on - a: criterion criteria
- eau - eaux: tableau tableaux
- o - I: tempo tempi
(a)
NEWS (b)
The news is bad
SOME PROPER
today. SOME
NOUNS
Athens, Brussels, DISEASES
Marseilles, the United measles, mumps,
States (singular),… Invariable nouns rickets, shingles,….
ending in -s
SOME GAMES SUBJECTS (c)

billiards, bowls, NAMES IN -ICS
mathematics,
checkers, ninepins,….
(d) linguistics,…
Workbook p33 Ex. 52: Make the right concord between subject
and verb by selecting one member of each of the
pairs of verbs in the following sentences
1, There is people waiting to see you.

are
2, The people wholeheartly support you

supports
4, The has an unenviable task

police have
Workbook Ex. 52: Make the right concord between subject
and verb by selecting one member of each of the
p.33 pairs of verbs in the following sentences.
9, The news, has
got much worse
I’m afraid have
10, Mumps Is an unpleasant ailment

Are
11, has
developed rapidly in modern times.
Linguistics have
PLURAL INVARIABLE NOUNS -
SUMMATION PLURALS
bellows scissors pyjamas
binoculars spectacles suspenders
pincers braces tights
pliers flannels shears
scales knickers tongs
Note: many of the summation plurals can take the indefinite article, esp
with premodification: a garden shears, a curling tongs,….
PLURAL INVARIABLE NOUNS
- Plural tantum: nouns that only occur in the plural, ending:

–s. (sometimes forms without –s with diffirent meaning).
the Middle Ages the Commons (the

amends House of Common)
the Antipodes pains
archives regards
earings savings
manners stairs
oats thanks
outskirts troops

PLURAL INVARIABLE NOUNS
- UNMARKED PLURALS
police cattle
vermin clergy
people folk
youth gentry

Workbook p.32
Ex.51:
Put into the singular as many of the nouns in the following sentences
as can be used in the singular in the context and make other
changes that become necessary:
1. The Middle Ages were times of feudeudal rivalries.
The Middle Ages were times of feudal rivalry.
2.The drivers must produce their certificates to the customs.
The driver must produce his/her certificate to the custom.
4, Barracks are buildings used as military quarters.
Barracks is building used as military quarters.
Workbook p.33
Ex.53: Put into the plural as many of the nouns in the following
sentences as will take a plural form and make other changes
that become necessary:
1. A crisis often occurs in the best regulated family.
Crisises often occur in the best regulated families.
2, Another criterion is needed in analyzing the phenomenon.
Other criteria are needed in analyzing these phenomena.
4, The runner-up was given a pound note.
The runners-up were given many pound notes.
Workbook p.33-34
Singular Plural Pronunciation

Album Albums /ˈæl.bəm/
Appendix Appendices /əˈpendɪks/
Bureau Bureaux /ˈbjʊə.rəʊ/
Chassis Chassis /ˈtʃæ.si/
Chorus Choruses /ˈkɔr.əsiz/
Half Halves /hɑːvz/
Lay-by Lays-by /ˈleɪz.baɪ/
Workbook p.33-34
Singular Plural Pronunciation
Man-of-war Men-of-war /men.əv.wɔːr/

Mouse Mice /maɪs/
Ovum Ova /ˈəʊ.və/
Sheep Sheep /ʃiːp/
Stimulus Stimuli /ˈstɪm.jə.laɪ/
Syllabus Syllabuses /ˈsɪl.ə.bəsiz/
Ultimatum Ultimata /ˌʌltɪˈmeɪtə/
VARIABLE
NOUNS ( page 83)
Hoang Thi Huyen TA46B
4.36 REGULAR PLURALS (p.83)
(a) treatment of -y (c) Nouns in -o have plural in
- with proper nouns : the Kennedys
- after a vowel (except the u of -quy):
-os, with some exceptions
days, boys, journeys having either uptional or
- in a few other words such as stand- obligatory -ces
bys
Plurals in -os and-oes:
(b) Nouns of unusual form archipelago, banjo, buffalo, cargo,
commando, flamingo, halo, motto,
sometimes pluralize in 's tornado, volcano
- letter names: dot your i's
Plurals only in -oes:
- numerals: in the 1890's
echo, embargo, hero, Negro, potato,
- abbreviations: two MP's
tomato, torpedo, veto
4.37 Compounds( p.84)
(a) PLURAL IN FIRST ELEMENT
attorney general attorneys general, but more usually as (c)
notary public notaries public
passer-by passers-by
mother-in-law mothers-in-law, but also as (c) informally
grant-in-aid grants-in-aid
man-of-war men-of-war
coat of mail coats of mail
mouthful mouthsful
spoonful spoonsful but also as (c)
(b) PLURAL IN BOTH FIRST AND LAST ELEMENT
gentleman farmer gentlemen farmers
manservant menservants
woman doctor women doctors
4.37 (p.84)
Irregular plurals
(c) PLURAL IN LAST ELEMENT (ie normal)

assistant director assistant directors
So also: boy friend, fountain pen, woman-hater, breakdown, grown-up, sit-in,
stand-by, take-off, forget-me-not, etc.
Exercise 51 ( P.32 WB ): Put into the singular as many of the nouns in the following
sentences as can be used in the singular in the context.
1.The Middle Ages were times of feudal rivalries => feudal rivalry
2.The drivers must produce their certificates to the customs.
=> driver his/her certificate
3.The soldiers left their arms in the barracks
=> soldier his/her arm
4. Barracks are building used as military quarters. => No change
5. Goods trains carry heavier loads than trucks do.
=> A goods train carries a heavier load than a truck does.

