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The experiments were carried out using the dual culture technique. Almost all of the isolates exhibit
growth on 2% NaCl, poor growth on GPA, thus confirming the rhizobia. Fourteen exo loci on the
second megaplasmid have been identified that are required for, or affect, the synthesis of EPS I.
Bradyrizobium japonicum strain Soy 213 was found to have the highest stimulatory effect (60%),
and an arctic. Various studies have documented the increased health and productivity of different
plant species by the application of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria under both normal and
stressed conditions. Rhizobium strains were isolated from nodules on Yeast-Manitol Agar medium
(YMA) and were characterized biochemically for Nitrogenase activity, phytohormone production,
phosphate solubalization, siderophores and HCN production. Inga alley farming relies on the
leguminous genus Inga, a small tropical, tough-. Results of dual culture interaction test shows that the
colony diameter of Fusarium graminearum was significantly reduced (P 0.05) when combined
individually with Azotobacter chroococcum, Bacillus pumilus and Bacillus subtilis. These
determinate nodules lose meristematic activity shortly after initiation. Download Free PDF View
PDF ISOLATION AND PHENOTYPIC CHARACTERIZATION OF RHIZOBIUM SPECIES
FROM ROOT NODULES OF HARICOT BEAN (PHASEOLUS VULGARIS L Degife Asefa
Zebire ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Haricot bean (genetic resources. Among the 14 Rhizobium
isolates tested for volatiles, cyanide production and phosphate solubilisation, 8 significantly inhibited
fungal growth by producing volatiles, 6 were positive for cyanide production and only three were
able to solubilise phosphate. These are always associated with the axils of lateral or adventitious
roots and. The ExoGRAVITY project - observations of exoplanets from the ground with opti. The
bacteria encapsulated divide multiple times, forming a. During the process of collection, care should
be taken not to simply collect strains that were obtained through past inoculation, and the elite
strains identified through exploration and characterization should be distinguished as original
through strain identification procedures. A functional analysis of these genes suggested that the
presence of reiteratednif genesis is related to the capacity of fixing atmospheric nitrogen in the
symbiotic state. Free-living soil bacteria beneficial to plant growth, usually referred to as plant
growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), are capable of promoting plant growth by colonizing the
plant root. By analyzing direct descendants of a single cell in the laboratory, evidence of frequent
genomic rearrangements inR. ALL the evidence webinar: Appraising and using evidence about
community conte. Download Free PDF View PDF An Effective and Beneficial Plant Growth
Promoting Soil Bacterium “Rhizobium”: A Review Prof. It could be that Bebi bean is promiscuous
and better adapted to the native strains of Rhizobium, while the Rhizobium in Groundnut is
antagonistic and incompatible with the introduced inoculants. You can download the paper by
clicking the button above. The symbiosis is based on specific recognisation of signal molecules
produced by bacteria and its plant partners. Comparative study on screening methods of
polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) producing. Morphological properties of Eighty six isolates were fast
growing indicated that isolated rhizobia and had color of colony in white and pink. Not only the
leguminous Plant but also the rhizosphere contains rhizobia which help in soil fertilization. They also
exhibit antagonistic effects towards many plant pathogenic fungi. The parameters observed:
pathogen incubation period, plant heig. Beijerinck in the Netherlands was the first to isolate and
cultivate. The results revealed that Rhizobium inoculation with strain HB-429 Inoculation with strain
HB-429 significantly (P Download Free PDF View PDF In: Plant Microbe Symbiosis- Fundamentals
and Advances, Springer India Alleviation of salt stress in legumes by co-inoculation with
Pseudomonas and Rhizobium Dilfuza Egamberdieva Numerous studies have shown that soil salinity
decreases nodulation and dramatically reduces N2 fixation and nitrogenase activity of nodulated
legumes.
