RADIO & TELEVISION

ENGINEERING
CONTENT Presentación

01 - Introducción
02 - Tweeter
03 - Squawkers
04 - Baffles
05 - Enclosures
06 - Gracias
INTRODUCCIÓN
01
TWEETER
02

A tweeter or treble speaker is a special

type of loudspeaker that is designed to
produce high audio frequencies.
Generally produces audio output from
2KHz and goes upto 100KHz for
special purpose work.
 1] First an Electric Signal is given as input , which is then amplified and
then fed to the Voice Coil of the Tweeter.

2] The voice coil produces a varying magnetic field, which works

against the fixed magnetic field of a permanent magnet around which
the cylindrical voice coil is suspended, forcing the voice coil and the
diaphragm attached to it to move.

3] This mechanical movement resembles the waveform of the electronic

signal supplied from the amplifier's output to the voice coil. Since the coil
is attached to a diaphragm, the vibratory motion of the voice coil
transmits to the diaphragm.

4] The diaphragm in turn vibrates the air, thus creating air motions or
audio waves, which is heard as high sounds.
1 → Magnet
2 → Voice Coil
3 → Membrane
4 → Suspension
Cone Tweeter
Same basic design as woofer but
optimized for higher frequencies
small and light cone
stiffer suspension (or spider)
Piezo Tweeter
small voice coils and thin wire Contains a piezoelectric
cone materials chosen for crystal coupled to a
stiffness and good damping. mechanical diaphragm.
An audio signal is applied

Types
to the crystal, which
responds by flexing in
proportion to the voltage
applied across the crystal's surfaces, thus
Dome Tweeter converting electrical energy into mechanical.
A dome tweeter is constructed
Piezoelectric Material like (SiO2) or barium
by attaching a voice coil to a
titanate (BaTiO3) is used.
dome which is attached to the
Due to electric field applied by electrodes , the
magnet or the top plate via a
crystals will align accordingly and will change the
low compliance suspension.
overall shape of material causing mechanical
The overwhelming majority of
energy to release , this is called electrostriction.
dome tweeters presently used
in hi-fi speakers are 25 mm (1
in) in diameter.
 Types
Ribbon Tweeter Horn Tweeter
A ribbon tweeter uses a very thin A horn tweeter is any of
diaphragm that supports a planar the above tweeters
coil frequently made by deposition coupled to a flared or horn
of aluminum vapor, suspended in structure. Horns are used
a powerful magnetic field to for two purposes — to
reproduce high frequencies control dispersion, and to
Ribbon tweeters give excellent couple the tweeter
directional properties and wide diaphragm to the air for
horizontal coverage. higher efficiency.
By stacking them in an array they A horn improves the off-axis response of the tweeter by
can produce high sound pressure reducing the directivity of the tweeter.
much farther away than It can also improve the efficiency of the tweeter by
conventional tweeters. coupling the relatively high acoustic impedance of the
driver to the lower impedance of the air.
SQUAWKERS
03

In the world of audio engineering,

squawkers play a crucial role in
delivering mid-range frequencies with
clarity and precision
 WORKING
Frequency Range: Squawkers handle mid-range frequencies
(500 Hz to 2 kHz), crucial for clarity in vocals and
instruments.

USES
Driver Design: They use cone or dome drivers optimized for
mid-range reproduction, minimizing distortion.
Crossover Network: Squawkers are connected to
crossovers in multi-driver systems, receiving mid-range
signals.
Acoustic Loading: Enclosure design optimizes acoustic
Hi-Fi Systems: Enhancing music listening with clear mid- performance, controlling resonance for accurate sound
range reproduction. reproduction.
Studio Monitors: Ensuring accurate sound mixing and Voice Coil and Magnet Assembly: Voice coil movement in
mastering. the magnetic field generates mid-range sound waves.
Live Sound: Delivering articulate vocals and instruments in Dispersion and Directivity: Squawkers ensure even
concerts. distribution of mid-range frequencies, optimizing listening
PA Systems: Clear communication in venues like stadiums experiences.
and theaters.
Home Theaters: Crisp dialogue and sound effects for
immersive viewing.
PROPERTIES Frequency Response: Optimized for mid-range frequencies (500 Hz to 2 kHz) for
clear vocal and instrument reproduction.
Output Level: Balanced output level ensures audible mid-range frequencies in
diverse environments.
Impedance: Nominal impedance typically ranges from 4 to 8 ohms, matched with
amplifiers for efficient power transfer.
Sensitivity: Efficiency rating in decibels (dB) indicates sound output level for a
given input signal.
Power Handling: Rated for maximum continuous or peak power to avoid damage.
Directivity: Specific dispersion patterns affect coverage and sound distribution.
Distortion: Minimized distortion for accurate audio reproduction.
Physical Dimensions: Varied sizes and form factors for different speaker designs
and applications.
 Clarity: Squawkers excel at reproducing mid-range frequencies with clarity, making
them ideal for vocals and instruments in audio playback.
Balance: They contribute to a balanced sound profile when integrated into multi-driver
speaker systems, complementing tweeters and woofers.
Accuracy: Squawkers provide accurate sound reproduction, essential for critical
listening applications such as studio monitoring and mixing.

