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Question 1
Urinary tract obstruction distal to the kidney may cause which type of acute renal failure:
 Selected: a. Post-renal failure This answer is correct.
 b. Pre-renal failure
 c. None of them
 d. Intra-renal failure
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Question 2
To increase the blood volume in the circulation, Angiotensin II stimulates the adrenal glands
to secrete which of the following hormones?
 Selected: a. Aldosterone This answer is correct.
 b. Renin
 c. Parathyroid hormone
 d. Erythropoietin
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Question 3
Upper urinary tract infections includes the following, EXCEPT:
 a. acute pyelonephritis
 Selected: b. Prostatitis This answer is correct.
 c. interstitial nephritis
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Question 4
It is a surgical procedure to remove the stone from the ureter of the kidney:
 Selected: a. Ureterolithotomy This answer is correct.
 b. PyelolithotomyThis is the correct answer.
 c. Nephrolithotomy
 d. Cystoscopy
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Question 5
A condition in which a person lacks bladder control caused by damaged in the brain, spinal
cord and nerve injury is called:
 a. Polyuria
 b. cystitis
 Selected: c. Neurogenic bladder This answer is correct.
 d. Urinary incontinence
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Question 6
A treatment to crush renal stones using sound or shock waves is called:
 a. Laser lithotripsy
 Selected: b. Extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy This answer is correct.
 c. Cystoscopy
 d. Percutaneous ultrasonic lithotripsy
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Question 7
 Which of the following is a waste product excreted by the kidneys that was produced from the
breakdown of purines?
 a. Ammonia
 b. Urea
 Selected: c. Uric Acid This answer is correct.
 d. Creatinine
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Question 8
A type of urinary calculi caused by high concentration of magnesium ammonium phosphate:
 a. Calcium stones
 Selected: b. Struvite stones This answer is correct.
 c. Uric acid
 d. Cystine stones
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Question 9
Urinary status in males caused by retrograde ejaculation when semens enters the bladder may
indicate a cloud and foul-smelling urine is called:
 a. Haematuria
 b. Dysuria
 c. Nocturia
 Selected: d. Pyuria This answer is correct.

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Question 10
Pre-renal failure is caused by the impairment of cardiac efficiency resulting from which of the
following:
 a. All of theseThis is the correct answer.
 b. Coronary heart failure
 c. Myocardial Infarction (MI)
 Selected: d. Cardiogenic shock This answer is incorrect.

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Question 11
Which of the following are the clinical manifestations of patient with glomerular injury?
 a. Proteinuria
 b. Hypertension
 c. Edema
 Selected: d. All of the above This answer is correct.

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Question 12
Which of the following medications is used to treat Urge Incontinence?
 a. Antibiotics
 Selected: b. Anticholinergics This answer is correct.
 c. Antihistamines
 d. Antihypertensive medication
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Question 13
A client is aware of the need to void but is unable to reach the toilet in time is called:
 Selected: a. Urge incontinence This answer is correct.
 b. Stress incontinence
 c. Overflow incontinence
 d. Reflex incontinence
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Question 14
It is an involuntary urine loss associated with overdistention of the bladder:
 a. Urge incontinence
 Selected: b. Overflow incontinence This answer is correct.
 c. Reflex incontinence
 d. Stress incontinence
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Question 15
A condition of bacterial infection in the renal pelvis, tubules, & interstitial tissue of one or
both of the kidneys:
 a. Lower UTI
 b. Nephrolithiasis
 Selected: c. Acute pyelonephritis This answer is correct.
 d. Cystitis
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Question 16
How much volume of urine in the bladder where the person can feel the initial desire to void?
 a. 600 ml
 b. 400 - 500 ml
 c. 100 - 150 ml
 Selected: d. 200 - 300 ml This answer is correct.

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Question 17
Which of the following is NOT a component of nephron?
 a. Glomerulus
 b. Convoluted tubules
 c. Afferent Arteriole
 Selected: d. Apparent Arteriole This answer is correct.