Root infection by rhizobia is a multistep process that is initiated by pre-infection events in the
rhizosphere. Nitrogenase was determined through calorimetrically. When the nod factor is sensed by
the root, a number of biochemical. These properties suggest that rhizobium isolated in this study
could find potential application for development of the sustainable agriculture as to be a good
candidate of biofertilizer which help in soil fertilization without applying chemical fertilizers. Within
legume nodules, nitrogen gas from the atmosphere is. Nodules grow around the root, forming a
collar-like structure. However some recent studies show that Sinorhizobium and the. When PGPR
are able to alleviate salt stress experienced by the plant, more nodules might develop into nitrogen-
fixing ones, thereby enabling the plant to obtain part of its nitrogen from the atmosphere. This
unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is
properly cited. You can download the paper by clicking the button above. Presently, Rhizobium is
classified into groups Rhizobium, Bradyrhizobium, Mesorhizobium, Azorhizobium and
Sinorhizobium. Isolation of rhizobium were undertaken using Yeast Extract Mannitol Agar medium.
All isolates were found to be positive and negative for catalase and citrate utilization test
respectively. The production of IAA by Pseudomonas strains represents a beneficial mechanism that
promoted enlargement of root system, and thereby further enhanced nutrient uptake, nodulation and
shoot growth of leguminous plants. Download Free PDF View PDF European Journal of Soil
Biology Bioassociative effect of cold tolerant Pseudomonas spp. All the three strains had different
stationary phases but the bacterial growth and exopolysaccharides production occurred
simultaneously. These are always associated with the axils of lateral or adventitious roots and. To
browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to
upgrade your browser. Beijerinck in the Netherlands was the first to isolate and cultivate. There were
produced gummy colonies on YMCA plates after 3 days of incubation at 37oC. One isolate from
each sample was selected for further characterization. Download Free PDF View PDF ISOLATION
AND PHENOTYPIC CHARACTERIZATION OF RHIZOBIUM SPECIES FROM ROOT
NODULES OF HARICOT BEAN (PHASEOLUS VULGARIS L Degife Asefa Zebire ARTICLE
INFO ABSTRACT Haricot bean (genetic resources. Download Free PDF View PDF An overview
on the potential of pigeon pea (Cajanas cajan L. The plant supplies the rhizobia with energy in the
form of amino acids and the rhizobia fix nitrogen from the atmosphere for plant uptake. This results
in the nodule having a generally cylindrical shape. Out of seven Rhizobium strains only five strains
were able to produce hydrogen cyanide (HCN). Results: The response of the test crops to inoculation
varied with growth stage. This property of legumes makes them increasingly attractive. Isolate
LLsm1, CPsm1, CPnm1 and Esm1 were found to be negative for MR-VP and starch hydrolysis test.
Because they are actively growing, indeterminate nodules.
Download Free PDF View PDF European Journal of Soil Biology Bioassociative effect of cold
tolerant Pseudomonas spp. Out of all antagonists, Trichoderma harzianum produced the highest
inhibition zone (75.75 %), while the lowest inhibition zone (28.39 %) was produced by Iso- 2. Elbow
joint - Anatomy of the Elbow joint Elbow joint - Anatomy of the Elbow joint VEM 023- LESSON
1.pdf VEM 023- LESSON 1.pdf 2024 Insilicogen Company English Brochure 2024 Insilicogen
Company English Brochure Study of X - Ray Spectra and its types Study of X - Ray Spectra and its
types ALL the evidence webinar: Appraising and using evidence about community conte. The actual
process of dinitrogen fixation can only be carried out by diazotrophs that contain the enzyme
dinitrogenase. To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take
a few seconds to upgrade your browser. Plant root ?s nodule collected from different regions of
Ranchi, Jharkhand. Root infection by rhizobia is a multistep process that is initiated by pre-infection
events in the rhizosphere. It is gaining attention once again as sustainability becomes a central focus
to feed a world population of over 7 billion people. The study used Completely Randomized Design
(CRD) Factorial with 2 factors. In these nodules and in the peanut type the central infected. All the
isolates were found with poor absorption of Congo red dye and no growth on the YEMA with 2%
NaCl. Further, explicit outlooks on the different mechanisms of rhizobacteria mediated plant growth
promotion have been described in detail with the recent development and research. Nitrogenase was
determined through calorimetrically. Isolation of rhizobium were undertaken using Yeast Extract
Mannitol Agar medium. LIGHT Community Medicine LIGHT IS A SOURCE OF ENERGY
