76 Simple Resistive Circuits

where ij is the current through the resistance Rj and i is movement deliberately include internal resistance as a
the current into the parallel-connected resistances way to limit the current in the movement’s coil. (See
whose equivalent resistance is Req. (See page 65.) page 67.)

• A voltmeter measures voltage and must be placed in par-
allel with the voltage being measured.An ideal voltmeter
has infinite internal resistance and thus does not alter the
voltage being measured. (See page 66.)
• An ammeter measures current and must be placed in
series with the current being measured. An ideal amme-
ter has zero internal resistance and thus does not alter
the current being measured. (See page 66.)
• Digital meters and analog meters have internal resist-
ance, which influences the value of the circuit variable
being measured. Meters based on the d’Arsonval meter
• The Wheatstone bridge circuit is used to make precise
measurements of a resistor’s value using four resistors,
a dc voltage source, and a galvanometer. A Wheatstone
bridge is balanced when the resistors obey Eq. 3.33,
resulting in a galvanometer reading of 0 A. (See
page 69.)
• A circuit with three resistors connected in a ¢ configu-
ration (or a p configuration) can be transformed into an
equivalent circuit in which the three resistors are Y con-
nected (or T connected). The ¢ -to-Y transformation is
given by Eqs. 3.44–3.46; the Y-to- ¢ transformation is
given by Eqs. 3.47–3.49. (See page 72.)

Problems
Sections 3.1–3.2 3.3 For each of the circuits shown in Fig. P3.3,
a) identify the resistors connected in series,
3.1 a) Show that the solution of the circuit in Fig. 3.9
PSPICE (see Example 3.1) satisfies Kirchhoff’s current b) simplify the circuit by replacing the series-
MULTISIM
law at junctions x and y. connected resistors with equivalent resistors.
b) Show that the solution of the circuit in Fig. 3.9 3.4 For each of the circuits shown in Fig. P3.4,
satisfies Kirchhoff’s voltage law around every a) identify the resistors connected in parallel,
closed loop. b) simplify the circuit by replacing the parallel-
3.2 a) Find the power dissipated in each resistor in the connected resistors with equivalent resistors.
PSPICE
circuit shown in Fig. 3.9. 3.5 For each of the circuits shown in Fig. P3.3,
MULTISIM
b) Find the power delivered by the 120 V source. a) find the equivalent resistance seen by the
c) Show that the power delivered equals the power source,
dissipated. b) find the power developed by the source.

Figure P3.3

8 k 5 k 500 

 800  1200 
18 V 6 k 7 k  300 
 27 V
 200 
(a) (b)
50  90  80 
35  10 
15  90 V  40  30 mA 300  100  70 
25  
(c) (d)
 Problems 77

Figure P3.4

210 

280 
24 

18 V 36  18  30 mA 200  120  180 


(a) (b)

75 k
50 k

600  2 k
 65 V
60 V 100 k 150 k 60 k 900  750  500  1.5 k 3 k

90 k

(c) (d)

3.6 For each of the circuits shown in Fig. P3.4, 3.7 a) In the circuits in Fig. P3.7(a)–(d), find the equiv-
a) find the equivalent resistance seen by PSPICE alent resistance seen by the source.
MULTISIM
the source, b) For each circuit find the power delivered by the
b) find the power developed by the source. source.

Figure P3.7
45  20 

25  30  60  18 

 50  60 
30 V 50  15  60  80 mA 40  75  12 

10  20  20  30 

(a) (b)
300  750  100  150 

250 
20 V 50 mA
 500 
1.8 k 500  750  600 
2 k  1 k 1 k
3 k
1.2 k 2.5 k 250  300 

(c) (d)

3.8 Find the equivalent resistance Rab for each of the 3.9 Find the equivalent resistance Rab for each of the
PSPICE
circuits in Fig. P3.8. PSPICEcircuits in Fig. P3.9.
MULTISIM MULTISIM

