7) Q CHAPTER2 LIMITS AND DERIVATIVES 3. (a) (i) Using Definition 1 with f(2) = 4x = 2? and P(1,3), LO) =SO) inn, (4z-2') =I (Gi) Using Equation 2 with f(z) = 42 - 2? and P(,3), ny lath) = fa) mo me ny {04 = FQ) 7 = fim 444 fim(—h+2) =2 (b) An equation ofthe tangent line is y— f(a) = f'(a)(2-a) > y-SQ)=s'(e-1) = y-3=%e-1), ory =2241, © s ‘The graph of y = 2+ 1 is tangent to the graph of y = 4 — 2* atthe point (1,3). Now 200m in toward the point (1, 3) until the parabola and the tangent line are indistiguishable, 4 5 4x ~ 324 and P(2, ~4) [we could also use 2)}, Tangent line y= (—A) =-8(2=2) y4As—Br $16 & y=—Br4 12 vi-vi zoT -1 (2-yF+) 7. Using (1), m = lim Ss Tangent line: y=1= (2-1) & y=de4d 9. (a) Using (2) with y= f(x) =3 +42? — 224, Slat h) = f(a) 3+4(a +h)? — (a+ hy? = (3 + 4a® — 20°) ON = Pa) 7 = tm BEM? + 2ah +1?) ~ 2a" + 302h + Sah? +h) la? + 20° =e i 34 da” + Sah + 4h? — 20° — Gah — Gah” — 2h? — 3 — 4a? + 20% = cy tim Sah th? ~ 6ah — Gah® — 2h* mo 7 fim (S04 4h = 6a” — Gah = 2h? mo e = fim (Sa + 4h — Ga? — Gah — 2h*) = 8a — Ga? apr comes eng tp Rd y mt cpe ip D e n ed y ye npre sk e t eS ET Se ah cps Cigar re lad cao pan a‘SECTION27 DERNATIVESANDRATES OF CHANGE O71 (b) At (1, 5): m = 8(1) ~ 6(1)? = 2, so an equation ofthe tangent line © to isy 2-1) & ya2rt3, At (2,3): m =8(2) — 6(2)* = —8, soan equation of the tangent 8-2) & y=-8r+19 Tine is y = ‘1. (a) The particle is moving tothe right when s is increasing; that is, on the intervals (0,1) and (4,6). The particle is moving to the left when s is decreasing; that i, on the interval (2,3). The particle is standing sill when s is constant; that is, on the intervals (1,2) and (3, 4), (b) The velocity ofthe particle is equal to the slope of the tangent line ofthe ‘graph. Note that there is no slope atthe comer points on the graph. On the 18, Let (0) = 400 — 160% (2) = tin 2) m8(2e = 542) aT 2 iy natn 2s 1) 8 fim(2t - 1) “Thus, the instantaneous velocity when ¢ = 2 is ~24 fi/s. 1 m/s and v(3) 17. g'(0) is the only negative value. The slope at x = 4 is smaller than the slope at x = 2 and both are smaller than the slope atx = 2. Thus, g/(0) <0 < 9/(4) < 9'(2) < 9(-2). 48, (a) The tangent line at x = 50 appears to pass through the points (43, 200) and (60,640), so 640~ 200 440 I (50) = aA = A 06, (b) The tangent line at x = 10 is steeper than the tangent lin at x = 30, so itis larger in magnitude, but less in numerical value, that is, f"(10) < f'(30). apr comes eng tp Rd y mt cpe ip D e n ed y ye npre sk e t eS ET Se ah cps Cigar re lad cao pan a72 Q CHAPTER2 LIMTSAND DERIVATIVES (©) The slope of the tangent line at 2 = £(80) = (40) 40 (60), is greater than the slope ofthe line through (40, f(40)) and (80, f(80)). Soyes, (60) > 21. For the tangent line y = 4 — 5: when 2 = 2, y = 4(2) — 3 and its slope is 4 (the coefficient of). At the point of tangency these values are shared withthe curve y = J(2); that is, f(2) = and J"(2) = 4. 