Institute of Liberal Arts and Sciences | General Education Department | Social Sciences Area

JOSEPH VINCENT P. INVIERNO

Faculty, Social Sciences Area

ACADEMIC YEAR 2022-2023

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TOPIC LEARNING OUTCOMES:

TLO 1. Differentiate the competing

conceptions of globalization;

TLO 2. Determine and differentiate the

varying definitions of globalization and
identify its underlying philosophies;

TLO 3. Agree on a working definition of

globalization for the course.

TIME ALLOTMENT: 1 hour, 45 minutes

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ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION
The process of integration of the national economies of the world, as a result of the growing scale of cross-border trade of commodities
and services, flow of international capital and wide and rapid spread of technologies. (UN, 2000) It is also manifested in the
establishment of the World Trade Organization (WTO), a multilateral association of countries which aim to spur the growth of free trade
of goods and services between countries.

POLITICAL GLOBALIZATION
Refers to the increasing interdependence and cooperation between countries. Historically, this process of political globalization has
been ongoing since the early 20th century, when the League of Nations was first established after World War I to avert future conflicts.
Presently, today’s United Nations (UN) is the paramount international political organization. Cooperation and interdependence have
been pushed further towards integration in Europe with the establishment of the European Union (EU).

CULTURAL GLOBALIZATION
The process in which separate, distinct national cultures interact and harmonize. However, the process of globalization of culture was
not without friction, and a root cause of much social conflict and xenophobia.

SOCIAL GLOBALIZATION
Social or sociological globalization is the idea that has already evolved to a stage where distinctions between societies had already been
diminished or diminishing, which results in a formation of a homogenous, worldwide society.

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SILK ROAD

It is a network of trade routes which connected the

East and West, which was established by the Han
Dynasty in China. It was so called due to the
prevalence of trading silk fabrics, a well-known
Chinese product and was highly prized for its
quality. Its establishment paved the way for
commercial, cultural, and political interactions
between the known regions of the world. Through
this trade network, Chinese technologies such as
gunpowder and paper making were introduced into
Europe.

The Silk Road primarily refers to the land but also

sea routes connecting East Asia and Southeast
Asia with South Asia, Persia, the Arabian Peninsula,
East Africa and Southern Europe.

AGE OF EXPLORATION / AGE OF DISCOVERY

The historical period in which the European

kingdoms of Spain and Portugal pioneered in naval
navigation and exploration of new lands to conquer
for economic reasons.

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INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

A period in between the 1700’s and 1800’s which

saw rapid technological advancements in industrial
production. It started in Great Britain which
pioneered the use of steam and water powered
machinery in the production of goods and
processing of resources.

SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA

The historical period which saw the invasion,

occupation, division, and colonization of African
territory by European powers between 1881 and
1914.

UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS

(USSR)

Known commonly as the Soviet Union, the USSR is

a socialist federal union of 15 socialist oriented
republics and territories spanning Europe and Asia.
It was established as a result of the October
Revolution in 1917 when the Bolsheviks, a
revolutionary socialist party led by Vladimir Lenin
took power in Russia after overthrowing the
Provisional Government which replaced the
Romanov dynasty, which ruled the Russian Empire
for centuries.

It was formally created in 1922, and lasted until

1991. Throughout its history it has become a
powerful nation, and had reached superpower
status after the Second World War, when it
contended for supremacy and influence with the
United States of America in a historical period
called the Cold War.

Internal and external political and economic

pressures (especially from the USA) led to its
collapse in 1991. Its 15 constituent republics are
now independent countries, the largest being the
Russian Federation.

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 The so-called “First Wave” of globalization started during the era of the Industrial Revolution, which saw the rise of
Great Britain and the British Empire as the world’s superpower at the time.

• Globalization is defined primarily on economic grounds; however, it is more than just economic concepts It is also
manifested in world political structures and processes.

• The process of globalization has evolved throughout the history of the world. It is not a simple phenomenon which just
came out of nothing, nor it is an era confined within modern times.

• Globalization is an ongoing process, which manifests today and felt by each individual.

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TOPIC LEARNING OUTCOMES:

TLO 4. Explain how globalization

impacts the aviation industry, and
vice-versa;

TLO 5. Examine the role of the

aviation industry in today’s
comtemporary era.

TIME ALLOTMENT: 45 minutes

The De Havilland Comet, the first passenger jet

airliner

The Boeing 747 jumbo jet, in Pan American livery

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 PAN AMERICAN WORLD AIRWAYS: Aviation
Pioneer

Commonly known as Pan Am, it was for most of its

history the largest airline, with its routes spanning
across the globe. It was established in 1927 in
Florida, USA as a mail service provider. It later went
into passenger service, and made history by
completing a circumnavigation of the world by a
passenger aircraft in 1942, using flying boats.

Pan Am is credited for many innovations that shaped

the international airline industry, including the
widespread use of jet aircraft, jumbo jets, and
computerized reservation systems. It was also a
founding member of the International Air Transport
Association (IATA), the global airline industry
association. The introduction of the ‘jumbo jet”, the
Boeing 747, was due to the demand of Pan Am for
bigger airplanes for passenger service. It was also
well-known for its luxurious services in-flight.

However, despite its size and influential clout, the oil

crisis in the 70’s, increased competition, high
operating costs of its big aircraft fleet, lack of
domestic US routes, terror attacks and corporate
blunders led to its decline. It later filed for bankruptcy
and ceased operations in December 4, 1991.

• History tells us that the aviation industry has a big role in the continuing trend towards global interconnectedness. This
was further enhanced with the improvements such as jet airliners.

• Aircraft production has evolved as aircraft manufacturers take on the many challenges of this global era. From a purely
national industry, aircraft manufacturing processes have now been global in scope.

• Globalization, despite its positive developments, had not been beneficial to all. Free competition had led to rising costs
and even bankruptcy of some of the world’s largest airlines, as shown in the case of Pan Am.

• It is important for you as aviation workers and professionals to know and understand the significance of globalization
and its continuing trend.

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