Exercise 52 – page 33 WB: Make the right concord between subject and verb.
1. There ( is/ are ) people waiting to see you.
2. The people wholeheartedly ( support / supports) you.
3. Ours (is / are ) a great people, ( isn't it / aren't they ) ?
4. The police ( has / have ) an unenviable task.
5. You old folk ( doesn't / don't ) know anything about us.

Exercise 52 – page 33:
6. Splendid cattle ( was/ were) grazing on hillside
7. The youth ( is / are) more serious than my generation was.
8. The youth ( was / were ) more serious than his uncle.
9. The news, I'm afraid, ( has / have ) got much worse.
10. Mumps ( is / are ) an unpleasant ailment.

4.38 (p.85)
- Irregular plurals are by definition unpredictable and have to be learned as
individual items.
- we can infer the correct plurals:
axis→ axes basis → bases crisis → crises, etc
But we cannot rely on etymological criteria: plurals like areas and villas,
for example, do not conform to the Latin pattern (areae, villae).
4.39 VOICING+ S PLURAl (p.85)
(a) Nouns in -th
There is no change in spelling.
With a consonant before the -th, the plural is regular: berth, birth, length, etc.
With a vowel before the-th, the plural is again often regular, as with cloth,
death, faith, moth, but in a few cases the plural has voicing (mouth, path), and
in several cases there are both regular and voiced plurals: bath, oath, sheath,
truth, wreath, youth.
(b) Nouns in -f(e)
Plurals with voicing are spelled -ves.
Regular plural only: belief, chief, cliff, proof, roof, safe.
Voiced plural only: calf, elf, half, knife, leaf, life, loaf, self, sheaf, shelf, thief,
wife, wolf.
Both regular and voiced plurals: dwarf, handkerchief, hoof, scarf, wharf
Exercise 53 (p.33 WB) : Put into the plural as many of the nouns in the following
sentences as will take a plural form, and make other changes that then become
necessary.
1. A crisis often occurs in the best regulated family. => Crises often occur in the best
regulated families.
2. Another criterion is needed in analysing this phenomenon.=>Other criteria are

needed in analysing these phenomena.
3. The anonymous workman was the real hero on the campus. =>The anonymous
workmen were the real heroes on the campuses.
Exercise 53 (p.33) : Put into the plural as many of the nouns in the following
sentences as will take a plural form, and make other changes that then become
necessary.
4 The runner-up was given a pound note.

=> The runners-up were given pound notes.
5 The skeleton found in the lower stratum was taken at once to the museum.
=> The skeletons found in the lower strata were taken at once to the museums.
4.40 MUTATION (p.86)
foot ~ feet man ~ men woman ~ women
tooth ~ teeth louse ~ lice /ʊ/ - /ɪ/
goose ~ geese mouse ~ mice
4.41 THE -EN PLURAL ( p.86)

● brother brethren brethren ( with mutation) = ‘fellow members of a religious
society’; otherwise regular brothers
● child children ( with vowel change /aɪ/ ➝ /ɪ/ )
● ox oxen
4.42 ZERO PLURAL (p.86) 4.43 ANIMAL NAMES (p.86)
● Some nouns have the same
spoken and written form in ● often have zero plurals
both singular and plural. ● used partly by people who are
especially concerned with
● Note the difference here animals
between: ● The zero plural :
+ invariable nouns: either
+ the more common in contexts
singular ( This music is too
loud ) or plural ( All the of hunting ( We caught only a
cattle are grazing in the few fish)
field). + used to denote different
+ zero plural nouns : can be individuals or species ( the
both singular and plural ( fishes of the Mediterranean).
This sheep looks small; All
those sheep are mine).
4.44 (p.86)
Regular plural : bird, cow, eagle, hen, rabbit,...
Usually regular : elk, crab, duck ( zero only with the wild bird)...
Both plurals : antelope, reindeer, fish, flounder, herring
Usually zero : pike, trout, carp, deer, moose
Only zero : grouse, sheep, plaice, salmon
4.45 Quantitative nouns (p.87)

- The numeral nouns hundred, thousand, and usually million have zero plurals except
when unpremodified; so too dozen, brace, head (of cattle), yoke( rare), gross, stone.
He always wanted to have hundreds/ thousands of books and he has recently bought
four hundred/ thousand.
4.45
Other quantitative and partitive nouns can be treated similarly, though
the zero plurals are commoner in informal or technical usage :
Dozens of glasses; tons of coal
He is six foot/ feet ( tall)
He bought eight ton(s) of coal

