SECTION2S CONTINUITY 61 fim, (-1 Jim 0=Oand im, f(z) = tim, [sin2] 1, 0 lim f(z) does not exist, The discontinuity at 2 = 7 is a jump discontinuity 51. f(z) = 2 + 10sinzis continuous onthe interval [31,52], /(31) * 957, and (52) ~ 1030, Since 957 < 1000 < 1030, there isa number ¢ in (31, 32) such that f(c) = 1000 by the Intermediate Value Theorem. Note: There is also a number ¢ in (-32, =31) such that f(e) = 1000. 58. f(2) = 24 +2 3s continuous on the interval [1,2], (1) = —1, and f(2) = 15. Since =1 <0 < 15, there isa number e im (1,2) suc that f(c) = O by the Intermediate Value Theorem, Thus, thee is a root ofthe equation 2* + 2 = 3 =O inthe interval (1,2). 85, The equation e* = [0.1], (0) = -2, and f(1) = Intermediate Value Theorem. Thus, there isa root of the equation & + 2x —3-= 0, or = 22 is equivalent tothe equation e* + 2r—3=0. f(x) = e* + 2x ~3 is continuous on the interval 1% 1.72, Since -2 < 0 < e— 1, there isa number cin (0,1) such that f(c) = O by the = 2, in the interval (0,1), 57. (a) f(2) 1 > 0 > =0.46, there isa number c in (0,1) such that f(c) = Oby the Intermediate Value Theorem. Thus, there is root cos 2 — 2" is continuous on the interval [0,1], (0) = 1 > O, and f(1) = cos 1 — 1 ~0.46 <0, Since ofthe equation cos:r = 2 = 0, or cos:r = 23, inthe interval (0,1) (©) (0.86) ~ 0.016 > O and f(0.87) = =0.014 < 0, so there is a rot between 0.86 and 0.87, that is, nthe interval (086,087), 58. (a) Let f(2) = 100072!" — 0.012? Then f(0) = 100 > Oand ‘f(100) = 100e~? — 100 = ~63.2 < 0. So by the Intermediate 20 Victmtcnscomcsomeacrecn — f N] This implies that 100e~*/2° = 0.0162. Z (b) Using the intersect feature of the graphing device, we find thatthe Iw “J = 70.347, correct to three decimal places. root ofthe equation is 61. Let f(2) = sin, Then f is continuous on [1,2] since J is the composite of the sine function and the cubing function, both of which are continuous on B, The 2er0s ofthe sine are at nx, so we note that 0 <1 0, f(A) =sin $x = -1 <0,and f(2) sin 8 > 0. Applying the Intermediate Value Theorem on (d) = 0. Thus, f has at least two z-intereepts in (1,2). apr comes eng tp Rd y mt cpe ip D e n ed y ye npre sk e t eS ET Se ah cps Cigar re lad cao pan a62 Cl CHAPTER2._LIMTSAND DERIVATIVES (2) IF contin ata bey Theorem 8 with (Gin (e+ 4)) =F10) (@)Lete > 0. Since Jim f(a +h) = f(a), there exists 5 > O such that < Jil <5 => +h, wehave Big seth) = Us(a +1) - F(@)| 0, the interval (a — 5,0 +4) contains both infinitely many rational and infinitely many irrational numbers. Since f(a) = 0 oF 1, there are infinitely many numbers 2 with 0 < fr — al <6 and [f(2) ~ f(a)] = 1. Thus, lim f(z) # f(a). [In fat, lim f(x) does not even exist] 68, Ifthereis such a number, it satisfies the equation 2*41=2 <> 2-24 1=0, Letthelefthand side ofthis equation be called f(2). Now f(—2) = -5 < 0, and f(=1) = 1 > 0, Note also that f(z) isa polynomial, and thus continuous. So by the Intermediate Value Theorem, there isa number c between —2 and —1 such that f(c) = 0, so that = <1. 