Figure P3.8
24  60  4 k 5.2 k 1200  320 
a a
a
90  6 k 8 k 720  480 
12  2 k b
b b
(a) (b) (c)
78 Simple Resistive Circuits

Figure P3.9
26  4 16  12 
a a

18  20  10 
36  10  30  15  18 

b b
6 14 
(a) (b)

1 k 250  500  25  28  30 
a a

40 
2 k 1.5 k 50  24  16  60 
750 

b b
10  20  18 
(c)
(d)

3.10 a) Find an expression for the equivalent resistance Figure P3.12

of two resistors of value R in series.
b) Find an expression for the equivalent resistance R1 4.7 k
of n resistors of value R in series.
c) Using the results of (a), design a resistive net- 
160 V
work with an equivalent resistance of 3 kÆ  
using two resistors with the same value from R2 3.3 k vo
Appendix H.
d) Using the results of (b), design a resistive net- 
work with an equivalent resistance of 4 kÆ
using a minimum number of identical resistors 3.13 In the voltage-divider circuit shown in Fig. P3.13,
from Appendix H. PSPICE the no-load value of vo is 4 V. When the load resist-
MULTISIM
ance RL is attached across the terminals a and b, vo
3.11 a) Find an expression for the equivalent resistance
drops to 3 V. Find RL.
of two resistors of value R in parallel.
b) Find an expression for the equivalent resistance Figure P3.13
of n resistors of value R in parallel. 40  a
c) Using the results of (a), design a resistive net- 
work with an equivalent resistance of 5 kÆ 
20 V R2 vo RL
using two resistors with the same value from 
Appendix H. 
d) Using the results of (b), design a resistive net-
b
work with an equivalent resistance of 4 kÆ
using a minimum number of identical resistors 3.14 The no-load voltage in the voltage-divider circuit
from Appendix H. DESIGN shown in Fig. P3.14 is 8 V. The smallest load resistor
PROBLEM
PSPICE that is ever connected to the divider is 3.6 kÆ. When
Section 3.3 MULTISIM the divider is loaded, v is not to drop below 7.5 V.
o

3.12 a) Calculate the no-load voltage vo for the voltage-
DESIGN divider circuit shown in Fig. P3.12.
PROBLEM
PSPICE b) Calculate the power dissipated in R1 and R2.
MULTISIM c) Assume that only 0.5 W resistors are available.
The no-load voltage is to be the same as in (a).
Specify the smallest ohmic values of R1 and R2.
a) Design the divider circuit to meet the specifica-
tions just mentioned. Specify the numerical values
of R1 and R2.
b) Assume the power ratings of commercially
available resistors are 1>16, 1>8, 1>4, 1, and 2 W.
What power rating would you specify?
 Problems 79

Figure P3.14 a) The total power supplied to the divider circuit

R1 by the 24 V source is 80 W when the divider is
unloaded.

 b) The three voltages, all measured with respect to
40 V R2 vo RL the common reference terminal, are v1 = 12 V,

v2 = 5 V, and v3 = -12 V.

Figure P3.19
3.15 Assume the voltage divider in Fig. P3.14 has been v1
constructed from 1 W resistors. What is the smallest
resistor from Appendix H that can be used as RL R1
before one of the resistors in the divider is operat- v2
ing at its dissipation limit? 
24 V R2

3.16 Find the power dissipated in the 5 Æ resistor in the Common
PSPICE current divider circuit in Fig. P3.16.
MULTISIM R3
Figure P3.16 v3
6 8
3.20 a) The voltage divider in Fig. P3.20(a) is loaded
PSPICE with the voltage divider shown in Fig. P3.20(b);
10 A 10  5 12  MULTISIM
that is, a is connected to a¿ , and b is connected to
b¿. Find vo.
b) Now assume the voltage divider in Fig. P3.20(b)
3.17 For the current divider circuit in Fig. P3.17 calculate is connected to the voltage divider in
PSPICE
a) io and vo. Fig. P3.20(a) by means of a current-controlled
MULTISIM
voltage source as shown in Fig. P3.20(c). Find vo.
b) the power dissipated in the 6 Æ resistor.
c) What effect does adding the dependent-voltage
c) the power developed by the current source.
source have on the operation of the voltage
Figure P3.17 divider that is connected to the 380 V source?
6
Figure P3.20
 10 k 20 k
a a
20  vo 2.4 A io 90  10  
i
 10  
180 V 30 k 40 k vo