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Question 18
85% of the nephrons are located in which of the following:
 a. CortesThis is the correct answer.
 b. Minor Calyx
 c. Renal Pelvis
 Selected: d. Adjacent to the medulla This answer is incorrect.

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Question 19
The following are the clinical manifestationS of lower UTI, EXCEPT:
 a. Burning sensation
 b. Suprapubic pain
 Selected: c. Seizure This answer is correct.
 d. Hematuria
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Question 20
75 - 90% of the nephron's are lost in which stage of chronic renal failure?
 a. All of these stages
 Selected: b. Stage I This answer is incorrect.
 c. Stage 3This is the correct answer.
 d. Stage 2

Quiz 2
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Question 1
The Intracellular compartment is consist mainly of which of the following electrolytes?
 a. K, Ph, & CHO
 b. Na, Ca, & CHON
 c. Cl, Mg, & CHON
 Selected: d. K, Ph, & Mg This answer is correct.

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Question 2
The Total Body Weight (TBW) of the person is affected as he/she age. Which of the following is
consistent that age affects the TBW?
 a. Muscles and fats are increased in elderly.
 b. Thirst sensors increase in elderly..
 Selected: c. Thirst sensors decrease in elderly. This answer is correct.
 d. Lean body mass is increased in elderly.,
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Question 3
Which route of water loss is considered sensible?
 a. UrineThis is the correct answer.
 b. Sweat
 c. Lungs
 Selected: d. All of these This answer is incorrect.

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Question 4
A condition where expansion of isotonic in the Extracellular Fluid compartment caused by the
abnormal retention of Na and water.
 Selected: a. Hypervolemia This answer is correct.
 b. Hypertension
 c. Hyperglycaemia
 d. Hypovolemia
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Question 5
Fluids move in different areas with the following mechanisms, EXCEPT:
 a. Filtration
 Selected: b. Evaporation This answer is correct.
 c. Diffusion
 d. Osmosis
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Question 6
The body of an adult person is composed of how much fluids?
 Selected: a. 70% This answer is incorrect.
 b. 80%
 c. 60%This is the correct answer.
 d. 40%
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Question 7
Which of the following describes magnesium electrolyte?
 a. It is an abundant intracellular cation.
 Selected: b. It is important in CHO & CHON metabolism. This answer is incorrect.
 c. Ensures Potassium and Sodium transport across the cell membrane.
 d. All of the above.This is the correct answer.
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Question 8
Patient diagnosed with hypochloremia was prescribed with a diet high in chloride. The nurse
includes the following food, EXCEPT:
 Selected: a. Distilled water This answer is correct.
 b. Dates
 c. Tomatoes
 d. Eggs
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Question 9
These are the signs and syptoms of hypovolemia, EXCEPT:
 Selected: a. Hypertension This answer is correct.
 b. Decreased skin turgor
 c. Orthostatic hypotension
 d. Concentrated urine
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Question 10
Isotonic IV fluid to be administered to a burn patient for fluid resuscitation.
 a. D5W
 b. 0.33 NaCl
 Selected: c. Lactated Ringer This answer is correct.
 d. Mannitol
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Question 11
A fluid that is found in between the cells and vascular space is called:
 Selected: a. Interstitial fluid This answer is correct.
 b. Intravascular fluid
 c. Transcellular fluid
 d. Intracellular fluid
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Question 12
Clinical manifestions of patient with hypovolemic shock?
 a. Diminished sensorium
 b. Decreased blood pressure
 c. Peripheral cyanosis
 Selected: d. All of the above This answer is correct.