THERE ARE TWO TYPE OF S. Isolate LLsm1, CPsm1, CPnm1 and Esm1 were found to be
negative for MR-VP and starch hydrolysis test. Download Free PDF View PDF Plant and Soil
Production of exopolysaccharide by Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. This study is aimed at obtaining
information about the important role of Rhizobacterium in inducing the resistance of local pepper
plants in Aceh to the attack of Fusarium oxysporum. Results suggest that P fertilizer application to
soybean is needed in soils with available P below the critical level ( Download Free PDF View PDF
Co-inoculation of soybeans and common beans with rhizobia and azospirilla: strategies to improve
sustainability rekha chandani Download Free PDF View PDF Archives of Agronomy and Soil
Science Synergistic effect of inoculating plant growth-promoting Pseudomonas spp. The conversion
of free nitrogen into nitrogenous salts. All the strains could produce copious amount of
exopolysaccharides in yeast extract manitol broth medium. Phylogenetic analyses based on the
concatenated sequences of atpD and recA gene, and 92 core genes extracted from the genome
sequences indicated that strains JKLM 12A2T and JKLM 13E are grouped as a separate clade
closely related to R. When the nod factor is sensed by the root, a number of biochemical. The
reduction of atmospheric dinitrogen into ammonia is the second most important biological process on
earth after photosynthesis (Sylvia, 2005). Conclusion: Inoculation with NoduMax was beneficial to
cowpea, but did not significantly improve the performance of Bebi bean, and Groundnut. Probable
20 antagonistic bacterial isolates and one antagonistic fungal isolate (Trichoderma harzianum) from
rhizosphere soil were screened out against F. Unfortunately, atmospheric dinitrogen (78% of air we
breathe) is extremely stable due to triple bonds which can only be broken by energy intensive ways.
PGPR also help in solubilization of mineral phosphates and other nutrients, enhance resistance to
stress, stabilize soil aggregates, and improve soil structure and organic matter content. They also
exhibit antagonistic effects towards many plant pathogenic fungi. You can download the paper by
clicking the button above.
Some of the bacterial species examined were found to have a deleterious effect while others were
neutral or displayed a stimulatory effect on radishes. The Sinorhizobium genus was described by
Chen et al. in 1988. Biological fixation of nitrogen was the leading form of annual nitrogen input
until the last decade of the 20th century (Russelle, 2008). However some recent studies show that
Sinorhizobium and the. These include electrical N2 fixation by lightning where oxides of N come to
ground with rain, the Haber-Bosch process in industrial fertilizer production, and biological N2
fixation in legumes by bacterial symbionts such as Rhizobium etli. The bacteria encapsulated divide
multiple times, forming a. The glucose (1.5 %), manitol (2.0%) and sucrose (1.5%) were the
preferable carbon sources of CHRS-7, RAB-1 and RAN-1 respectively, for both growth and EPS
production. Unfortunately, atmospheric dinitrogen (78% of air we breathe) is extremely stable due to
triple bonds which can only be broken by energy intensive ways. The plant supplies the rhizobia with
energy in the form of amino acids and the rhizobia fix nitrogen from the atmosphere for plant
uptake. However, only microorganisms safe for humans can be used as biofertilizers, particularly in
vegetables that are raw consumed, in order to avoid sanitary problems derived from the presence of
pathogenic bacteria in the final products. There were produced gummy colonies on YMCA plates
after 3 days of incubation at 37oC. RAJU ALI Nitrogen is one of the important constituents of the
plants. The second factor was Rhizobacteria isolates (HWI 5 (4) and HWI 8 (6)) which were
obtained from the collection of Seed Science Laboratory. The Leucine rich repeat (LRR) receptor
kinases (NARK in soybean (Glycine. We conducted a systematic review to summarize published and
operational evidence published since 2000 describing the use of MUAC for detection and diagnosis
of SAM in children aged 6-59 months by caregivers and CHWs, and of management of
uncomplicated SAM by CHWs, all outside of formal health care settings. Ravi Kant Singh, abhinav
datta Rhizobium is a soil habitat, gram negative bacterium which is associated symbiotically with the
roots of leguminous plants. Biological control of soil-borne plant pathogens and the synthesis of
antibiotics have also been reported in several bacterial species. The experiments were carried out
using the dual culture technique. To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more
securely, please take a few seconds to upgrade your browser. This work aimed isolation and
characterization of rhizobia from rhizospher and nodule samples collected from the study area.