FOREIGN PLURALS
4.47 (p.87)
- Foreign plurals often occur along with regular plurals.
- They are commoner in technical usage, whereas the -s plural is more

natural in everyday language; thus formulas (general) ~ formulae ( in
mathematics), antennas (general and in electronics) ~ antennae (in
biology).
- Most (but by no means all) words having a particular foreign plural

originated in the language mentioned in the heading.
4.48 (p.88) 4.49 (p.88)
Nouns in -us (Latin) Nouns in -a (Latin)
The foreign plural is -i, as in The foreign plural is -ae, as in

stimulus- stimuli. alumna ~ alumnae.
Only plural (-uses): bonus, Only regular plural (-as): area,

campus, chorus, circus, virus arena, dilemma
Both plurals: cactus, focus, Both plurals: antenna, formula,

fungus, nucleus, radius nebula
Only foreign plural: aluanus, Only foreign plural: alga,

bacillus, locus, stimulus alumna, larva
4.50 (p.88)
Nouns in -um (Latin)
The foreign plural is -a, as in curriculum ~ curricula.
- Only regular plural: album, museum, etc
- Usually regular: forum, stadium, ultimatum
- Both plurals: aquarium, medium, memorandum, symposium
- Usually foreign plural: curriculum
- Only foreign plural: addendum, bacterium, corrigendum, desideratum,

erratum, ovum, stratum
4.51 (p.88) 4.52 (p.88)
Nouns in -ex, -ix (Latin) Nouns in -Is (Greek)
The foreign plural is -ices, as in The foreign plural is -es, as in

index~ indices. basis ~ bases. Regular plural (-
ises): metropolis
Both regular and foreign plurals:
apex, index, vortex, appendix, Foreign plural: analysis, axis,
matrix basis, crisis, diagnosis, ellipsis,
oasis, parenthesis, synopsis,
Only foreign plural: codex thesis
4.53 (p.89)
Nouns in -on (Greek)
The foreign plural is -a, as in criterion ~ criteria.
- Only regular plurals: demon, electron, neutron, proton
- Chiefly regular: ganglion
- Both plurals: automaton
- Only foreign plural: criterion, phenomenon
Note
Informally, criteria and phenomena are sometimes used as singulars.
4.54 (p.89)
French nouns
A few nouns in -e(a)u retain the French-x as the spelling of the plural, beside
the commoner -s, but the plurals are almost always pronounced as regular,
/z/, irrespective of spelling, eg: adieu, bureau, tableau, plateau.
4.55 (p.89) 4.56 (p.89)
Some French nouns in -s or -x are Nouns in -o (Italian)
pronounced with a final vowel in the The foreign plural is -i as in tempo
singular and with a regular /z/ in the ~tempi.
plural, with no spelling change: Only regular plural: soprano
chamois, chassis, corps, faux pas, Usually regular plural: virtuoso, libretto,
patois. solo, tempo
Note
Graffiti is usually a "pluralia tantum'
(4.34), confetti, spaghetti non-count
singular
4.57 (p.89) Hebrew nouns
The foreign plural is -im, as in kibbutz ~
kibbutzim.
Usually regular: cherub, seraph
Only foreign plural: kibbutz
GENDER
(page 89)
4.58 (p.89)
The patterns of pronoun

substitutions for singular nouns
give us a set of ten gender classes
as illustrated in Fig 4:2.
[A/B] Personal masculine/ feminine nouns
( danh từ nhân xưng mang tính cái) (p.89) 4.59 (p.90)
These nouns are of two types :
i)
morphologically bachelor spinster king queen
unmarked for brother sister man woman
gender father mother monk nun
gentleman lady uncle aunt
(ii)
morphologically bridegroom bride host hostess
marked for duke duchess steward stewardess
gender emperor empress waiter waitress
god goddess widow widower
hero heroine usher usherette
4.60 (p.91)
[C] Personal dual gender ( danh từ nhân xưng giới tính đôi)
This is a large class including, for example, the following:
artist fool musician servant

chairman foreigner neighbour speaker
cook friend novelist student
criminal guest parent teacher
doctor inhabitant person writer
enemy librarian professor
For clarity, it is sometimes necessary to use a 'gender marker':
boy friend girl friend
man student woman student
4.61 [D] Common gender ( danh từ có giới tính phổ biến ) (p.91)
● Common gender nouns are intermediate between personal and
nonpersonal.
● The wide selection of pronouns (who, he/she/it) should not be
understood to mean that aii these are possible for all nouns in all
contexts.
4.62 [E] Collective nouns ( danh từ tập hợp ) (p.92)
We may distinguish three subclasses of collective nouns:
(a) SPECIFIC: army, clan, class, club, committee, crew, crowd, family, flock, gang,
government, group, herd, jury, majority, minority
(b) GENERIC: the aristocracy, the bourgeoisie, the clergy, the élite, the gentry,
the intelligentsia, the laity, the proletariat, the public
(c) UNIQUE: the Arab League, (the) Congress, the Kremlin, the Papacy,
Parliament, the United Nations, the United States, the Vatican
4.63 [F/G] Higher animals ( danh từ chỉ động vật bậc cao) p.92
Gender in higher animals is chiefly observed by people with a special concern

(eg with pets).
buck doe gander goose
bull cow lion lioness
cock hen stallion mare
dog bitch tiger tigress
4.64 [H] Higher organisms 4.65 [I/J] Lower animals and
(danh từ chỉ sinh vật bậc cao) inanimate nouns (động vật bậc
p.93 thấp và danh từ vô tri ) p.93
- The gender class [H] is set up - Lower animals do not differ
to embrace these from inanimate nouns in
characteristics, and in it we terms of our present linguistic
may place ships and other criteria.
entities towards which an - Sex differences can, however,
affectionate attitude is be indicated by a range of
expressed by a personal gender markers for any
substitute: animate noun when they are
What a Lovely ship. What is felt to be relevant: eg: she-
she called ? goat, he-goat, male frog.
Exercise 55 (p.34 WB) Replace X in the following sentences by either who or
which, Y by either he; she or it, and Z by either his, her, its or their. If two (or
more) answers are possible, give them both (or all):
1 I know a man X could help you. Y is very kind.