3.18 Specify the resistors in the current divider circuit in b b
DESIGN
PROBLEM
Fig. P3.18 to meet the following design criteria: (a) (b)
ig = 50 mA; vg = 25 V; i1 = 0.6i2;
10 k 20 k
i3 = 2i2; and i4 = 4i1.

i
Figure P3.18  
180 V 30 k 30,000 i 40 k vo
 


ig vg i1 R1 i 2 R2 i 3 R3 i 4 R4
(c)

3.21 A voltage divider like that in Fig. 3.13 is to be
3.19 There is often a need to produce more than one designed so that vo = kvs at no load (RL = q ) and
DESIGN
PROBLEM
voltage using a voltage divider. For example, the
DESIGN vo = avs at full load (RL = Ro). Note that by defini-
PROBLEM
memory components of many personal computers tion a 6 k 6 1.
require voltages of -12 V, 5 V, and +12 V, all with a) Show that
respect to a common reference terminal. Select the
k - a
values of R1, R2, and R3 in the circuit in Fig. P3.19 to R1 = Ro
meet the following design requirements: ak
80 Simple Resistive Circuits

and 3.25 Look at the circuit in Fig. P3.7(a).

k - a a) Use voltage division to find the voltage drop
R2 = R.
a(1 - k) o across the 25 Æ resistor, positive at the left.
b) Using your result from (a), find the current flow-
b) Specify the numerical values of R1 and R2 if ing in the 25 Æ resistor from left to right.
k = 0.85, a = 0.80, and Ro = 34 kÆ.
c) Starting with your result from (b), use current
c) If vs = 60 V, specify the maximum power that division to find the current in the 50 Æ resistor
will be dissipated in R1 and R2. from top to bottom.
d) Assume the load resistor is accidentally short d) Using your result from part (c), find the voltage
circuited. How much power is dissipated in R1 drop across the 50 Æ resistor, positive at the top.
and R2?
e) Starting with your result from (d), use voltage
3.22 a) Show that the current in the kth branch of the division to find the voltage drop across the 60 Æ
PSPICE circuit in Fig. P3.22(a) is equal to the source resistor, positive at the top.
MULTISIM
current ig times the conductance of the kth branch
divided by the sum of the conductances, that is, 3.26 Attach a 450 mA current source between the termi-
igGk nals a–b in Fig. P3.9(a), with the current arrow
ik = . pointing up.
G1 + G2 + G3 + Á + Gk + Á + GN
a) Use current division to find the current in the
b) Use the result derived in (a) to calculate the cur- 36 Æ resistor from top to bottom.
rent in the 5 Æ resistor in the circuit in
b) Use the result from part (a) to find the voltage
Fig. P3.22(b).
across the 36 Æ resistor, positive at the top.
Figure P3.22 c) Use the result from part (b) and voltage division
to find the voltage across the 18 Æ resistor,
ig R1 R2 R3 ik Rk RN
positive at the top.
d) Use the result from part (c) and voltage division
to find the voltage across the 10 Æ resistor,
(a) positive at the top.