Muhammad Baqir Hussain Download Free PDF View PDF See Full PDF Download PDF About
Press Blog People Papers Topics Job Board We're Hiring. These determinate nodules lose
meristematic activity shortly after initiation. The ExoGRAVITY project - observations of exoplanets
from the ground with opti. Through the enhancement of these microorganisms the deficiency of these
major plant nutrients can be control. PGPR are also termed plant health promoting rhizobacteria
(PHPR) or nodule promoting rhizobacteria (NPR). Nodules grow around the root, forming a collar-
like structure. Whole-genome average nucleotide identity (ANI) values were 97.6% within strains
JKLM 12A2T and JKLM 13E, and less than 94% with closely related species. In search of frequent
genomic rearrangements, we analyzed three Rhizobium strains under laboratory conditions that are
not considered to cause stress in bacterial populations. Fifty eight percent of the strains produced
indole 3-acetic acid (IAA) and 54% solubilized phosphorus. Direct plant growth promotion includes
symbiotic and non-symbiotic PGPR which function through production of plant hormones such as
auxins, cytokinins, gibberellins, ethylene and abscisic acid.
Results of dual culture interaction test shows that the colony diameter of Fusarium graminearum was
significantly reduced (P 0.05) when combined individually with Azotobacter chroococcum, Bacillus
pumilus and Bacillus subtilis. As a Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR), Rhizobium
promotes overall growth and development of the plant through direct and indirect mechanisms. To
reduce the utilization of chemical fertilizers which disturbs the ecosystem, biofertilizers are prepared
commercially. Mutations in certain of these loci completely abolish the production of EPS I and
result in mutants that form empty Fix- nodules. Plant root ?s nodule collected from different regions
of Ranchi, Jharkhand. Unless efforts are taken in confronting the problems of nutrient depletion and
land degradation, deteriorating productivity will seriously undermine the foundations of sustainable
agricultural production. When PGPR are able to alleviate salt stress experienced by the plant, more
nodules might develop into nitrogen-fixing ones, thereby enabling the plant to obtain part of its
nitrogen from the atmosphere. LIGHT Community Medicine LIGHT IS A SOURCE OF ENERGY
THERE ARE TWO TYPE OF S. The experiments were carried out using the dual culture technique.
A total of 120 rhizobium were isolated from four samples. Bradyrizobium japonicum strain Soy 213
was found to have the highest stimulatory effect (60%), and an arctic. An Introduction to Quantum
Programming Languages An Introduction to Quantum Programming Languages LIGHT Community
Medicine LIGHT IS A SOURCE OF ENERGY THERE ARE TWO TYPE OF S. From diverse
areas of Swabi pea samples were collected. Most of these bacterial species are in the Rhizobiacae
family in the alpha-. There were produced gummy colonies on YMCA plates after 3 days of
incubation at 37oC. Some of the bacterial species examined were found to have a deleterious effect
while others were neutral or displayed a stimulatory effect on radishes. DNAs from direct
descendants of a single cell were analyzed in regard to the hybridization patterns obtained, using as
probes different recombinant plasmids or cosmids; while most of the probes utilized did not show
differences in the hybridization patterns, some of them revealed the occurrence of frequent genomic
rearrangements. Bacteria were isolated for its characterization and PGPR activities, such as IAA
production, Phosphate solublization, HCN production, Ammonia production. Bacteria were isolated
for its characterization and PGPR activities, such as IAA production, Phosphate solublization, HCN
production, Ammonia production. This process has evolved multiple times within the Fabaceae, as
well. The plant-beneficial rhizobacteria may decrease the global dependence on hazardous
agricultural chemicals which destabilize the agro-ecosystems. This review accentuates the perception
of the rhizosphere and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria under the current perspectives.
Morphological properties of Eighty six isolates were fast growing indicated that isolated rhizobia
and had color of colony in white and pink. You can download the paper by clicking the button
above. The seeds were microbiolized with each antagonist, and the soil was also drenched with them.
