Plane Table Survey

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Plane Table Survey

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Gaurav Tandon (74 SlideShares) , Assistant Professor at NMIMS

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Published on Oct 27, 2013
UnitVI …
UnitVI
SurveyingI
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1. Plane Table Survey UnitVI
2. Syllabus • Plane Table Survey: Introduction, principle, instruments, setting up the plane table, methods
of plane tabling, advantages, sources of Errors.
3. Plane Table Surveying • Plane Table Surveying is a graphical method of survey in which the field
observations and plotting are done simultaneously. • It is simple and cheaper than theodolite survey. It is
most suitable for small scale maps. • The plan is drawn by the surveyor in the field, while the area to be
surveyed is before his eyes. Therefore, there is no possibility of omitting the necessary measurements.
4. Equipments and Accessories for Plane Tabling The following instruments are used in plane table
surveying. Equipments • Plane Table • Tripod • Alidade
5. Equipments and Accessories for Plane Tabling Accessories • Trough Compass • Spirit level • UFork
with Plumb bob • Water proof cover • Drawing paper • Pins • Drawing accessories
6. Equipments • Plane Table: The drawing board for plane tabling is made from wellseasoned wood with
its upper surface exactly plane. • It is normally rectangular in shape with size 75 cm x 60 cm • It is
mounted on a tripod and clamps are provided to fix it in any direction. The table can revolved about its
vertical axis and can be clamped in any position, when necessary.
7. Plane Table
8. Plane Table
9. Tripod • The plane table is mounted on a tripod • The tripod is generally of open frame type, combined
rigidity with lightness. The tripod may be made to fold for convenience of transportation. • Tripod is
provided with three foot screws at its top for leveling of the plane table.
10. Tripod
11. Alidade • The alidade is useful for establishing a line of sight. • Two Types of alidade are used. •
Simple alidade • Telescopic alidade
12. Simple Alidade • It is used for ordinary work • It is generally consists of a gun metal or wooden rule
with two vertical vanes at the ends. • The eyevane is provided with a narrow slit while the object vane is
open and carries a horse hair. Both the slits, thus provide a definite line of sight which can be made to
pass through the object to be sighted
13. Simple Alidade
14. Simple Alidade • To draw the rays, one of the edge of alidade is beveled and this perfectly smooth
working edge is known as the fiducially edge. • The fiducially edge is graduated to facilitate the plotting
of distances to a scale.
15. Telescopic Alidade • The telescopic alidade is used when it is required to take inclined sights. • It
essentially consists of a small telescope with a level tube and graduated arc mounted on horizontal axis. •
It gives higher accuracy and more range of sights.
16. Telescopic Alidade
17. Telescopic Alidade
18. Accessories Trough Compass • The trough compass is required for drawing the line showing
magnetic meridian on the paper. It is used to orient the table to the magnetic meridian. • When the freely
suspended needle shows 00 at each end, a line is drawn on the drawing paper which represents the
magnetic north.
19. Trough Compass
20. Spirit Level • A Spirit Level is used for ascertaining If the table is properly level. • The Table is
leveled by placing the level on the board in two positions at right angles and getting the bubble central in
both positions.
21. Spirit Level
22. UFork With Plumb bob • Ufork with plumb bob is used for centering the table over the point or
station occupied by the plane table when the plotted position of that point is already on the sheet. • Also,
in the beginning of the work, it is used for transferring the ground point on the sheet.
23. UFork With Plumb Bob
24. Water Proof Cover • An umbrella is used to protect the drawing paper from rain.
25. Drawing Paper • Drawing paper is used for plotting the ground details.
26. Advantages and Disadvantages of Plane Table Surveying Advantages • The plan is drawn by the
surveyor himself while the area to be surveyed is before his eyes. Therefore, there is no possibility of
omitting the necessary measurements. • The surveyor Can compare the plotted work with the actual
features of the area.
27. Advantages and Disadvantages of Plane Table Surveying
28. Advantages • It is simple and cheaper than the theodolite survey. • It is most suitable for small scale
maps. • No great skill is required to produce a satisfactory map and work may be entrusted to a
subordinate. • It is useful in magnetic areas where compass may not be used. • The mistakes in writing
field books are eliminated.
29. Advantages and Disadvantages of Plane Table Surveying Disadvantages (Limitations) • It is not
intended for very accurate work. • It is not suitable in monsoon. • It is essentially a tropical instrument. •
Due to heaviness, it is inconvenient to transport. • Since there are so many accessories, there is likelihood
of them being lost.
30. Advantages and Disadvantages of Plane Table Surveying
31. Principle Of Plane Table Survey • The principle of plane tabling is parallelism means, • Principle:
“All the rays drawn through various details should pass through the survey station.” • The Position of
plane table at each station must be identical, i.e. at each survey station the table must be oriented in the