3.27 Attach a 6 V voltage source between the terminals

a–b in Fig. P3.9(b), with the positive terminal at
40 A 0.5  5 8 10  20  40  the top.
io
a) Use voltage division to find the voltage across
the 4 Æ resistor, positive at the top.
(b)
b) Use the result from part (a) to find the current
in the 4 Æ resistor from left to right.
Section 3.4 c) Use the result from part (b) and current division
3.23 Look at the circuit in Fig. P3.3(a). to find the current in the 16 Æ resistor from left
to right.
a) Use voltage division to find the voltage across
the 6 kÆ resistor, positive at the top. d) Use the result from part (c) and current division
to find the current in the 10 Æ resistor from top
b) Use the result from part (a) and voltage division
to bottom.
to find the voltage across the 5 kÆ resistor, posi-
tive on the left. e) Use the result from part (d) to find the voltage
across the 10 Æ resistor, positive at the top.
3.24 Look at the circuit in Fig. P3.3(d).
f) Use the result from part (e) and voltage division
a) Use current division to find the current in the to find the voltage across the 18 Æ resistor, posi-
50 Æ resistor from left to right. tive at the top.
b) Use the result from part (a) and current division
to find the current in the 70 Æ resistor from top 3.28 a) Find the voltage vx in the circuit in Fig. P3.28
to bottom. PSPICE using voltage and/or current division.
MULTISIM
 Problems 81

b) Replace the 18 V source with a general voltage Figure P3.32

source equal to Vs. Assume Vs is positive at the 8 4
upper terminal. Find vx as a function of Vs.
i1 i2
Figure P3.28  60 
250 mA 30  20 

80 
2 k 9 k

18 V  vx 

3.33 A d’Arsonval ammeter is shown in Fig. P3.33.
6 k 3 k
a) Calculate the value of the shunt resistor, RA, to
give a full-scale current reading of 5 A.
b) How much resistance is added to a circuit when
3.29 Find vo in the circuit in Fig. P3.29 using voltage
the 5 A ammeter in part (a) is inserted to meas-
PSPICE and/or current division.
MULTISIM ure current?
Figure P3.29 c) Calculate the value of the shunt resistor, RA, to
give a full-scale current reading of 100 mA.
d) How much resistance is added to a circuit when
10 k 3 k
the 100 mA ammeter in part (c) is inserted to
2 k  vo  4 k measure current?
18 mA

15 k 12 k Figure P3.33

3.30 Find v1 and v2 in the circuit in Fig. P3.30 using volt-

age and/or current division.
PSPICE RA 150 mV
MULTISIM
3 mA
Figure P3.30
90  60 
Ammeter
 
150  v1 75 
 
3V v2 30 
 3.34 A shunt resistor and a 50 mV, 1 mA d’Arsonval
40   movement are used to build a 5 A ammeter. A
resistance of 20 mÆ is placed across the terminals
3.31 For the circuit in Fig. P3.31, find ig and then use cur- of the ammeter. What is the new full-scale range of
rent division to find io. the ammeter?

Figure P3.31 3.35 A d’Arsonval movement is rated at 2 mA and

200 mV. Assume 1 W precision resistors are avail-
DESIGN
ig PROBLEM
15  able to use as shunts. What is the largest full-scale-
reading ammeter that can be designed using a
2
single resistor? Explain.
6
12 
 io 3.36 a) Show for the ammeter circuit in Fig. P3.36 that
125 V
 the current in the d’Arsonval movement is
20  13  always 1>25th of the current being measured.
5
b) What would the fraction be if the 100 mV, 2 mA
movement were used in a 5 A ammeter?
3.32 For the circuit in Fig. P3.32, calculate i1 and c) Would you expect a uniform scale on a dc
i2 using current division.
PSPICE d’Arsonval ammeter?
MULTISIM
82 Simple Resistive Circuits

Figure P3.36 3.40 The ammeter described in Problem 3.39 is used to

100 mV, 2 mA measure the current io in the circuit in Fig. P3.38.What
is the percentage of error in the measured value?