=> X=who or that; Y =he.
2 I have a friend X could help you. Y is very kind.

=> X=who or that; Y =he or she.
3 I have an aunt X could tell you, but Y is rather a bore.

=> X=who or that; Y =she.
4 My neighbour, X is an expert on such matters, will tell you, but Y is out at the
moment.
=> X=who; Y =he or she.
Exercise 55 (p.34)
5. The Committee, X meets every Wednesday, has not yet made up Z mind. =>
X=which; Z=its.
6. The Committee, X are very sympathetic, are giving the matter Z careful
consideration => X= who; Z=their.
7. The group X dominated society then was the family. Y continued to do so for
centuries. =>X=which or that; Y = it.
8 The family, X were seriously worried, met to discuss the scandal. Y decided to
try to hush it up. => X=who; Y =they.
9 The baby, X had fallen out of Z perambulator, continued to scream as loudly

as Y could. =>X=which; Z=its; Y = it.
Exercise 55 (p.34)
10. The Poor bitch, with Z five puppies, lay shivering in the corner. Y showed no
inclination to move. => Z=her or its; Y = she or it.
11. The majority, X are in favour of the new measures, want to make Z voices
heard. => X=who; Z=their.
12. Japan, X was isolated from the rest of the world for nearly three hundred
years, has now taken Z place as a member of a world community. => X= which;
Z = its or her.
Case (p.93)
4.66 Common/genitive case (p.93)
- English nouns have a two-case system: the unmarked COMMON CASE
(boy) and the marked GENITIVE CASE (boy's).
The forms of the genitive inflection

4.67 (p.93)
- The -s genitive of regular nouns is realized in speech only in the singular,
where it takes one of the forms /iz/, /z/, /s/,following the rules for s
inflection (3.5).
- The spoken form /spaiz/ may be related to the noun follows:
The spies were arrested.
The spy's companion was a woman.
The spies' companions were women in each case.
4.68 (p.94) 4.69 Two genitives( p.94)
the "zero' genitive occurs
We refer to the -S GENITIVE for
(a) with Greek names of more than one the inflection and to the OF-
syllable, as in Euripides' /-diz/ plays GENITIVE for the prepositional
form. For example:
(b) with many other names ending in
/z/ where, in speech, zero is a variant What is the ship's name? What is
of the regular /ız/ genitive. the name of the ship?
(c) with fixed expressions of the form

for... sake as in for goodness' sake
/s/, for conscience' sake /s/.
4.70 Genitive meanings (p.95)
The meanings of the genitive can best be

shown by sentential or phrasal analogues
such as we present below.
4.72 Choice of -s genitive (p.96) The inflected genitive is also used with
The following four animate noun classes certain kinds of inanimate nouns:
normally take the -s genitive:
(e) GEOGRAPHICAL and INSTITUTIONAL
(a) PERSONAL NAMES: Segovia's pupil, NAMES: Europe's future, Maryland's
George Washington's statue Democratic
(b) PERSONAL NOUNS: the boy's new shirt, (f)TEMPORAL NOUNS : a moment's thought,
my sister-in-law's pencil a week's holiday, today's business event
(g) NOUNS OF SPECIAL INTEREST TO HUMAN

(c) COLLECTIVE NOUNS: the
ACTIVITY : the mind's general develop, the
government's conviction
game's history, science's influence
(d) HIGHER ANIMALS: the horse's tail
the lion's hunger
4.73 Choice of the of-genitive (p.97)
- The of-genitive is chiefly used with nouns that belong to the bottom part
of the gender scale (4.58).
- In these two examples, an-s genitive would be fully acceptable, but in
many instances this is not so: the hub of the wheel, the windows of the
houses.
- where the of-genitive would normally be used, instances are found with
the inflected form in newspaper headlines, perhaps for reasons of space
economy:
FIRE AT UCLA: INSTITUTE'S ROOF DAMAGED
where the subsequent news item might begin: "The roof of a science
institute on the campus was damaged last night as fire swept through...'
Note: On the other hand, beside the regular -s genitive in ‘John's life, the child's life’, the
idiom ‘for the life of me/him’ requires both the of-genitive and a pronoun
4.74 The group genitive (p.98)
the teacher’s room
the teacher of music’s room
This "group genitive' is regularly used with such postmodifications as in someone

else's house, the heir apparent's name, as well as prepositional phrases.
Exercise 56 (p. 34+35 WB) Paraphrase the phrases below by means of a noun
modified by a relative clause, as in the model.
Model: John's hat - the hat that John has.
1 John's story =>The story that John tells, or told, or will tell.
2 John's present => The present that John gave, has given or will give, or
received.
3 John's mistake => The mistake that John makes
4 John's punishment => The punishment that John received,..
5 John's supper => The supper that John has
6.His father's consent => The consent that he has given, gave or will give.
Exercise 56 (p. 34+35)
7.His father's interest => The interest that he takes
8.His father's conclusion =>The conclusion that he comes to
9.His father's influence =>The influence that he has
10. His uncle's murder =>The murder that he suffered or committed