direction of magnetic north.
32. Principle Of Plane Table Survey
33. Method Of Setting Up The Plane Table • Three processes are involved in setting up the plane table
over the station. • Leveling • Centering • Orientation
34. Leveling
35. Leveling and Centering • The Table should be set up at convenient height for working on the board,
say about 1 m. The legs of Tripod should be spread well apart and firmly into the ground.
36. Leveling and Centering • The table should be so placed over the station on the ground that the point
plotted on the sheet corresponding to the station occupied should be exactly over the station on the
ground. The operation is known as centering the plane table. It is done by Ufork and plumb bob. • For
leveling the table ordinary spirit level may be used. The table is leveled by placing the level on the board
in two positions at right angles and getting the bubble central in both directions.
37. Centering
38. Orientation • The Process by which the positions occupied by the board at various survey stations are
kept parallel is known as the orientation. Thus, when a plane table is properly oriented, the lines on the
board are parallel to the lines on ground which they represent. • There are two methods of orientation: •
By magnetic needle • By back sighting
39. By Magnetic Needle • In this method, the magnetic north is drawn on paper at a particular station. At
the next station, the trough compass is placed along the line of magnetic north and the table is turned in
such a way that the ends of magnetic needle are opposite to zeros of the scale. The board is then fixed in
position by clamps. This method is inaccurate in the since that the results are likely to be affected by the
local attraction.
40. Orientation
41. By Back Sighting • A= First survey station • B= Second survey station • Suppose a line is drawn from
station A on paper as ab, representing line AB on ground • The table is turned till the line of sight bisects
the ranging rod at A. The board is then clamped in this position. • This method is better than the previous
one and it gives perfect orientation.
42. Orientation
43. Methods Of Plane Tabling • There are four distinct methods of plane tabling: • Method of Radiation •
Method of Intersection • Method of Traversing • Method of Resection
44. Radiation Method • In the radiation method of plane table surveying, the direction of the objects or
points to be located are obtained by drawing radial lines along fiducially edge of alidade after getting the
objects or points bisected along the line of sight of the alidade. The horizontal distances are then
measured and scaled off on the corresponding radial lines to mark their positions on the drawing.
45. Radiation Method
46. Radiation Method • Suppose P is a station on the ground from where the object A, B, C and D are
visible. • The plane table is set up over the station P. A drawing is fixed on the table, which is then
leveled and centered. A point p is selected on the sheet to represent the station P. • The north line is
marked on the righthand top corner of the sheet with trough compass or circular box compass. • With the
alidade touching p, the ranging rod at A,B, C and D are bisected and the rays are drawn. • The distances
PA, PB, PC and PD are measured and plotted to any suitable scale to obtain the points a, b, c and d
representing A,B,C,D on paper.
47. Radiation Method
48. Method Of Intersection • In intersection method of plane table surveying, the objects or points to be
located are obtained at the point of intersection of radial lines drawn from two different stations. • In this
method, the plotting of plane table stations are to be carried out accurately. Checking is important and
thus done by taking third sight from another station. • The intersection method is suitable when distances
of objects are large or cannot be measured properly. Thus, this method is preferred in small scale survey
and for mountainous regions.
49. Method Of Intersection • Suppose A and B are two station and P is the object on the far bank of a
river. Now it is required to fix the position of P on the sheet by the intersection of rays, drawn from A and
B. • The table is set up at A. It is leveled and centered so that a point a on the sheet is just over the station
A. The north line is marked on the righthand top corner, the Table is then clamped. • With the alidade
touching a, the object P and the ranging rod at B are bisected, and rays are drawn through the fiducial
edge on alidade,
50. Method Of Intersection
51. Method Of Intersection • The distance AB is measured and plotted to any suitable scale to obtain
point b. • The table is shifted and centered over B and leveled properly. Now the alidade is placed along
the line ba and orientation is done by back sighting • With the alidade touching b, the object P is bisected
and a ray is drawn, suppose this ray intersects the previous rays at point p. the point p is the required
plotted position of P
52. Method Of Intersection
53. Method Of Traversing • This method of plane table surveying is used to plot a traverse in cases
stations have not been previously plotted by some other methods. In this method, traverse stations are first
selected. The stations are plotted by method of radiation by taking back sight on the preceding station and
a fore sight to the following station. Here distances are generally measured by tachometric method and
surveying work has to be performed with great care.