im 3.41 The elements in the circuit in Fig. 2.24 have the follow-
PSPICE
ing values: R1 = 20 kÆ , R2 = 80 kÆ , RC = 0.82 kÆ ,
MULTISIM
i meas RE = 0.2 kÆ , VCC = 7.5 V, V0 = 0.6 V, and b = 39.
(25/12)  a) Calculate the value of iB in microamperes.
b) Assume that a digital multimeter, when used as a
3.37 A d’Arsonval voltmeter is shown in Fig. P3.37. Find dc ammeter, has a resistance of 1 kÆ. If the
the value of Rv for each of the following full-scale meter is inserted between terminals b and 2 to
readings: (a) 50 V, (b) 5 V, (c) 250 mV, and (d) 25 mV. measure the current iB, what will the meter read?
c) Using the calculated value of iB in (a) as the cor-
Figure P3.37 rect value, what is the percentage of error in the
measurement?
Rv
3.42 You have been told that the dc voltage of a power
20 mV supply is about 350 V.When you go to the instrument
1 mA room to get a dc voltmeter to measure the power
supply voltage, you find that there are only two
Voltmeter dc voltmeters available. One voltmeter is rated
300 V full scale and has a sensitivity of 900 Æ>V. The
other voltmeter is rated 150 V full scale and has a
3.38 Suppose the d’Arsonval voltmeter described in sensitivity of 1200 Æ>V. (Hint: you can find the
Problem 3.37 is used to measure the voltage across effective resistance of a voltmeter by multiplying its
the 45 Æ resistor in Fig. P3.38. rated full-scale voltage and its sensitivity.)
a) What will the voltmeter read? a) How can you use the two voltmeters to check
b) Find the percentage of error in the voltmeter the power supply voltage?
reading if b) What is the maximum voltage that can be
measured?
measured value
% error = ¢ -1 ≤ * 100. c) If the power supply voltage is 320 V, what will
true value each voltmeter read?

Figure P3.38 3.43 Assume that in addition to the two voltmeters

io described in Problem 3.42, a 50 kÆ precision resis-
tor is also available. The 50 kÆ resistor is connected
in series with the series-connected voltmeters. This
circuit is then connected across the terminals of the
50 mA 15  45 
power supply. The reading on the 300 V meter is
205.2 V and the reading on the 150 V meter is
136.8 V. What is the voltage of the power supply?

3.39 The ammeter in the circuit in Fig. P3.39 has a resist-
ance of 0.1 Æ. Using the definition of the percent-
age error in a meter reading found in Problem 3.38,
what is the percentage of error in the reading of
this ammeter?
3.44 The voltmeter shown in Fig. P3.44(a) has a full-
scale reading of 500 V. The meter movement is
rated 100 mV and 0.5 mA. What is the percentage
of error in the meter reading if it is used to measure
the voltage v in the circuit of Fig. P3.44(b)?

Figure P3.39 Figure P3.44

500 V
60 

Rm 
10 
10 mA 50 k 250 k v
Ammeter 100 mV
 20  0.5 mA 
50 V Common

(a) (b)
 Problems 83

3.45 The voltage-divider circuit shown in Fig. P3.45 is a) What is the internal voltage of the source (vs) in
designed so that the no-load output voltage is 7>9ths millivolts?
of the input voltage. A d’Arsonval voltmeter having
b) What is the internal resistance of the source (Rs)
a sensitivity of 100 Æ>V and a full-scale rating of
in kilo-ohms?
200 V is used to check the operation of the circuit.
a) What will the voltmeter read if it is placed across Figure P3.47
the 180 V source?
Rs
b) What will the voltmeter read if it is placed across
the 70 kÆ resistor?
 Terminals of
c) What will the voltmeter read if it is placed across vs
 the source
the 20 kÆ resistor?
d) Will the voltmeter readings obtained in parts (b)
and (c) add to the reading recorded in part (a)?
Explain why or why not.
3.48 Design a d’Arsonval voltmeter that will have the
Figure P3.45
three voltage ranges shown in Fig. P3.48.
DESIGN
PROBLEM

a) Specify the values of R1, R2, and R3.