23, We begin by drawing a curve through the origin with a ’ slope of 310 satisfy (0) = O and f"(0) = 3. Since 4 £°(1) =0, we wil ound off ou figure so that there is a horizontal tangent directly over = 1. Last, we rake sure thatthe curve has a slope of =1.a5 we pass over x = 2. Two of the many possibilities are shown, 25, We begin by drawing a curve through (0,1) witha slope of 1 to satisfy 9(0) and g'(0) = 1. We round off our figure at x = —210 satisfy g/(—2) =0. As + =5*, y+ 00, so we drawa vertical asymptote at. Ase 57, 1y + 3, 90 we draw a dot at (5,3) [the dot could be open or closed}, BO +A) = (4 A))]=2 rs Dy (3+ 6h+ 3h*) — (14+ 3h 43h? +h*) —2 n= he Dy 7 sh) ‘Tangent line: y-2=S(e-1) 4 y-2=3r-3 @ y=3r-1 2. (a) Using (4) with F(z) = 52/(1 +=") and the point (2,2), we have © 4 5(2+h) F(2) = tim FE+h) = FQ) — ji 14 Ch ah a i alt ‘ 5h 410 5h 410 —2(h? 44h +5) Beas ee 7 7 = tim 2H = 3h 3) n= = BS ngeean+ 3 = Magee ane sy = BS as So an equation ofthe tangent line at (2,2) is y = 2 = -¥(r—2) or y= 32+ at apr comes eng tp Rd y mt cpe ip D e n ed y ye npre sk e t eS ET Se ah cps Cigar re lad cao pan a‘SECTION27 DERNATIVESANDRATES OF CHANGE O73, 3. Use (4) with (2) Gah + 3h? — 4h oR HB Use (4) with (0) = (2t+ D/(t +3) Math)+1 2at1 Tne Pe) = fn LON =L (2a42h+1)(a+3)= (at Nlath+3) Hath +3)\(a+3) 6a+2ah+6h +a (2a? +2ah +6a+a+h+3) Teth+3\ar3) 5h 3 Wye = Ee 35. Use (4) with f(z) = VT= Hz. foxn= Se 1, Aa VIE Canam -vIzm = +yIa%e Vinterny+ viame S(a) = jim hg (VRBO) = (VERY zon 2n) 1-20) M0 n(VI=Wer A) + VI=2a) A /T= Bee h) + VT= 2a) =n ~ Oi ((T=eaiy+ Tama)? I= Dera) + Tae -1 ° Yietat ima Vat a7. By 4), fim, 8 = 71(9), where f(z) = V¥ and a=9. VOFR i 38. By Equation 5, lim | = S'(2), where f(z) = 2% and a= 2 4. By(4), sete = J"(a), where f (2) = cosx and a = 7. or By) in S2E ED JF’ (O), where f(z) con(x + 2) and a =0. ctl ta ated pt se pce nb kit pan a eng le SE74 CQ CHAPTER2.LIMTSAND DERIVATIVES LGN =JA) _ 5, (BOC) 64 + Hy 7 fn, 7 (320 + 80h — 96 — 48h — 6h*) — (320 — 96) mm 7 S20) _ tn (92 — 08) = 32-6 4%. 4) =s'()= Thespendvten =| 32 m/s 15. Teshach tos he gph ra mom enpoanot7an egtr we temperature of 38°. The initial rate of change is greater in magnitude than the " rt of lang ae anu KS 4. 1.029; CALE _ 018-058 5 mom Gi [1.5,2.0} cos) = 2 gp. COS = CR) _ 012-018 _ -0.06 __¢, me/ml. Gi (2.0,2.5) C= iS pe = 70.12 SE (iv) 2.0,3.0) 2) _ 907= 0.18 (b) We estimate the instantaneous rate of change at ¢ = 2 by averaging the average rates of change for [1.5,2.0] and [2.0, 2.5} 2022012) yy MAME, per 2 hase BACs desesingat art of 0.12 (mg/m) fa 84077 — 66,533 _ 17,544 “po05= 1990 = 15 ‘consumption rose by an average of 1169.6 thousands of barrels per day each year from 1990 to 2005, 48. (a) [1990, 2005} 1169.6 thousands of barrels per day per year. This means that oi . 76,784 — 70,099 _ 6685 _ 440 (b) [1995, 2000} = = 1387 84077 76,784 _ 7293 [2000, 2005): SE 1458.6 ‘An estimate ofthe instantaneous rate of change in 2000 is 3 (1387 + 1458.6) = 1397.8 thousands of barels per day per year AC _ €(105) — C(100) _ 6601.25 — 6500 51 (a) AS = CODD C00) _ 9601.25 = 6500 = 990, 25/unit AC _ C(U01) — C(100) _ 6520.05 — 6500 . (iy BS = COM) = CU00) _ 9520.05 = 9500 _ 529,05 /unt. (ey £100) = C10) _ [5000+ 10(100 +) +0.05(100+ 1] = 6500 _ zon + 005K! OS 20+0.05h,h #0 €(100 + h) = C(00) h So the instantaneous rate of change is finn