PROS
Versatility: They find applications in various audio systems, including home theaters,
studio monitors, and live sound reinforcement setups.
Efficiency: Squawkers are often efficient in converting electrical signals into sound,
resulting in loud and clear mid-range output.

& CONS
Limited Frequency Range: Squawkers are optimized for mid-range frequencies, which
means they may not handle extreme low or high frequencies as effectively.
Size Limitations: Design constraints may limit the size of squawkers, affecting their
ability to reproduce lower mid-range frequencies with depth.
Integration Challenges: Ensuring seamless integration with tweeters and woofers in
multi-driver systems requires careful crossover design and tuning.
Distortion at High Volumes: Like any speaker driver, squawkers may exhibit increased
distortion at high volume levels, impacting audio fidelity.
Directivity Issues: Squawkers may have limited directivity control, leading to uneven
sound dispersion in some setups, requiring additional room correction measures.
BAFFLES
04

WAFFLE

Baffles play a crucial role in radio and television engineering by

managing sound and controlling the direction of audio signals. In
this presentation, we will explore the significance of baffles and
their applications in broadcasting.

What are Baffles? Baffles are physical structures designed to

control the propagation of sound waves. They are commonly
used in audio equipment, studios, and broadcasting facilities to
improve sound quality and reduce unwanted noise.

Acoustic Baffles
These are used to absorb or
diffuse sound waves to improve
acoustics in a room or studio.
They come in various shapes and
materials, such as foam panels,
fabric-covered panels, and
diffusers.
Types
Speaker Baffles
In speaker design, baffles are
used to mount and support
loudspeaker drivers. They also
help in controlling the dispersion
pattern of sound waves and
reducing interference.
Microphone Baffles
Baffles are used around
microphones to minimize
background noise and
focus on capturing the
desired sound source.
They come in the form of
windshields, pop filters,
and isolation shields.
 Recording Studios: Baffles are
strategically placed to control room
reflections, minimize echo, and create
an optimal recording environment for
musicians and vocalists.
Broadcasting Studios: In radio and
APPLICATION
television studios, baffles are used to
separate different sound sources, such
as voices and musical instruments, to
achieve clear and balanced audio.
Live Events: Baffles are employed in
concert halls, theaters, and
auditoriums to enhance sound quality,
reduce reverberation, and prevent
sound leakage.
Improved Sound Quality: Baffles help
in reducing unwanted noise and
BENEFITS
enhancing the clarity and intelligibility
of audio signals.
Controlled Directionality: By directing
sound waves towards the desired
listening area, baffles ensure a more
focused and immersive audio
experience.
Noise Reduction: Baffles minimize
external noise interference, allowing for
better signal-to-noise ratio and
improved broadcast quality.
 BAFFLE CONCLUSION
In conclusion, baffles play a vital role in radio and television engineering by optimizing sound reproduction, controlling
acoustic environments, and enhancing the overall broadcasting experience. Understanding the principles and
applications of baffles is essential for achieving high-quality audio in various media production settings.
ENCLOSURES
05

Enclosures are basically

beautiful boxes for speakers.
INTRODUCTION ?
Enclosure is a special type of baffle that
encloses the back side of the speaker and
have an opening at the front side.
Thicc plywood or particle wood is used to
avoid resonance within the useful audio
frequencies.
GRACIAS
Presentación

Team Tres