The genetic diversity revealed by REP-PCR fingerprinting indicated that the isolates correspond to
different strains. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that the isolates are closely related to the
strains Rhizobium sp. Although by far the majority of plants able to form. Because they are actively
growing, indeterminate nodules. These include electrical N2 fixation by lightning where oxides of N
come to ground with rain, the Haber-Bosch process in industrial fertilizer production, and biological
N2 fixation in legumes by bacterial symbionts such as Rhizobium etli. Autoregulation of nodulation
controls nodule numbers per plant through a. Generally, plant growth promoting rhizobacteria
facilitate the plant growth directly by either assisting in resource acquisition (nitrogen, phosphorus
and essential minerals) or modulating plant hormone levels, or indirectly by decreasing the inhibitory
effects of various pathogens on plant growth and development in the forms of biocontrol agents. The
results revealed that Rhizobium inoculation with strain HB-429 Inoculation with strain HB-429
significantly (P Download Free PDF View PDF In: Plant Microbe Symbiosis- Fundamentals and
Advances, Springer India Alleviation of salt stress in legumes by co-inoculation with Pseudomonas
and Rhizobium Dilfuza Egamberdieva Numerous studies have shown that soil salinity decreases
nodulation and dramatically reduces N2 fixation and nitrogenase activity of nodulated legumes.
Elbow joint - Anatomy of the Elbow joint Elbow joint - Anatomy of the Elbow joint VEM 023-
LESSON 1.pdf VEM 023- LESSON 1.pdf 2024 Insilicogen Company English Brochure 2024
Insilicogen Company English Brochure Study of X - Ray Spectra and its types Study of X - Ray
Spectra and its types ALL the evidence webinar: Appraising and using evidence about community
conte. Undernitrogen-limiting conditions, capable plants form a symbiotic. The plants were sprayed
with JA 48 h before Fol inoculation. All the strains could produce copious amount of
exopolysaccharides in yeast extract manitol broth medium. The biochemical test revealed that the
bacterial isolat positive to catalase test. PGPR also help in solubilization of mineral phosphates and
other nutrients, enhance resistance to stress, stabilize soil aggregates, and improve soil structure and
organic matter content. The Azorhizobium genus was described by Dreyfus et al. All strains utilized
glucose, manitol, lactose as fermentation sugar. Muhammad Baqir Hussain Download Free PDF
View PDF See Full PDF Download PDF About Press Blog People Papers Topics Job Board We're
Hiring. Our results confirmed those obtained in cereals and alimentary oil producing plants extending
the number of non-legumes susceptible to be biofertilized with rhizobia to those whose fruits are raw
consumed. The genome ofR. phaseoli is complex, containing a large amount of reiterated DNA
sequences. In mostR. pahseoli strains one of such reiterated DNA families corresponds to the
nitrogenase structural genes (nif genes). Agric To study the influence of rhizobium inoculation on
growth and yield of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) cultivars, an experiment was conducted at
Kurram Agency, Pakistan during 2007. The plant in turn provides the bacteria with organic.
Download Free PDF View PDF Journal of Advance Public Policy and International Affairs
(JAPPIA) Isolation, Identification and Authentication of Root Nodule Bacteria (Rhizobia) in
Promoting Sustainable Agricultural Productivity: A Review Card Publication The ability of
indigenous rhizobia to nodulate a legume crop effectively, or to act as barrier to the successful
establishment of inoculant strains, is critical to successful establishment and growth of legumes.
However recent research has shown that there are many other rhizobial. Out of seven Rhizobium
strains only five strains were able to produce hydrogen cyanide (HCN). The production of IAA by
Pseudomonas strains represents a beneficial mechanism that promoted enlargement of root system,
and thereby further enhanced nutrient uptake, nodulation and shoot growth of leguminous plants.
These bacteria share characteristics with plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR). In dual
culture, 14 isolates inhibited the mycelial growth of the pathogen more than 30% and the most
effective were Rh8, Rh11, Rh16 and PchSOM, which inhibited fungal growth more than 50%. The
study used Completely Randomized Design (CRD) Factorial with 2 factors. They also exhibit
antagonistic effects towards many plant pathogenic fungi. One isolate from each sample was
selected for further characterization. Although by far the majority of plants able to form.