The genitive with ellipsis
4.75
- The noun modified by the -s genitive may be omitted if the context makes
its identity clear:
My car is faster than John's (ie: than John's car)
His memory is like an elephant's
John's is a nice car, too
- With the of-genitive in comparable environments, a pronoun is normally
necessary:
The population of New York is greater than that of Chicago
4.76 (p.99)
I shall be at Bill's I shall be at the dentist's
Here Bill's would normally mean would refer to the dentist's

"where Bill lives', even though professional establishment and the
the hearer might not know same applies to proper names
whether the appropriate head where these refer to commercial
would be house, apartment, flat; firms. It would not be absurd to
'lives' is important, however, and write:
hotel room (where Bill could only
be 'staying") would be excluded. I shall be at
Harrod's/Foyle's/Macy's
4.77 Double genitive ( sở hữu cách)- p.99
- An of-genitive can be combined with an-s genitive in a construction called
the "double genitive'.
- The noun with the -s genitive inflection must be both definite and
personal:
an opera of Verdi's an opera of my friend's
but not:
a sonata of a violinist's a funnel of the ship's
- There are conditions which also affect the noun preceding the of-phrase.
Mrs Brown's Mary
we cannot have:
*Mary of Mrs Brown *Mary of Mrs Brown's
4.77
- This noun must have indefinite reference:
A friend of the doctor's has arrived

*The daughter of Mrs Brown's has arrived
A daughter of Mrs Brown's has arrived
Any daughter of Mrs Brown's is welcome
*The War Requiem of Britten's
- Yet we are able, in apparent defiance of this statement, to use
demonstratives as follow:
That wife of mine This War Requiem of Britten's

Exercise 57 (p.35 WB) Write the form of the genitive (ie with 's or of) which could be related
to the following sentences. If two forms are possible, give them both. One example is given as
a guide.
Genitive
1 John has a brother. John's brother.
2 Thomas has a sister. Thomas's sister.
3 Sophocles wrote plays. Sophocles's plays or The plays of Sophocles.
4 Keats wrote poetry. Keats's poetry.
5 The cow gives milk. The cow's milk.
6 The captain made an error. The captain's error.
7 The ship has a siren. The ship's siren.
8 The siren made a noise. The noise of the siren.
9 Somebody has a hat. Somebody's hat.
10 Something has a name. The name of something.
Exercise 57 (p.35)
Genitive
11. The school has a history. The history of the school or The school's history.
12. The world has problems. The problems of the world.
13. Europe has art treasures. Europe's art treasure.
14. The holiday lasted a week. A week's holiday.
15. The work took a year. A year's work.
16. My brother-in-law has a house. My brother-in-law's house.
17. My parents gave their consent. My parents' consent.
18. The man over there has a name. The name of the man over there.
19. This book has pages. The pages of this book.
20. The newspaper published this evening. This evening's newspaper.
Exercise 58 (P.35 WB): Form a sentence with double genitive, if one can be formed
acceptable, from the following material:
1. John is one of my best friends. => John is a friend of mine.

2. That dog – Jack’s dog – has torn my trousers. => That dog of Jack's has torn my
trousers.
3. Where is that key, the one you have? => Where is that key of yours?
4. Those new shoes, I mean yours, look very smart. => Those new shoes of yours look
very smart.
5. This book, John Christie’s, is very amusing.
=> This book of John Christie’s is very amusing.
6. These exercises you set are quite easy.
=> These exercises of yours are quite easy.
Pronouns
Hoang Huong Thao – TA46A
A University Grammar of English-Randolph Quirk &

Sidney GreenBaum (page 100)
Fig: 4:3 Pronouns personal (4.83)
reflexive (4.84-5)
central
reciprocal (4.86)
possessive (4.87)
specific relative (4.88)
interrogative (4.89)
demonstrative (4.90)
universal (4.91)
assertive (4.92)
indefinite partitive non-assertive (4.92-3)
negative (4.92,4)
general (4.13)
quantifying
A University Grammar of English-Randolph Quirk & enumerative (4.95-7)
1. They do not admit determiners.
2. They often have an objective case.
3. They often have person distinction.
4. They often have overt gender contrast.
5. Singular and plural forms are often not
morphologically related.

4.83
- Personal pronouns function as
Personal pronouns replacements for co-referential noun
phrases in neighbouring clauses.
● The subjective forms:
Eg: He hoped the passenger would be Mary and indeed it was
she.
● The objective forms:
Eg: I saw her with them; at least, I thought it was her.
A: Who broke the vase? B: Me.
Reflexive pronouns
● Reflexive pronouns replace a co-referential noun phrase, normally
within the same finite verb clause:
Eg: John has hurt himself.
● When a mixture of persons is involved, the reflexive conforms to a
1st person or, if there is no 1st person, to a 2nd person:
Eg: You, John and I mustn’t deceive ourselves.
You and John mustn’t deceive yourselves.
● The indefinite one has its own reflexive as in “One mustn’t fool
oneself”, but other indefinites use himself or themselves:
Eg: No one must fool himself. A University Grammar of English-Randolph Quirk &
Sidney GreenBaum (page 103-4)
● Reflexive pronouns are often preferred when the
reference is metaphorical and emotive:
Eg: She was beside herself with rage.
● Reflexives often occur after as, like, but, except, and in
coordinated phrases:
Eg: For somebody like me/ myself this is a big surprise.
My brother and I/ myself went sailing yesterday.
Exercise 60( workbook/page 36): Replace each of the bracketed parts of
the sentences below by an appropriate personal or reflexive pronoun:
1. John and Mary said they would go out by (John and Mary). => themselves
2. Mary assured John that she could look after (Mary). => herself
3. John told Mary that he would look after (Mary). => her
4. You, Mary, will have to look after (Mary). => yourself