14. (2) = 2*sin(1/2) is continuous on (2,0) U (0,00) since itis the product of polynomial and a composite of a trigonometric function and a rational function. Now since =1 < sin(1/z) < 1, wehave =z" < x*sin(1/2) < 2°, Because lim ( continuous at 0 and, hence, on (—20, 20) O and lim 2* the Squeeze Theorem gives us lim (2 sin(1/-2)) = 0, which equals (0). Thus, f is TA, Define u(t) to be the monk’s distance from the monastery, a a function of time ¢ (in hours) on the first day, and define dt) to be is distance from the monastery 28a function oftime, onthe second day. Let be the distance from the monastery to the tp ofthe mountain. From the given information we know that u(0) = 0, u(12) = D,d(0) = D and d(12) = 0. Now consider the function u — d, which is clearly continuous. We calculate that (u — d)(0) = =D and (u ~€)(1 So by the Intermediate Value Theorem, there must be some time fo between O and 12 such that (u— d)(to) = ‘u(lo) = d{to). So at time to after 7:00 AM, the monk will be atthe same place on both days. 2.8 Limits at Infinity; Horizontal Asymptotes 4. (a) As x becomes large, the values of f(x) approach 5. (b) As 2 becomes large negative, the values of f(2) approach 3. 3. @) Jim f(e) =-2 (©) tim _f(e) =2 (© lim f(2) =00 (@ lim f(2) = -20 (©) Vertical: 2 = 1, 2 = 3; horizontal: y= -2,y=2 apr comes eng tp Rd y mt cpe ip D e n ed y ye npre sk e t eS ET Se ah cps Cigar re lad cao pan aSECTION2§ LIMITSATINFINITY; HORIZONTAL ASYMPTOTES 63 5 lim S(@) M2) =>, fim f(@ 11. If f(x) = 2°/2*, then a calculator gives f(0) = 0, f(1) = 0.5, f(2) = 1, f(3) = 1.125, f(4) = 1, (6) = 0.78125, ‘J(6) = 0.5625, (7) = 0.3828125, f(8) = 0.25, f(9) = 0.158203125, f(10) = 0.09765625, f(20) ~ 0.00038147, (e2") =o. J{50) = 2.2204 x 10°", f(100) ~ 7.8886 x 10°27. It appears that tim 22 =D/2* [Divide both the numerator and denominator by 2? se Geta (the highest power of = that appears inthe denominator)] {Limit Law 5) {Limit Laws 1 and 2} {Limit Laws 7 and 3] [Theorem 2.6.5] (e=2)fr _ 4, 3-2: = EM re fe Rafe (2-2/2? _ = eye Vit? _ iy Witty ae i Groeye ~ Bat ye 41 _ 0+ o=1 49. tim ctl ta ated pt se pce nb kit pan a eng le SE64 Cl CHAPTER2 _LIMTSAND DERIVATIVES an (22? 41)? , 2? + 1)/zt (222 + jt? ~ee [eI eae Rade De +12" 240" = 2 Coy Oy TSO “im Oe =1)— re = tin VE in EEE {since 2? = V#¥ for > 0} Bim VEE SE VE 2. tim ee Gea ye ee =a) (since x = VE for > 0) a 7 - az) (VIFFE +3 (VF Fz) - 2)" 2. lim, (VORTF= — 32) = Lim Vaterd ie th areas = tn OPH 22 yyy et sss fier + 3x Vor Fe+3x l/x az 1 1a = fim a = him A = 1 - She Jortai tafe aafa =~ Jot lays Vora 343 29. tim (VEPFaE = VETTE) = jim (EES VERE) (VEER + VE) Vi tart Vote = iy Gihae at te) a )xl/x B Veart yeahs 8 Gatbart vette) Ve ant ant anb < IER [tropes ise TOs TO _ 322 4.2)/2z" [vide by te highest power Sfe+1f2? _ Mtn ogee fares | = ie Tess = since the numerator increases without bound and the denominator approaches 1 as 2 —+ 2. _2 (+2) ter tteage oerts] = setae? sean Az? 2+ 2as 2-20. Or: (2? +22") (14224) ctl ta ated pt se pce nb kit pan a eng le SESECTION2§ LIMITSATINFINITY; HORIZONTAL ASYMPTOTES C65 35. Lett =e. As z+ 00, t+ 00. i arctan(e*) = Jim aretant = $ by (3). lee (see _ Vetnt_o-1_ 3 dim Type = BB. peje = ER Tega = 043 = 73 38, Since =1 < cos <1 and e“** > 0, we have ~e~** < e°?* cose < e~**_ We know that Ii Oand (* 0, soby the Squeeze Theorem, lim (e“** cos 2) 44, Jim n(1 + 24) —In(0 + 2)] = since the limit in parentheses is 2, since 2 0* and In —+ —20 as 2 —+ 0*. 8) (lim, (i) tim fe) 120 since 2 —+ 1 and In. —+ 07 as 2+ 17. since 2+ Land Ing — O* as 2 1*. ©) ©? = f(z) i 10,000 1085.7 | 100,000 | 8685.9 oo 1,000,000 | _72,382.4 45 (a) —10, ° ©) = Se) 10,000 | -0.4999625 100,000 | —0.4999962 1,000,000 | =0.499.9996 From the table, we estimate the limit to be ~0.5. From the graph of f(2) = V7 FFT +2, we estimate the value of lim f(z) tobe 0.5 (©) lim, (VE FEAT +2) Gitetyn? (Vara +) [Ses] VFeztiq= Veqatinz (e+1)0/z) 1+ (2) Weert - 207) TF Ol) Oey 1 1+0 isoso-1 Note that for x < 0, we have V3? iveFrit= TET = Tear. -2, 0 when we divide the radical by x, with x <0, we get apr comes eng tp Rd y mt cpe ip D e n ed y ye npre sk e t eS ET Se ah cps Cigar re lad cao pan a5. CHAPTER? LIMITS AND DERIVATIVES 54 4e (54 42)/2 rtd _O44_ Jim lim. =St4 La soi EPS esse (EF3)/e ste 143/e 140 S44e y =A isahorizontal asymptote. y = f(2 so lim, f(z) ==20 Fes ay 7 0 since 5 +42 =7and x +30 asx — —3+. Thus, isavertical asymptote. The graph confirms our work. on iT and 2 = 1 are vertical asymptotes. The graph confirms our work. f i\ AO aD eNO Met oe) preg ‘The graph fg isthe same asthe graph of f with the exception oho inthe “ raph of fat x= 1 By lng dvision, os) = EEE = 2 404 2 L Asx —+ sko0, g(2) —+ 400, so there is no horizontal asymptote. The denominator —20] of gis zero when x =5. lim g(x) = —oe and fi 1 a(2) = 20,50 vertical asymptote, The graph confirms our work. 58. From the graph, it appears y = 1 isa horizontal asymptote 0 32? + 5002" , 32° + 5002* Z 2ABe STF 5007 $1002 + 2000 ~ «NE Py 502 + T00r + 2000 = hs 3+ (500/z) oe T$ (600/z) + (100/27) + (2000/25) 340 TEEERT HS soy = Bisa horizontal asymptote “The diserepancy can be explained by the choice ofthe viewing window. Try [-100,000, 100,000] by [1,4] to geta graph that lends credibility to our calculation that y = 3 isa horizontal asymptote apr comes eng tp Rd y mt cpe ip D e n ed y ye npre sk e t eS ET Se ah cps Cigar re lad cao pan aSECTION2§ LIMITSATINFINITY; HORIZONTAL ASYMPTOTES 67 455, Divide the numerator and the denominator by the highest power of x in Q(z). (@) If deg P < deg Q, then the numerator — 0 but the denominator doesn’t. $o lim [P(2)/Q(2)] = 0. (b) If deg P > deg, then the numerator ~ +e but the denominator doesnt, so lim. [P(2)/Q(2)] = 20 (depending onthe ratio ofthe lading coeficients of P and Q). 