EXPRESIONS

1. Opinion vocabulary:
• In my view/opinion
• I believe/think/feel
• From my perspective
• It seems to me
• I'm of the opinion that
2. Comparatives and superlatives:
• The best, the worst, the most, the least
• More important than, less important than
• Similar to, different from
• Likewise, similarly, in contrast
3. Descriptive adjectives:
• Fascinating, remarkable, intriguing
• Challenging, demanding, difficult
• Essential, crucial, vital
• Effective, efficient, productive
• Significant, substantial, considerable
4. Giving examples:
• For instance, for example
• Such as
• In particular
• To illustrate
• To give you an idea
5. Cause and effect vocabulary:
• Consequently, therefore, thus
• As a result, hence
• Due to, because of
• Resulting in, leading to
6. Emphasizing and intensifying:
• Absolutely, definitely, certainly
• Extremely, highly, incredibly
• Without a doubt
• It's worth noting that
7. Agreeing and disagreeing:
• I agree/disagree because
• I see your point, but
• That's a valid point, however
• I can understand why you think that, but
• I partially agree, but
8. Sequencing ideas:
• Firstly, secondly, thirdly
• In addition, furthermore, moreover
• On the other hand
• However, nevertheless
• In conclusion, to sum up
 CONDITIONALS

1. Zero Conditional (Present Real Conditional):

Used for general truths and facts.
Structure: If + present simple, present simple.
Example:
Question: What do you do to relax after a busy day?
Response: If I have a busy day, I usually watch a movie or listen to music to relax.

2. First Conditional (Present Real Conditional):

Used for possible events in the future.
Structure: If + present simple, will + base verb.
Example:
Question: How will you celebrate your next birthday?
Response: If I have the opportunity, I will celebrate my next birthday with a small party and invite my
close friends and family.

3. Second Conditional (Present Unreal Conditional):

Used for unlikely or hypothetical situations in the present or future.
Structure: If + simple past, would + base verb.
Example:
Question: What would you do if you won a large sum of money in a lottery?
Response: If I won a large sum of money in a lottery, I would probably invest some of it and donate to
charity.

4. Third Conditional (Past Unreal Conditional):

Used for imagining different outcomes in the past.
Structure: If + past perfect, would have + past participle.
Example:
Question: How would your life have been different if you had chosen a different career path?
Response: If I had chosen a different career path, my life would have taken a completely different
direction, and I might be in a different profession right now.
 VOCAB

1. Efficacious - (adjective) - effective in producing the desired outcome.

Example: The new teaching method proved to be highly efficacious in improving students' performance.
2. Pervasive (penetrante)- (adjective) - present or spread throughout something; widespread.
Example: The influence of social media is pervasive in today's society, impacting people of all ages.
3. Invaluable - (adjective) - extremely useful or valuable; indispensable.
Example: The guidance I received from my mentor was invaluable in shaping my career.
4. Mitigate - (verb) - to make less severe, serious, or painful; alleviate.
Example: Planting more trees can help mitigate the effects of climate change.
5. Conducive - (adjective) - making a certain situation or outcome likely or possible.
Example: A peaceful environment is conducive to creativity and productivity.
6. Facilitate - (verb) - to make a process or action easier or smoother; to assist.
Example: The new software will facilitate data analysis, saving us valuable time.
7. Intrinsic - (adjective) - belonging naturally; essential or inherent.
Example: For some people, traveling is an intrinsic part of their desire for adventure and exploration.
8. Inherent - (adjective) - existing as a natural or essential part of something.
Example: The risks associated with extreme sports are inherent in the nature of the activities.
9. Ponder - (verb) - to think about something carefully and thoroughly.
Example: I often ponder the meaning of life during long walks in nature.
10. Resilient - (adjective) - able to recover quickly from difficulties or adapt to change.
Example: Despite facing numerous setbacks, she remained resilient and persevered.
11. Acquire - (verb) - to gain or obtain something, usually through effort or experience.
Example: Learning a new language requires time and dedication to acquire fluency.
12. Eloquent - (adjective) - expressing ideas or emotions in a clear, fluent, and persuasive manner.
Example: The speaker delivered an eloquent speech that captivated the audience.
13. Elaborate - (verb/adjective) - to add more detail to something or to be detailed and complex.
Example: Can you elaborate on your plans for the future? / The wedding decorations were elaborate and
elegant.

IDIOMS

1. "Drop the ball": This idiom means to make a mistake or fail to do something important that you were
responsible for.
Example:
Question: Have you ever made a significant mistake at work?
Response: Yes, there was a time when I dropped the ball on an important project, but I learned from that
experience and became more diligent in my work.

2. "Once in a blue moon": This idiom means something that happens very rarely or only occasionally.
Example:
Question: How often do you meet up with your old friends from school?
Response: Living in different cities, we only get to meet once in a blue moon, but when we do, it's always
a memorable reunion.
 MODAL VERBS

1. Can/Could: Used to express ability, possibility, and permission.

Example: I can speak two languages fluently. (ability)
Could you please pass me the book? (polite request)

2. Will/Would: Used to express future intent, predictions, and hypothetical situations.

Example: I will attend the conference next week. (future intent)
If I had more time, I would visit more museums. (hypothetical situation)

3. Should: Used to give advice or suggest a course of action.

Example: You should start preparing for the exam early. (advice)
We should consider taking a break after this task. (suggestion)

4. Must: Used to express necessity or strong obligation.

Example: I must finish this report by the end of the day. (necessity)
Students must follow the exam rules. (obligation)

5. May/Might: Used to express possibility or permission.

Example: I may attend the evening session if it fits my schedule. (possibility)
Might I borrow your pen for a moment? (polite permission)

6. Shall: Used in questions to suggest an offer or seek advice.

Example: Shall we go for a walk after dinner? (suggestion/offering)
What shall I do if I miss the bus? (seeking advice)