54. Method Of Traversing • Suppose A,B,C,D are the traverse stations, • The table is set up at the station
A, a suitable point a is selected on the sheet in such a way that the whole area may be plotted in the sheet.
The table is centered, leveled and clamped. The north line is marked on the righthand top corner of the
sheet. • With the alidade touching point a the ranging rod at B is bisected and a ray is drawn. The distance
AB is measured and plotted to any suitable scale.
55. Method Of Traversing
56. Method Of Traversing • The table is shifted touching point a the ranging rod at B is bisected and a ray
is drawn. The distance is measured and plotted to any suitable scale. • The table is shifted and centered
over B. It is then leveled, oriented by back sighting and clamped. • With the alidade touching point b, the
ranging rod at C is bisected and ray is drawn. The distance BC is measured and plotted to the same scale.
• The table is shifted and set up at C and the same procedure is repeated. • In this manner, all stations of
the traverse are connected.
57. Method Of Traversing • Check lines. To check the accuracy of the plane table traverse, a few check
lines are taken by sighting back to some preceding station. • Error of closure . If the traverse to be plotted
is a closed traverse, the foresight from the terminating station should pass through the first station.
Otherwise the amount by which plotted position of the first station on the foresight fails to close is
designated as the error of closure. It is adjusted graphically, if the error is within permissible limits,
before any further plotting works are done.
58. Method Of Traversing
59. Method of Resection • Resection is the process of determining the plotted position of the station
occupied by the plane table, by means of sights taken towards known points, locations of which have
been plotted. • There are four methods of resection. • By Compass • By back sighting • By two point
problem • By three point problem
60. Method of Resection • Suppose It is required to establish a station at position P. Let us select two
points A and B on the ground. The distance AB is measured and plotted to any suitable scale. The line
AB is known as the “base line” • The table is set up at A. It is leveled, centered and oriented by bisecting
the ranging rod at B. The table is then clamped. • With the alidade touching point a, the ranging rod at P
is bisected and a ray is drawn. Then a point P1 is marked on this way by estimating with the eye.
61. Method of Resection
62. Method of Resection • The table is shifted and centered in such a way that P1 is just over P. It is then
oriented by backsighting the ranging rod at A. • With the alidade touching point b, the ranging rod at B is
bisected and a ray is drawn. Suppose this ray intersects the previous ray at a point P. This point represents
the position of the station P on the sheet. Then the actual position of the station is marked on the ground
by Ufork and plumbbob
63. By Compass • This method is used only for small scale or rough mapping. • Let A and B be two
visible stations which have been plotted on the sheet as a and b. Let C be the instrument station to be
located on the plan. • Set the table at C and orient it with compass. Clamp the table. • Pivoting the alidade
about a, draw a ray towards A, as Similarly, pivoting the alidade about b, draw a ray towards B, as bb’,
The intersection of aa’ and bb’ will give point c on the paper.
64. By Compass
65. The Two Point Problem • In this problem, two welldefined points whose positions have already been
plotted on the plan are selected. Then, by perfectly bisecting these points, a new station is established at
the required position.
66. The Two Point Problem • Suppose P and Q are two welldefined points whose positions are plotted on
map as p and q. It is required to locate a new station at A by perfectly bisecting P and Q • An auxiliary
station B is selected at a suitable position. The table is set up at B, and leveled and oriented by eye
estimation. It is then clamped. • With the alidade touching p and q, the points P and Q are bisected and
rays are drawn. Suppose these rays intersect at b
67. The Two Point Problem
68. The Two Point Problem • With the alidade centre on b, the ranging rod at A is bisected and rays is
drawn. Then, by eye estimation, a point a 1 is marked on this ray. • The table is shifted and centre on A
with a1 just over A. It is leveled and oriented by back sighting. With the alidade touching p, the point P is
bisected and a ray is drawn. Suppose this ray intersects the line ba1 at point a1, as was assumed.
69. The Two Point Problem • With the alidade centered on a1 the point Q is bisected and a ray is drawn.
Suppose this ray intersects the ray bq at a point q1. The triangle pqq1 is known as the triangle of error,
and is to be eliminated. • The alidade is placed along the line pq1 and a ranging rod R is fixed at some
distance from the table. Then, the alidade is placed along the line pq and the table is turned to bisect R. At
this position the table is said to be perfectly oriented. • Finally, with the alidade centered on p and q, the
points P and Q are bisected and rays are drawn. Suppose these rays intersect at a point a. This would
represent the exact position of the required station A. Then the station A is marked on the ground.
70. The Three Point Problem • In this problem, three well defined points are selected, whose position
have already been plotted on the map. Then, by perfectly bisecting these three welldefined points. A new