5. Can you and Mary look after (you and Mary)? => yourselves
6. Can you and Mary get supper for (you, Mary and me)? => us
7. Can you, Mary and I get supper for (you, Mary and me)? => ourselves
8. One must learn to look after (one) these days. => oneself/ himself
9. No one should deceive (no one) about that. => oneself/ himself
10. I have just been out to get (me) a cup of coffee. => myself
11. Many people believe (many people) to be chosen vessels. => themselves
12. Everybody clings to this illusion about (everybody). => himself
13. The Romans eventually had enemies all about (the Romans). => them
14. If we look around (we), we see that we are just as other men are. => us
15. Alexander always kept a faithful friend beside (Alexander). => him
16. When he found that he had been betrayed, he was beside => himself
(him) with fury.
4.86 Reciprocal pronouns
John likes Mary; Mary likes John.

➔ John and Mary like each other/ one another.
● With two antecedents, each other would be commoner,
more than two are involved, one another is often
preferred:
The four children are fond of one another.
● The reciprocal pronouns can be freely used in the
genitive:
each other’s, one another’s A University Grammar of English-Randolph Quirk &
4.87 Possessive pronouns
- The possessive pronouns combine genitive

functions with pronominal functions.
- The possessive pronouns :
The attributives : my, your,...
The nominals: mine, yours,...
Marry’s Marry’s
book The book is
Her hers
Exercise 59 (workbook/page 36) : Supply a personal, reflexive or possessive
pronoun to replace each of the dashes in the passages below. Each passage is
a continuous context.
1. This is my property. (a) It is (b) my own. (c) I bought (d) it . (e) I

paid for (f) it out of (g) my own money, so (h) it is (i) mine .
2. One must take care of (a) one’s/ his own property and look after (b) it
(c) oneself/ himself . If you keep an animal, (d) you must look after (e) it
properly: (f) it cannot always look after (g) itself .
3. (a) I think of myself too much. My mother thinks of (b) me as well and often
forgets to think of (c) herself .
4. They must do (a) their duty, as we must do (b) ours . We have kept (c) our
promise: let them keep (d) theirs .
5. She knows (a) her own mind but he doesn’t know (b) his own at all. He
loses (c) his temper, while (d) she always keeps (e) hers .She keeps (f) herself
under perfect control; but (g) he can’t control himself.
6. Every country has (a) own traditions, and prides (b) itself on (c) them .
its
We must all maintain those traditions and pass (d) them on to (e) our
children.
7. Do you see that flower in front of (a) you ? You recognize (b) it ? Then tell
(c) me (d) its name.
4.88 Relative pronouns
(a) The wh- series reflects the gender (personal/non-personal) of
the antecedent:
personal: who, whom, whose
non-personal: which, whose
(b) That is a general purpose relative pronoun, used irrespective
of gender or case except that the genitive must involve
postposed of.
(c) Zero is used identically to that except that it is unacceptable
where the relative pronoun is subject in its clause.
Exercise 61 (workbook/page 37) : Indicate whether the relative pronoun at
X can be that, what, which, who, whom, whose or 0 (zero). If two or more
answers are possible, give them both or all.
1. The world X he entered was a strange one. => that, which, 0
2. He took two rooms for X he paid £5 a week. => which
3. The theatre X he usually went to was the Royal. => that, which, 0
4. He wrote several novels, only one of X had any merit. => which
5. The man X spoke to me just now is an astronaut. => that, who

Exercise 61 ( workbook/page 37): Indicate whether the relative pronoun at X
can be that, what, which, who, whom, whose or 0 (zero). If two or more
answers are possible, give them both or all.
6. The man X you were just speaking to is his brother. => that, who(m), 0
7. He is a man about X very little is known. => whom
8. The man X brother is an astronaut is leaving. => whose
9. X was discovered was an almost impregnable city. => what
10. The people X built such a refuge must have been very => who, that
ingenious.
4.89 Interrogative pronouns
The interrogatives are identical in form and in case

relations with the relative pronouns, the basic difference
between interrogative and relative there are functional
differences in detail.
(a) Interrogative determiners: (b) Interrogative pronouns:

personal: whose personal: who, whom, whose
personal or non-personal: non-personal: what
which, what personal or non-personal: which
● What has indefinite reference.
● Which has definite reference.
Which girls
do you like best?
What books
● The answer to a which-question would probably
be more specific than the answer to a what-
question.
● Which has an alternative of-phrase construction.

Exercise 62 (workbook/page 37): Indicate whether the interrogative word
at X can be what, which, who, whom or whose. If two answers are possible,
give them both.
1. If you had to live alone on a desert island, X would you take with what
you?
2. If you had to choose between a flute and a violin, X instrument which
would you prefer?