20 k
b) Assume that a 750 kÆ resistor is connected

between the 150 V terminal and the common
180 V
  terminal. The voltmeter is then connected to an
unknown voltage using the common terminal
70 k vo
and the 300 V terminal. The voltmeter reads
 288 V. What is the unknown voltage?
c) What is the maximum voltage the voltmeter in (b)
can measure?
3.46 Assume in designing the multirange voltmeter
shown in Fig. P3.46 that you ignore the resistance of
DESIGN
PROBLEM
Figure P3.48
the meter movement. 300 V
a) Specify the values of R1, R2, and R3.
R3
b) For each of the three ranges, calculate the percent-
age of error that this design strategy produces. 150 V

Figure P3.46
R2
R1
100 V
30 V
R2 R1
10 V
50 mV
1 mA
R3 50 mV
1V Common
2 mA

3.49 A 600 kÆ resistor is connected from the 200 V ter-

Common
3.47 The circuit model of a dc voltage source is shown in
Fig. P3.47. The following voltage measurements are
made at the terminals of the source: (1) With the
terminals of the source open, the voltage is meas-
ured at 50 mV, and (2) with a 15 MÆ resistor con-
nected to the terminals, the voltage is measured at
48.75 mV. All measurements are made with a digi-
tal voltmeter that has a meter resistance of 10 MÆ.
minal to the common terminal of a dual-scale volt-
meter, as shown in Fig. P3.49(a). This modified
voltmeter is then used to measure the voltage
across the 360 kÆ resistor in the circuit in
Fig. P3.49(b).
a) What is the reading on the 500 V scale of
the meter?
b) What is the percentage of error in the measured
voltage?
84 Simple Resistive Circuits

Figure P3.49 3.53 Find the detector current id in the unbalanced

500 V bridge in Fig. P3.53 if the voltage drop across the
detector is negligible.
300 k
200 V Figure P3.53

199.95 k 6 k id 30 k
600 k 
50 mV 75 V

1 mA 12 k 20 k
Common

(a) 3.54 In the Wheatstone bridge circuit shown in Fig. 3.26,

PSPICE the ratio R2>R1 can be set to the following values:
MULTISIM
500 V 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10, 100, and 1000. The resistor R3
can be varied from 1 to 11,110 Æ , in increments of
1 Æ. An unknown resistor is known to lie between
40 k
4 and 5 Æ. What should be the setting of the R2>R1
360 k
Modified ratio so that the unknown resistor can be measured
voltmeter to four significant figures?

600 V

Section 3.7
Common
3.55 Find the current and power supplied by the 40 V
(b) source in the circuit for Example 3.7 (Fig. 3.32) by
replacing the lower ¢ (25, 37.5, and 40 Æ ) with its
equivalent Y.
Section 3.6
3.56 Find the current and power supplied by the 40 V
3.50 Assume the ideal voltage source in Fig. 3.26 is source in the circuit for Example 3.7 (Fig. 3.32) by
PSPICE
replaced by an ideal current source. Show that replacing the Y on the left (25, 40, and 100 Æ ) with
MULTISIM
Eq. 3.33 is still valid. its equivalent ¢ .

3.57 Find the current and power supplied by the 40 V

3.51 The bridge circuit shown in Fig. 3.26 is energized source in the circuit for Example 3.7 (Fig. 3.32) by
PSPICE from a 24 V dc source. The bridge is balanced when replacing the Y on the right (25, 37.5, and 125 Æ )
MULTISIM
R1 = 500 Æ , R2 = 1000 Æ , and R3 = 750 Æ. with its equivalent ¢ .
a) What is the value of Rx?
b) How much current (in milliamperes) does the dc 3.58 a) Find the equivalent resistance Rab in the circuit
source supply? PSPICE in Fig. P3.58 by using a Y-to- ¢ transformation
MULTISIM
involving resistors R2, R3, and R5.
c) Which resistor in the circuit absorbs the most
power? How much power does it absorb? b) Repeat (a) using a ¢ -to-Y transformation involv-
ing resistors R3, R4, and R5.
d) Which resistor absorbs the least power? How
much power does it absorb? c) Give two additional ¢ -to-Y or Y-to- ¢ transfor-
mations that could be used to find Rab.
3.52 Find the power dissipated in the 3 kÆ resistor in the
PSPICEcircuit in Fig. P3.52. Figure P3.58
MULTISIM
13 
Figure P3.52 a
750  25 
R1 50 
R2
15 k 25 k
50 
 5 k
192 V R3