station is established at the required position. • No auxiliary station is required in order to solve this
problem. This table is directly placed at the required position. The problem may be solved by following
methods • (a) Bessel’s method • (b) Mechanical Method • (c) The trial and error method
71. The Three Point Problem The graphical method method or Bessel’s • (i) suppose A,B, and C are three
welldefined points which have been plotted as a, b and c. Now it is required to locate a station at P. • (ii)
The table is placed at the required station P and leveled. The alidade is placed along the line ca and the
point A is bisected. The table is clamped. With the alidade in centre on C, the point B is bisected and rays
is drawn
72. Bessel’s Method
73. The Three Point Problem • Again the alidade is placed along the line ac and the point C is bisected
and the table is clamped. With the alidade touching a, the point B is bisected and a ray is drawn. Suppose
this ray intersects the previous ray at a point d • The alidade is placed along db and the point B is
bisected. At this position the table is said to be perfectly oriented. Now the rays Aa, Bb and Cc are drawn.
These three rays must meet at a point p which is the required point on the map. This point is transferred to
the ground by Ufork and plumb bob.
74. The Three Point Problem The Mechanical Method • Suppose A, B and C are the three welldefined
points which have been plotted on the map as a, b and c. It is required to locate a station at P. • The table
is placed at P and leveled. A tracing paper is fixed on the map and a point p is marked on it. • With the
alidade centered on P the points A, B and C are bisected and rays are drawn. These rays may not pass
through the points a, b and c as the orientation is done approximately
75. The Mechanical Method
76. The Three Point Problem • Now a tracing paper is unfastened and moved over the map in such a way
that the three rays simultaneously pass through the plotted positions a, b and c. Then the points p is
pricked with a pin to give an impression p on the map. P is the required points on the map. The tracing
paper is then removed. • Then the alidade is centered on p and the rays are drawn towards A, B and C.
These rays must pass through the points a, b and c
77. The Three Point Problem The method of Trial and error • Suppose a, B and C are the three well
defined points which have been plotted as a, b and c on the map. Now it is required to establish a station
at P. • The table is set up at P and leveled. Orientation is done by eye estimation • With the alidade, rays
Aa, Bb and Cc are drawn. As the orientation is approximately, the rays may not intersect at a point, but
may form a small triangle the triangle of error. • To get the actual point, this triangle of error is to be
eliminated. By repeatedly turning the table clockwise or anticlockwise. The triangle is eliminated in such
a way that the rays Aa, Bb and Cc finally meet at a point p. This is the required point on the map. This
point is transferred to the ground by Ufork and plumb bob.
78. The method of Trial and Error
79. Points to be kept in mind in plane tabling • The following points should be kept in mind while doing
plane table survey. • 1. Ground points shall be marked as A, B, C… etc. and plan. Points (on Paper) shall
be marked as a, b, c etc. • 2. The rays from survey stations to the objects shall be drawn by dashed line. •
3. The alidade should be properly pivoted while sighting the objects
80. Points to be kept in mind in plane tabling
81. Points to be kept in mind in plane tabling • 4. The first survey station and the scale of the map shall be
so chosen that the entire area can be plotted on the paper. • 5. While establishing magnetic north on the
paper using trough compass, things causing local attraction shall be kept away of the table. • 6. The Plane
table should be clamped after centering and leveling. The table should be rotated at the time of
orientation.
82. Error In Plane Tabling • The various sources of error may be classified as : • Instrumental errors •
Errors in manipulation and sighting • Errors in plotting
83. Instrumental Errors • The surface of drawing board is not plane • The edge of alidade is not straight. •
The object vane and sight vane are not perpendicular to the alidade. • The edge of alidade is not is not
parallel to the line of sight. • The fixing clamp is not proper.
84. Errors In Manipulation And Sighting • • • • • Defective Leveling Defective Sighting Defective
Orientation Defective Centering Movement of Board between sights
85. Errors in Plotting • Defective scale of map • Wrongly intersecting the rays drawn from two different
stations.
86. Important Questions • • • • • • • • • • List Of Instruments used in plane tabling and give their uses. Give
advantages and disadvantages of plane table survey. List of methods of plane table survey and explain
any one. Explain the following methods of plane tabling. • Method of intersection • Method of traversing
Explain the method of intersection for plane table survey. Explain the principle of plane table survey.
Give limitations of plane table survey. What is orientation? Explain orientation by back sighting. Explain
the procedure of plain table survey. Explain errors in plane table survey.
87. References • “Surveying and Levelling” Vol I Kanetkar and Kulkarni (2011) • “ Surveying” Vol I
Dr. B.C. Punamia • “ Surveying and Leveling” N.N. Basak
88. Thanks !
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2/14/2015 Plane Table Survey