57, Let's look for rational fintion (1) ,im_ f(z) =0. degree of numerator < degree of denominator (2) lim f(z) = 20 there isa factor of 2 inthe denominator (not just since that would produce a sign change at x = 0), and the funtion is negative near = 0. ) lim_f(e) = coand tim, f(2)=—20 = vertical asymptote atx = 3; there isa factor of ( ~ 3) inthe denominator. (4) f(2)=0 + 2isan x-intercept; there is at least one factor of (x — 2) in the numerator. Combining all of this information and puting in a negative sign to give us the desired left and right-hand limits gives us 58, (a) We must first find the function f. Since f hasa vertical asymptote x = 4 and x-intercept x = 1, x — 4 isa factor ofthe denominator and 2 — 1 isa factor of the numerator. There is a removable discontinuity at .s0=(-1)=241is ae= e+) a ico of both the numerator and denominator. Thus, now looks ike this: f(2) = FE YEO. where a is stil 1 (x +1) A= VEFY _ jim 26 Der) 222 = o,s0 2a = 2, and i S(e=N@+1) @=)e+) a =5, Thus f(z) = is a ratio of quadratic functions satisfying all the given conditions and Aya) _ 5 ~ (aa) 4 F(0) sin (2/2) = 2") ©) i J) = 9 in SE RTS ae 61. y = f(e) 28 = aoa ‘J(0) = 0. The 2-intecepts are 0, —1, and 1 {found by solving f(x) = 0 for =2t(142)(1—2). The yrintereptis Since x* > 0 for x #0, f doesn’t change sign at x = 0. The function does change sign at 2 = —Land 2 = 1. Asx —+ 00, (2) = 2"(1 — 2") approaches —c0 because 2! + and (1 =) —+ “oe. apr comes eng tp Rd y mt cpe ip D e n ed y ye npre sk e t eS ET Se ah cps Cigar re lad cao pan a68 CHAPTER? LIMITS AND DERWATIVES 63. y = S(e) = (8—z)(1 +2)" =z)", The yinterceptis (0) = 3(1)°(1)' = 3 ‘The z-intercepts are 3, ~1, and 1. There isa sign change at 3, but not at —1 and 1 ‘When 2 is large positive, 3 — 2 is negative and the other factors are positive, so Jim Jee) (2) oe. When 2 is large negative, 3 — 2 is positive, so 65. (a) Since =I 2. St > re iy WRAL We _ 4, = (21/et) _ 10— din “SSF fe sm PO a AS wehave lim f(2) by the Squeeze Theorem, 68. (3) fon (0) = Jim o* (1-0) =r -0) (b) We graph v(0) 9 and v(t) = 0.990" oF in this ease, v(t) = 0.99, Using an intersect feature oF zooming in on the point of| intersection, we find that ¢ = 0.47 s 32741 Beyer Me lo(2) = 1.5], Note that 4 and Jim, f(e) =0. We are interested in finding the -2-value at which f(x) < 0.05. From the graph, we find that x ~ 14.804, so we choose N’ = 15 (or any larger number), 73. We wanta value of such that 2 < Nv << orequivalently, 3-2 < 34e.Whene=0.1, Lease eae ae wwe graph y = f(z) .y = 3.1, and y = 2.9. From the graph, we find that f(2) = 3.1 at about 2 = —8.092, so we eaphy = Se) = y graph, St 2, choose N’ = 9 (or any lesser number). Similarly for e = 0.05, we find that f(z) = 3.05 at about x = -18.338, so we apr comes eng tp Rd y mt cpe ip D e n ed y ye npre sk e t eS ET Se ah cps Cigar re lad cao pan a