R5
3 k 5 k R4 20 
30 
7
b
 Problems 85

3.59 Use a ¢ -to-Y transformation to find the voltages v1 3.63 For the circuit shown in Fig. P3.63, find (a) i1, (b) v,
and v2 in the circuit in Fig. P3.59.
PSPICE PSPICE
(c) i2, and (d) the power supplied by the voltage
MULTISIM MULTISIM
source.
Figure P3.59
Figure P3.63
15 
24  120 
1 10 
i1 
  5
 v 60 
24 V v1 40  v2 50  i2

   
750 V 43 
 14  20 

3.60 a) Find the resistance seen by the ideal voltage

PSPICE source in the circuit in Fig. P3.60.
MULTISIM 3.64 Show that the expressions for ¢ conductances as
b) If vab equals 400 V, how much power is dissi- functions of the three Y conductances are
pated in the 31 Æ resistor?
G2G3
Ga = ,
G1 + G2 + G3
Figure P3.60
a 1.5  20  G1G3
Gb = ,
G1 + G2 + G3
50  30 
100  G1G2
Gc = ,
G1 + G2 + G3

vab 71  31  where
 80  1 1
Ga = , G1 = , etc.
Ra R1
60  20 
40 
3.65 Derive Eqs. 3.44–3.49 from Eqs. 3.41–3.43. The fol-
b lowing two hints should help you get started in the
right direction:
3.61 Use a Y-to- ¢ transformation to find (a) io; (b) i1; 1) To find R1 as a function of Ra, Rb, and Rc, first
PSPICE
(c) i2; and (d) the power delivered by the ideal cur- subtract Eq. 3.42 from Eq. 3.43 and then add
MULTISIM
rent source in the circuit in Fig. P3.61. this result to Eq. 3.41. Use similar manipula-
tions to find R2 and R3 as functions of Ra, Rb,
Figure P3.61 and Rc.
320  2) To find Rb as a function of R1, R2, and R3, take
advantage of the derivations obtained by hint
i1 (1), namely, Eqs. 3.44–3.46. Note that these equa-
20  50  tions can be divided to obtain
R2 Rc R2
= , or Rc = R,
1A 240  i2 100  io 600  R3 Rb R3 b

and
R1 Rb R2
= , or Ra = R.
3.62 Find io and the power dissipated in the 140 Æ resis- R2 Ra R1 b
PSPICE tor in the circuit in Fig. P3.62.
MULTISIM
Now use these ratios in Eq. 3.43 to eliminate Ra
Figure P3.62 and Rc. Use similar manipulations to find Ra and
22  20  Rc as functions of R1, R2, and R3.

 Sections 3.1–3.7
240 V 140  8
 75  60 
io 3.66 Resistor networks are sometimes used as volume-
control circuits. In this application, they are
DESIGN
10  12  PROBLEM
referred to as resistance attenuators or pads.
86 Simple Resistive Circuits

