STATISTICS AND

PROBABILITY
PROBABILITY
DISTRIBUTION

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DISCRETE PROBABILITY
DISTRIBUTION
• It consists of the values a random
variable can assume and the
corresponding probabilities of the values.
• The probabilities are determined
theoretically or by observation.
• Discrete probability distributions can be
shown by using a graph or a table.

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Let’s try rolling a die, 100
times, and list all the
outcomes or the number
shown on the top face of
the die.

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 Write on the board all the number
of dots that will appear at the top of
the die when rolled.
Group 1 1 to 25
Group 2 26 to 50
Group 3 51 to 75
Group 4 76 to 100

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Find the average of the following:
1. All 25 outcomes from your group.
2. The average of the outcomes
from 1 to 50.
3. The average of the outcomes
from 1 to 75.
4. The average of all the outcomes
from 1 to 100.

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Random Variable X representing
the number of dots on the top
face of a die rolled.

X 1 2 3 4 5 6
P(X) 1/6 1/6 1/6 1/6 1/6 1/6

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MEAN OF A RANDOM VARIABLE
• It is the average of all possible
outcomes.
• It is otherwise referred to as the
“expected value” of a
probability distribution.
• It is denoted using the symbol
“myu” (µ).

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MEAN OF A RANDOM VARIABLE
• Formula for the Mean is:

𝜇= 𝑋 ∙ 𝑃(𝑋

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STEPS IN COMPUTING THE MEAN OF
RANDOM VARIABLE
1. Construct the Probability Distribution.
2. Multiply the value of the random
variable X by the corresponding
probability.
3. Add the results obtained in Step 2.
Results obtained is the mean (µ) of
the probability distribution.

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VARIANCE AND STANDARD DEVIATION
OF A RANDOM VARIABLE
• The variance and standard
deviation are both measures of
spread or variability of data. It is
the measure of how far a set of
data are dispersed out from their
mean or average value.

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FORMULA FOR VARIANCE

𝝈2 = 𝑿2 ∙ 𝑷(𝑿 − 𝝁2

FORMULA FOR STANDARD DEVIATION

𝝈= 𝑿2 ∙ 𝑷(𝑿 − 𝝁2

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STEPS IN COMPUTING THE VARIANCE AND
STANDARD DEVIATION OF RANDOM VARIABLE
1. Find the mean of the probability distribution
using the formula µ = ∑ 𝑋𝑃(𝑥)
2. Square all the values of the random variable.
3. Multiply the results obtained in Step 2 to each
corresponding probability.
4. Find the sum of all the results obtained in Step 3.
5. Subtract the square of the mean to the sum
obtained from Step 4. The result is the Variance.
6. Find the square root of the result obtained from
step 5. The answer will be the Standard Deviation.

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STEP 1: Find the mean of the probability
distribution using the formula µ =  XP(X)

X P(X) X  P(X)

1 1/6 0.17
2 1/6 0.33
3 1/6 0.5
4 1/6 0.67
5 1/6 0.83
6 1/6 1
µ = ∑ 𝑋  𝑃(𝑥) = 3.5

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STEP 2: Square all the values of the random
variable.
X P(X) X2
1 1/6 1
2 1/6 4
3 1/6 9
4 1/6 16
5 1/6 25
6 1/6 36

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STEP 3: Multiply the results obtained in Step 2 to
each corresponding probability.

X P(X) X2 X2  P(X)
1 1/6 1 0.17
2 1/6 4 0.67
3 1/6 9 1.5
4 1/6 16 2.67
5 1/6 25 4.17
6 1/6 36 6

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STEP 4: Find the sum of all the results obtained
in Step 3.
X P(X) X2 X2  P(X)
1 1/6 1 0.17
2 1/6 4 0.67
3 1/6 9 1.5
4 1/6 16 2.67
5 1/6 25 4.17
6 1/6 36 6
15.18

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STEP 5: Subtract the square of the mean to the sum
obtained from Step 4. The result is the Variance.

𝜎2 = 𝑋 2 ∙ 𝑃(𝑋 − 𝜇2

= 15.18 − 3.5 2
= 15.18 − 12.25
= 2.93

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STEP 6: Find the square root of the result obtained from
step 5. The answer will be the Standard Deviation.

𝜎= 𝑋 2 ∙ 𝑃(𝑋 − 𝜇2

= 2.93
= 1.7117242768623
= 1.71

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