Who
3. X was it that said, ‘To be, or not to be'?
4. X of Shakespeare's plays have you read? Which
5. X of the characters in War and Peace do you find the most Which
interesting?
Exercise 62 (workbook/page 37): Indicate whether the interrogative word
at X can be what, which, who, whom or whose. If two answers are possible,
give them both.
6. X modern novels have you read recently? What/ Which
7. If that is not your essay, then X is it? whose/ what
What
8. X man could possibly behave like that?
Whom
9. X have I the honour of addressing?
10. To X and to X department should my application be submitted? whom- which

4.90 Demonstrative pronouns
The demonstratives have number contrast and can function

both as determiners and pronouns.
By further metaphorical extension, we have this/these

used to connote interest and familiarity in informal style:
Then I saw, away in the distance, this lovely girl, and ...
There can be a corresponding emotive rejection implied in
that/those: Here is that awful Jones and those children of
his.
As subject, pronouns may have personal or non-personal
reference:
This/That girl is Mary This/That pen
is mine
This/That This/That
In other than subject function, pronoun reference is non-

personal:
this girl this picture
He is going to marry I bought this
* this

As relative antecedent, that/those can appear in
formal use but there is no contrast with this/these,
and only those can have personal reference:
that which was expensive (rare)
He admired * that who danced well
those which were expensive
those who danced well

4. 91 Universal pronouns and determiners
The universal pronouns and determiners comprise each, all, every,

and the every compounds.
Every they entail reference to a number of three (usually) more.
Each entails reference to two or more, and has individual
reference.
Each refers to individuals already specified, whereas everybody
does not:
* each
I walked into the room and gave an apple to everybody
Every one, each (one), and all have of-constructions; and
except all, these pronouns can have a singular or plural
pronoun for co-reference:
Every one their
Each of the students should have his own books.
Each one

Every can also be used with plural expressions such as every
two weeks, every few months, and there is a universal place
compound everywhere:
Everywhere looks beautiful in the spring.
Note:
It all can also be used in reference to non-personal divisible
count nouns:
I have started the book but I haven’t read it all.

Ex 63 (workbook/page 37-38): Indicate whether the dash in
each of the sentences below can be replaced by each or every.
If either word is acceptable, give them both.
1. Each man in the crowd raised his hand.

2. There were police on every side of the square.
3. The crowd lined each side of the street.
4. Each one of the two men was six feet tall.
5. Every one in the team received a medal, too.
Ex 63 (workbook/page 37-38): Indicate whether the dash in
each of the sentences below can be replaced by each or every.
If either word is acceptable, give them both.
6. Each received a medal, too.

7. The ceremony will be repeated every two years.
8. The players received £100 each.
9. They each received a bonus.
10. They were each looking anxiously at the referee.
4.92 Partitive pronouns
A University Grammar of English-Randolph Quirk & COUNT
NON-COUNT
Table 4.2
Personal Non-Personal
everyone everything
pronoun everybody each it (...) all
singular each (place: everywhere)
UNIVERSAL
every
determiner
each
(they (...)) all/both all

pronoun
(them) all/both
plural
predeterminer all/both
something
pronoun someone, somebody (place: somewhere)
Assertive
singular
some
determiner a (n)
plural pronoun and determiner some
anything
pronoun anyone, anybody
Non- Assertive
singular (place: anywhere)

any
determiner either, any
PARTITIVE
plural pronoun and determiner any
nothing
no one, nobody
pronoun (place: nowhere)
singular
none none
Negative
pronoun and determiner neither
plural pronoun none
determiner no
As well as their use with plurals and non-count nouns, the
determiner some and any can be used with singular count
nouns when they are stressed. Some is frequently
followed by “or other”:
Any apology will satisfy them.
There was some book (or other) published on the
subject last year.

Note:
[a] In familiar style, the stressed some means
‘extraordinary’ :
That’s some pen you have there!
[b] We should note the partitive place compounds as in:
He went somewhere, Did he go anywhere?, He went
nowhere.

4.93 Non-assertive usage
The contexts which require the any series or ‘non-

assertive’ forms chiefly involve:
(a) the negatives not, never, no, neither, nor;
(b) the ‘incomplete negatives’ hardly, little, few, least,
seldom, etc;
(c) the ‘implied negatives’ before; fail, prevent; reluctant,
hard, difficulty etc; and comparisons with too;
(d) questions and conditions.
The basic meaning of the whole sentence ultimately determines

the choice of the some or the any series.
Freud contributed more than anyone to the understanding of
dreams.
➔ The use of the non-assertive anyone is related to the fact
that the basic meaning is negative, as appears in the
paraphrase:
Nobody contributed more to the understanding of dreams
than Freud.
Some is often used in negative, interrogative, or conditional
sentences, when the basic meaning is assertive.
In making an invitation or an offer, it is for the same reason polite to
presuppose an acceptance:
Would you like some wine?
The any series is used with stress in superficially assertive
sentences with the special meaning of ‘no matter who, no matter
what’:
He will eat anything.
Anyone interested in addressing the meeting should let us
know. A University Grammar of English-Randolph Quirk &
Exercise 65 (workbook/page 39): Identify the non-assertive component in
each of the following sentences:
1. There isn't anything we can do.
2. We have scarcely any money left.
3. If you need any help, please let me know.
4. I do not believe your intervention will make any difference.
5. We seldom have any occasion for using this expensive machinery.

6. Is there anyone here who speaks Arabic?
7. Before we go any further, we must agree on procedure.
8. Is there anywhere we can go to be really quiet?
9. Unless you have anything more to say, I shall consider the matter closed.
10. A curfew was imposed in an attempt to prevent any further violence.

4.94 Either, neither and
the negatives
- Either and neither have in fact a strictly dual reference.

many
None (of the thirty
students)
Neither (of the [ two] failed the exam.
Neither (student)
(of the [two] students)

Either (student) may fail the exam.