A typical fixed-attenuator pad is shown in vo 3R - RL

Fig. P3.66. In designing an attenuation pad, the = ,
vi 3R + RL
circuit designer will select the values of R1 and R2
so that the ratio of vo >vi and the resistance seen when R2 has the value just given.
by the input voltage source Rab both have a speci- a) Design a fixed attenuator so that vi = 3.5vo
fied value. when RL = 300 Æ.
a) Show that if Rab = RL, then b) Assume the voltage applied to the input of the
pad designed in (a) is 42 V. Which resistor in the
R2L = 4R1(R1 + R2), pad dissipates the most power?
c) How much power is dissipated in the resistor in
vo R2 part (b)?
= .
vi 2R1 + R2 + RL
d) Which resistor in the pad dissipates the least
power?
b) Select the values of R1 and R2 so that
Rab = RL = 300 Æ and vo >vi = 0.5. e) How much power is dissipated in the resistor in
part (d)?
c) Choose values from Appendix H that are clos-
est to R1 and R2 from part (b). Calculate the Figure P3.68
percent error in the resulting values for Rab and
v0>v1 if these new resistor values are used. R2

Figure P3.66
a R R c
a c  
 R1 R1  vi vo RL
R
vi R2 vo RL  
b d
 
b R1 R1 d
Attenuator 3.69 a) For the circuit shown in Fig. P3.69 the bridge is
PSPICE balanced when ¢R = 0. Show that if ¢R V Ro
MULTISIM
the bridge output voltage is approximately
3.67 a) The fixed-attenuator pad shown in Fig. P3.67 is
DESIGN called a bridged tee. Use a Y-to- ¢ transforma- - ¢RR4
PROBLEM vo L vin
tion to show that Rab = RL if R = RL. (Ro + R4)2
b) Show that when R = RL, the voltage ratio vo>vi
b) Given R2 = 1 kÆ , R3 = 500 Æ , R4 = 5 kÆ , and
equals 0.50.
vin = 6 V, what is the approximate bridge out-
put voltage if ¢R is 3% of Ro?
Figure P3.67 c) Find the actual value of vo in part (b).
R
Figure P3.69

a R R c Ro  R R2
 
vi vo RL 
R v in  vo 

 
b d R4 R3
Fixed-attenuator pad

3.68 The design equations for the bridged-tee attenuator 3.70 a) If percent error is defined as
circuit in Fig. P3.68 are
PSPICE
MULTISIM
2RR2L approximate value
R2 = , % error = B -1 R * 100,
true value
3R2 - R2L
 Problems 87

show that the percent error in the approxima- the y-direction. When the screen is touched, the
tion of vo in Problem 3.69 is voltage in the x-grid is 1 V and the voltage in the
y-grid is 3.75 V.)
-(¢R)R3
% error = * 100. a) Calculate the values of a and b .
(R2 + R3)R4
a) Calculate the x- and y-coordinates of the pixel at
b) Calculate the percent error in vo, using the values the point where the screen was touched.
in Problem 3.69(b).
3.74 A resistive touch screen has 640 pixels in the
3.71 Assume the error in vo in the bridge circuit in
PRACTICALx-direction and 1024 pixels in the y-direction.
PERSPECTIVE

Fig. P3.69 is not to exceed 0.5%. What is the largest

DESIGN
PROBLEM
percent change in Ro that can be tolerated?
3.72 a) Using Fig. 3.38 derive the expression for the
voltage Vy.
b) Assuming that there are py pixels in the
y-direction, derive the expression for the
y-coordinate of the touch point, using the result
from part (a).
3.73 A resistive touch screen has 5 V applied to the grid
in the x-direction and in the y-direction. The screen
PRACTICAL
PERSPECTIVE
PSPICE has 480 pixels in the x-direction and 800 pixels in
MULTISIM
DESIGN The resistive grid has 8 V applied in both the x- and
PROBLEM
PSPICE y-directions. The pixel coordinates at the touch
MULTISIM point are (480, 192). Calculate the voltages V
x
and Vy.
3.75 Suppose the resistive touch screen described in
Problem 3.74 is simultaneously touched at two
points, one with coordinates (480, 192) and the
other with coordinates (240, 384).
a) Calculate the voltage measured in the x- and
y-grids.
b) Which touch point has your calculation in (a)
identified?