BRAINWARE UNIVERSITY

[GEEC401] CLASS NOTES [ELECTRONIC APPLIANCES IN EVERY DAY LIFE]

Write the constructional difference between woofer and tweeter?

I) Woofer use large heavy diaphragms and large voice coils that over hang the magnetic gaps.
II) Tweeter may be of ribbon electrostatic or dynamic types.
III) Woofer reproduce low frequency signal whereas tweeter reproduce high frequency signal.

Discuss about the impedence of a good loud speaker.

Loudspeaker impedence are kept relativity low compare with other audio components so that the
required audio power can be transmitted without using high voltages. The most common
nominal impedence for loudspeaker is 8 Ω. Also used are 4 Ω and 16 Ω. The impedence of
loudspeaker is not constant across all frequency. In a typical loudspeaker the impedence will rise
with increasing frequency from is DC, until it reaches a point of it's mechanical resonance.

What is loud speaker enclosure?

Sound wave in the backs are out of fetch by 180 degree with respect to sound wave in
the front for individual speakers. If the sound wave from the back are not prevented
and meet the wave in the front, the two waves will cancel each other causing intensity
of sound to drop of sharply. This phenomenon will be produced at low frequency. To
save the low frequency of attenuation, it is necessary to increase the path different by
using a physical barrier called baffle. Baffle are four types:
 Finite baffle in a TV or Radio receiver.
 Infinite baffle in a Loud speaker
 Enclosure (speaker mount in a close box which act like as a infinite baffle)
 Bass reflex enclosure

Describe about the impedence and power level of loud speaker.

N is the maximum audio power (indicated in watts) for which it is designed. Power more than
the maximum will damage the speaker.

The input impedence of the loudspeaker is represented in ohms an it is important parameter,

matching with the impedence of source amplifier is necessary for the optimum efficiency. For
installation, requiring long lead, a fixed line voltage is specified for the system it is 100 volts in
India and 70 volts in USA. It's means that the amplifier at the pickup output power will give 100
volt to the loudspeaker line connected to it. Impedence of the loudspeaker is low, and therefore
the line voltage is reduced by using a stepdown transformer at the loudspeaker end. This method
reduces less of power of long leads. The impedence r ohms of the amplifier, giving a peak
output power of p watts can be calculated by following equations for the 100 volt system.

r = (100 x 100) / p

2021-22 Prepared by: Mithun Maity ( Brainware University, Barasat)

 BRAINWARE UNIVERSITY
[GEEC401] CLASS NOTES [ELECTRONIC APPLIANCES IN EVERY DAY LIFE]

Explain the characteristics of microphone?

or
Define sensitivity directivity frequency response of a microphone?
Sensitivity: It is defined as output in mV (or in dB below 1V) for the sound pressure of 1 Pa or
(10 microbar) at 1000 Hz. As the normal level of speech provides a sound pressure of 1
microbar.
Frequency Response: The frequency response of a microphone is defined by the bandwidth of
audio frequencies in the output of the microphone within ±1dB of the output at 1000Hz.
Output impendence: A microphone has an output impendence which is represented in ohms.
This is an important parameter which is used to determine which type of matching transformer
would be needed to transfer the power efficiency from the microphone to the transmission line
and then to the amplifier.
Distortion: Beside frequency distortion describe above, there are two type distortion in
microphones namely non-linear and phase distortion.
Directivity: The directivity of a microphone is defined with the help of a polar diagram. The
angle 1/2 power point in a polar diagram represented directivity of a microphone. Maximum
power is in the axial direction of the microphone towards source of sound. When the
microphone axis deflects way from the source of sound, power output is reduced.

Explain characteristics of a loud speaker.

or
Define sensitivity fidelity and frequency of a loud speaker?