Jim (20 + 0.058) apr comes eng tp Rd y mt cpe ip D e n ed y ye npre sk e t eS ET Se ah cps Cigar re lad cao pan aSECTION27 DERIVATIVES ANDRATES OF CHANGE O75 53. (2) J"(2) isthe rate of change of the production cost wit respect tothe number of ounces of gold produced. Its units are dollars per ounce () After 800 ounces of gold have been produced, the rate at which the production cost is increasing is $17/ounce. So the cast of producing the 890th (or 801st) ounce is about $17. (6) Inthe short term, the values of /"(2) will decrease because more efficient use is made of start-up costs as x increases. But eventually f(z) might increase du to large-scale operations. 45. (a) H"(S8) is the rate at which the daily heating cost changes with respect to temperature when the ouside temperature is 58°F, The units are dollars/ °F. (©) Ifthe outside temperature increases, the building should requie less heating, so we would expect H'(58) to be negative. 57. (a) S"(T) isthe rate at which the oxygen solubility changes with respect othe water temperature. Its units are (mg/L)/°C. (©) For T = 16°C, it appears thatthe tangent line tothe curve goes through the points (0,14) and (82,6). So 6-u_ os $'(16) = SE = 5 = 0.25 (mg/L)/°C. This means that asthe temperature increases past 16°C, the oxygen solubility is decreasing ata rate of 0.25 (mg/L)/°C. 1 Soe fs) = ssn0/s) whens Om f(0)=0, wehne 10) = HOI LO)

0, as are the function values of graph L (4 = I, since fom left to right, the slopes ofthe tangents to graph (A) are postive, then 0, then negative, then 0, then postive, then 0, then negative again, and the Function values in graph I follow the same pattern ints for Exercises 41: Fett intreps onthe graph ff” for any hoizontl angen onthe graph off. Lok for any comes onthe graph of J—here wi be a dcontinuly onthe graph off". On anata whee has a angent wih positive or negative) slope, he gah off” wilde postive (or negative). the graph ofthe incon esr, the graph off” wibe a haz ine. qe 1 apr comes eng tp Rd y mt cpe ip D e n ed y ye npre sk e t eS ET Se ah cps Cigar re lad cao pan aSECTION28 THEDERNATVEASAFUNCTION O77 13. (a) "(t) isthe instantaneous rate of change of percentage of full capacity with respect to elapsed time in hours. (b) The graph of "(0 tells us that the rate of change of percentage of full capacity is decreasing and rhe kw approaching 0, 415, It appears that there are horizontal tangents on the graph of MI for t = 1963, and = 1971. Thus, there are zeros for those values of fon the graph of _M’. The derivative is negative forthe years 1963 to 1971 " “The slope at 0 appears to be 1 and the slope at 1 appears tobe 27. As x decreases, the slope gets closer to 0. Since the graphs are so similar, we might guess that f’(2) =e, 48, (a) By zooming in, we estimate that f"(0) and f'(2) = (b) By symmetry, f'(—2) = and f(-2) = =4 () It appears that f"(2) is twice the value of z, so we guess that f"(2) = 22. = tim A@E+4) =e JimQr +h) =22 vim Beth) —s]—Ge—8) _ ,, SetSh—s— e458 z i a Domain of f = domain of f’ = 8. apr comes eng tp Rd y mt cpe ip D e n ed y ye npre sk e t eS ET Se ah cps Cigar re lad cao pan a