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Plane Table Survey

Gaurav Tandon (74 SlideShares) , Assistant Professor at NMIMS

Published on Oct 27, 2013

Published in: Education, Technology, Entertainment & Humor

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Samruddha Raje , Lecturer at Student

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Dhaval Saniawala , Assistant Professor at C.K.Pithawala college of engineering and technology,surat.

Akram Khan , Associate Professor at Govt Post Graduate College Sahiwal

Syed Nabi at None

Detailed analysis of plane table surveying

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Suveying Chain Method

Total station and its application to civil engineering

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Environmental Engineering ­II Unit I

Concrete Technology Unit­II

Characteristics of Waste­Water (Unit­I)

Concrete Technology Unit I

Concrete in Aggressive Environment

Concrete in Aggressive Environment

Durability and Permeability of Concrete

Repair and Rehabilitation

Special Concreting Techniques

Collection and Conveyance of Water

Solid Waste Management (Unit­V)

Highway & Railway Engineering

Engineering Geology (Civil Engineering Applications)

Connectivity and Conversion

Environment and Health Status in Urban and Rural India

Emerging Trends in Environmental Management

CRZ Coastal and Marine Areas Notifications

Canal Regulation & Cross Drainage Works

Ground Water (Unit­V)

Indoor Air Quality

Spillways and Flood Control Works

Health and Safety in Selected Industrial Sectors

Cities, Suburbs, the Region and Hinterland

Integrated Rural and Urban Development

Emergency Preparedness and Workplace Safety

Fundamentals of Environmental Health and Safety

Financing Issues in Infrastructure, Projects Management

Formulation and Approval of Various Infrastructure Projects

Environmental Impact Assessment and Environmental Audit­ Unit III

Sectoral Infrastructure Development

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Environmental Engineering II Unit I

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