Sensitivity: Sensitivity is a statistical measure of the performance of an instrument. Sensitivity of

an electronic device is the minimum magnitude of input signal required to produce a specified
output signal having a specified signal to noise ratio or other specified criteria. The sensitivity of
a loudspeaker is usually expressed by dB or 1V/micro-Pa.
Fidelity: Fidelity characteristics the faithfulness of an instrument. In case of loudspeaker it
specify the faithful reproduction of sound. A loudspeaker having high fidelity should be follow i.
Sound having no noise ii. Flag frequency response within the range of audio signal (10Hz -
20KHz) iii. Free from non-linear distortion.
Resistance: The loudspeaker is connected to output of an audio amplifier. So the proper
'impedance matching' should be done between the amplifier output side and loudspeaker input
side. Therefore, the loudspeaker input impendence play a very significant role in the faithful
reproduction of sound. If input impedance of the loudspeaker properly matched with the output
impedance of the audio amplifier then maximum power will be transferred to the loudspeaker
and sound will be reproduced properly.

Draw the cross over network and explain its utility with the help of Characterstics curve.
When a multi way loudspeaker system is use to get flat frequency response for the entire range
of audio frequency, it is essential to have a cross over network to divide the incoming signal into
separate frequency ranges for each speaker in the absence of cross over networks the speaker
will suffers overheating and the output will be distorted when full power at frequency outside
their range is fed to them. The overall efficiency will be much reduced in the absence of cross

2021-22 Prepared by: Mithun Maity ( Brainware University, Barasat)

 BRAINWARE UNIVERSITY
[GEEC401] CLASS NOTES [ELECTRONIC APPLIANCES IN EVERY DAY LIFE]

over network.

Cross over network may use of the fact that the capacitive reactance decreased with the increase
of frequency (xc = 1 / 2πfc ) and the inductive reactance increases with increase in frequency (xl
= 2πfL). A basic cross over network circuit consists of Low pass LC filter across the woofer and
High pass LC filter across the tweeter.

What is Infinite baffle? Why inner surface of enclosure of added?

An ideal infinite baffle is the one which has infinite lateral dimension. Such a baffle will not be
feasible. However, if baffle dimension is so large that the frequency at which the path length is
⨅ /2, is far below lowest frequency to be used, such a baffle can be called be infinite baffle. For
example, let a speaker be fixed in a hole in the wall of a hall. As the dimension of the wall are
quite large, the wall will act as a natural barrier for the rare sound to come in front of the speaker.
The wall will act as an infinite baffle.
Internal reflection in enclosure will cause the sound energy to reach the cone. This reflected
wave will change the vibration of the cone itself, causing irregularities from phase difference
between the original vibration of the cone and vibration due to the reflective wave. This become
serious at high audio frequencies given a dip. At low audio frequencies that may give bonny
peak in bass response. These effects are reduced by the pending internal phase of the enclosure
walls with sound absorb like glass, flat, wood etc.

2021-22 Prepared by: Mithun Maity ( Brainware University, Barasat)

 BRAINWARE UNIVERSITY
[GEEC401] CLASS NOTES [ELECTRONIC APPLIANCES IN EVERY DAY LIFE]

Explain the woofer, tweeter and squawker?

Woofer: A woofer is a driver that reproduced low frequencies. The driver combined the closure
design to produce suitable low frequency. Some loudspeaker system uses a woofer for the lowest
frequencies, sometimes well enough that a sub-woofer is not needed. The woofers may operate to
several thousand Hz, but their output become quite directional at these frequencies. Woofer uses
large, heavy diaphragm and large voice coil that overhang the magnetic gap.
Tweeter: A tweeter is a high frequency driver that reproduced the highest frequencies in a
speaker system. Many various types of tweeter design exist, each with differing ability with
regard to frequency response, output fidelity, power handling, maximum output level etc. The
tweeter maybe of ribbon, electro-static or dynamic types. Soft-dome tweeters are widely found in
home stereo systems and horn loaded compression drives are common professional sound
reinforcement ribbon tweeters have gained popularity in recent years. The loudspeaker
employing both a woofer and tweeter system are called two-way system. Two-way system is
very popular and offer an excellent solution to provide high quality at a reasonable cost.
Squawker: To achieve flat frequency response over the entire range of audio frequencies multi-
way loudspeaker are used. Squawker are used to reproduced the mid -frequency signals. A
commercial three-way divider network is used in Squawker system

2021-22 Prepared by: Mithun Maity ( Brainware University, Barasat)