EX 64 ( workbook/page 38): Choose one item from the box to replace each dash
in the sentences below:
1. I haven't read all of this book but I've read (a) some of it. At least I know (b) something
about the subject.
2. I haven't read (a) any of the last four chapters yet, so I know (b) nothing about
them, I'm afraid.
3. It is a big book, but we're expected to read (a) it all during the year. We can't
leave (b) anything out.
4. I can't find my pen (a) anywhere . I've looked (b) everywhere for it.
all, any, anyone ,anything, anywhere, each, either, every, everyone, everything, everywhere,
it all, neither, no, no one, none, nothing, nowhere, some, someone, something, somewhere,
them all, they all
5. B: But it must be (a) somewhere . Where haven't you looked? A: (b) Nowhere.
6 Has smoking (a) anything to do with cancer ? (b) Some people believe smoking
has (c) nothing to do with cancer at all. Others feel that it might have (d) something
to do with it, but they don't know what.
7. Is (a) any/ some of increase due to better diagnosis? Yes, (b) some of it
undoubtedly is: one could not pretend that (c) none/ all of it is.
them all, they all
8. (a) Some doctors insist that (b) everyone should give up smoking. Do you
think that (c) everyone/ anyone need give it up? I think that (d) some people
ought to, but not (e) everyone.
9. A: Here are two keys. Will (a) either of them fit this drawer?
B: No. (b) neither of them will. There is in fact (c) no key for that drawer?
10. (a) Every man in the village assembled to hear the verdict. (b) They all
came; and the verdict was announced to (c) them all.
them all, they all
Numerals
Presented by Hoang Huong Thao

4.96 The uses of one
(a) NUMERICAL ONE when used with animate and inanimate singular
count nouns is a stressed variant of the indefinite article a(n).
- It is in contrast with the dual two and both and the plural numerals
three, four, etc; several, and indefinite some.
- It has similar contrasts when used pronominally:
a nail some nails

I need - I need
one some
(The) one
boy/pen - One of the boys/pens
A
(The) one is also in contrast with the other in the

correlative construction :
One went this way, the other that way.
There is a somewhat formal or old-fashioned use of one
meaning ‘a certain’ before personal proper names:
I remember one Charlie Brown at school.
(b) REPLACIVE ONE is used as an anaphoric

substitute for a singular or plural count noun.
It has the singular form one and the plural ones.
It is modified by the -s genitive in preference to the
of-genitive.

(c) INDEFINITE ONE means ‘people in general’, implying
inclusion of the speaker.
This use of one is chiefly formal and is often replaced by
the more informal you:
One would
think they would run a later but than that!
You’d
Indefinite one has the genitive one’s and the reflexive

oneself.
4.97 Cardinals and ordinals
Cardinal (one, two, etc) and ordinal (first, second, etc)

numerals can function pronominally or as premodifiers,
except that nought occurs chiefly as the name of the
numeral, being replaced by the determiner no or the
pronoun none in general use.
With hundred, thousand, million, the indefinite article
often replaces ones.
Thanks!
Do you have any questions?

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Chapter 4

Presented by Le Thi Bach Thao – TA46A

(a) The girl

- We shall deal with elements found in those noun

A University Grammar of English-Randolph Quirk & Sidney

John *bottle furniture cake

A University Grammar of English-Randolph Quirk & Sidney

- The nouns in columns 2, 3 and 4 are all COMMON NOUNS

- Nouns which behave like “bottle” in column 2 (chair, word, finger,

- Those conforming like “furniture” to the pattern of column 3 (grass,

- Finally in column 4 we have nouns which combine the characteristics of

A University Grammar of English-Randolph Quirk & Sidn

He’s had many odd experiences This job requires experience

Buy an evening paper Wrap the parcel in brown paper

A University Grammar of English-Randolph Quirk & Sidne

A University Grammar of English-Randolph Quirk & Sidney

(A) - the (B) - zero article (as in

a(n) book x x one

any (unstressed) x books money any

any (stressed) book books money any

each book x x each

either book x x either

enough x books money enough

every book x x every

my book books money mine

neither book x x neither

much x x money much

no book books money none

some (unstressed) x books money some

some (stressed) book books money some

that book x money that

the book books money it

this book x money this

these x books x these

those x books x those

what book books money what

which book books money which

whose book books money whosoever

zero x books money none

These form three classes (predeterminers, ordinals, and quantifiers) which

Within each of the three classes, we will make distinctions according to

A University Grammar of English-Randolph Quirk & Sidney

- All, both and half have of-constructions, which are optional

A University Grammar of English-Randolph Quirk & Sidney

All/ both/ half pass their exams

The students all passed their exam

- The students were all hungry

He visited all/ both/ half of them everyday

He was sometimes up all/ half the night.

The patients have all/ both

- Items which must follow determiners but precede adjectives in

4.11(p.65) Cardinal numerals

He has one sister and three brothers

The two blue cars belong to me

A University Grammar of English-Randolph Quirk & Sidney

The first three planes were American

The general ordinals , however, may be used freely before or after

His books were novels

A University Grammar of English-Randolph Quirk & Sidney

a few biscuits (= several)

A University Grammar of English-Randolph Quirk & Sidney

- These are restricted to occurring with non-count nouns :

A University Grammar of English-Randolph Quirk & Sidney

A University Grammar of English-Randolph Quirk & Sidney