Furthermore, biozotes (Biofertilizer) were prepared from inoculation of these Rhizobium strains and
were applied in pot experiment to check their effects on pea. Production of indole-3-ethanol or
indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), the compounds belonging to auxins, have been reported for several
bacterial genera. All the isolates were found with poor absorption of Congo red dye and no growth
on the YEMA with 2% NaCl. The National Collaborating Centre for Methods and Tools Recently
uploaded ( 20 ) dkNET Webinar: An Encyclopedia of the Adipose Tissue Secretome to Identify Me.
Symbiotic determinants, nitrogen fixation genes as well as nodulation genes, are localized on a
single replicon, the symbiotic (sym) plasmid. Through the enhancement of these microorganisms the
deficiency of these major plant nutrients can be control. These bacteria belong to the Rhizobium
lineage of the Alphaproteobacteria, and the closest known species was Rhizobium sullae.
However Fleur 11 cultivar was nodulated by indigenous strains rather than the introduced strains. A
fully functional symbiosis requires successful survival ability of bacteria even under adverse
environmental conditions. The plant-beneficial rhizobacteria may decrease the global dependence on
hazardous agricultural chemicals which destabilize the agro-ecosystems. This review accentuates the
perception of the rhizosphere and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria under the current
perspectives. Fifty eight percent of the strains produced indole 3-acetic acid (IAA) and 54%
solubilized phosphorus. LIGHT Community Medicine LIGHT IS A SOURCE OF ENERGY
THERE ARE TWO TYPE OF S. All the three strains had different stationary phases but the
bacterial growth and exopolysaccharides production occurred simultaneously. Pulses: chickpea, pea,
lentil, black gram, green gram. By analyzing direct descendants of a single cell in the laboratory,
evidence of frequent genomic rearrangements inR. Download Free PDF View PDF An Effective and
Beneficial Plant Growth Promoting Soil Bacterium “Rhizobium”: A Review Prof. To browse
Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to upgrade
your browser. This mutually beneficial relationship is true of all of. An Introduction to Quantum
Programming Languages An Introduction to Quantum Programming Languages LIGHT Community
Medicine LIGHT IS A SOURCE OF ENERGY THERE ARE TWO TYPE OF S. The actual
process of dinitrogen fixation can only be carried out by diazotrophs that contain the enzyme
dinitrogenase. Living inside the roots of a plant, these bacteria release an enzyme, nitrogenase,
which converts atmospheric nitrogen into a usable organic form - something the plant cannot do for
itself. Nodules samples were collected from plants growing in different Districts of Bangladesh and
the Glucose-Peptone Agar (GPA), Congo red, Yeast Mannitol Agar (YMA) containing 2% NaCl
were employed to make presumptive decisions on the recognition and classification of the isolated
bacterial strains. The use of Rhizobacteria is expected to suppress the attack of Fusarium pathogen in
local pepper plants in Aceh. The result revealed ten isolates of Rhizobium species. This study aimed
to distinguish the morpho-physiological characteristics of naturally growing rhizobia having higher
environmental and external stress tolerance. The Sinorhizobium genus was described by Chen et al.
in 1988. These properties suggest that rhizobium isolated in this study could find potential application
for development of the sustainable agriculture as to be a good candidate of biofertilizer which help
in soil fertilization without applying chemical fertilizers. You can download the paper by clicking the
button above. These determinate nodules lose meristematic activity shortly after initiation. Seven
strains of Rhizobium species were isolated from six non-cultivated wild leguminous plants and three
Rhizobium strains were isolated from cultivated leguminous plants. The study used Completely
Randomized Design (CRD) Factorial with 2 factors. Results: The response of the test crops to
inoculation varied with growth stage. Strain DS-42T contained Q-10 as the predominant ubiquinone.
Conclusion: Inoculation with NoduMax was beneficial to cowpea, but did not significantly improve
the performance of Bebi bean, and Groundnut. From diverse areas of Swabi pea samples were
collected. The production of IAA by Pseudomonas strains represents a beneficial mechanism that
promoted enlargement of root system, and thereby further enhanced nutrient uptake, nodulation and
shoot growth of leguminous plants. This property of legumes makes them increasingly attractive.