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Question 13
The following are hormones that maintains fluids and electrolytes, EXCEPT:
 a. Antidiuretic hormone
 Selected: b. Calcitonin This answer is correct.
 c. Thyroid & Parathyroid hormone
 d. Aldosterone
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Question 14
The following are assessment findings of patient with hypervolemia, EXCEPT:
 Selected: a. Increased urine output This answer is incorrect.
 b. Distended jugular vein.
 c. HypotensionThis is the correct answer.
 d. Crackles & shortness of breath
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Question 15
Drug of choice for patient with severe hypomagnesemia.
 a. Captopril
 Selected: b. MgSO4 IV or IM This answer is correct.
 c. Magnesium Salt
 d. Diuretics

Assignment no. 2
I. Interpret the following ABG results in the provided column.
pH PCO2 HCO3 ABG Interpretation
 7.35-7.45 35-45 22-26
1. 7.25 49 22 Respiratory Acidosis Uncompensated
2 7.47 33 26 Respiratory Alkalosis Uncompensated
3 7.33 50 29 Respiratory Acidosis Partially Uncompensated
4 7.46 34 20 Respiratory Alkalosis Partially Uncompensated
5 7.36 46 27 Respiratory acidosis fully compensated
6 7.44 33 28 Respiratory alkalosis fully compensated
7 7.35 47 29 Respiratory Acidosis Fully Uncompensated
8 7.28 37 19 Metabolic Acidosis Uncompensated
9 7.49 47 28 Metabolic Alkalosis Partially Uncompensated
10 7.44 33 20 Respiratory Alkalosis Fully Uncompensated

2. A 45-year-old male patient was brought to ER by the Ambulance due to burn

from the explosion of gas in a restaurant. His weight is 55 kg. On assessment, the
nurse determines the affected body parts as follows: anterior thoracic cage, whole
of both upper extremities, and the anterior part of his left leg. Calculate the
following:
a. Percentage of Total Body Surface Area (TBSA) using the Rule of 9.
- According to the Rule of 9s, the calculated percentage of Total Body Surface Area
(TBSA) burned for this patient is 45%.

b. Calculate the total amount of fluids to be administered in the first 24 hours

after the injury (burn) using the Parkland Formula (4ml x weight (kg) x % of
TBSA).
• Requirement=4×55×0.45
• Total Fluid Requirement-99×0.45
• Total Fluid Requirement-44.55 L or 44,550 mL
- Therefore, according to the Parkland Formula, the total amount of fluids to be
administered in the first 24 hours after the burn injury is approximately 44,550 mL or
44.55 liters.

c. What IV fluid should be administered to the patient with severe burn (for
fluid resuscitation)?
- PLR (Lactated Ringers Solution)

3. Define briefly the following medical terms:

a. Isolation - separation for the period of communicability of infected persons from
others. (strict/ reverse) Quarantine
b. Immunization - Induction/ introduction of specific protective antibodies in a
susceptible person
c. Nosocomial infection - An infection whose development is favored by a hospital
environment
d. Fastigium - Peak of a disease process.
e. Defervescence - Period when the symptoms of the illness are declining.
f. Convalescence - state of progressive restoration to health and strength after the
cessation of disease
g. Virulence - is the degree of disease an organism has the potential to cause

4. What are the 7 stages of Infectious Disease. Explain each stage.

A. Incubation period - Once an infection has begun but prior to the occurrence of S/S
is the period of incubation
B. Prodromal period - time when S/S appear, but fullblown illness has not yet begun
C. Invasive - phase during which the typical S/S of the disease are apparent
D. Acme – peak of the S/S or disease
E. Decline - period during which S/S decrease as the infection is brought further under
control
F. Convalescence - time during which the host repairs the damage wrought by the
infection
G. Sequelae - inability of the body to fully repair the damage due to an infection can
result in sequelae which are persisting disease aftereffect

5. What are the two (2) types of Immunity? Briefly explain.

A. Natural - Non-specific present at birth
B. Acquired/Specific - Develops after birth and as a result of immunization or
contracting a disease.

References:
Libretexts. (2021, April 6). 12.2: Characteristics and Steps of Infectious Diseases. Biology
LibreTexts. https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/Manchester_Community_College_(MCC)/
Remix_of_Openstax
School, M. M. (2023, October 30). Burn Resuscitation Protocol - surgery. Surgery.
https://med.uth.edu/surgery/burn-resuscitation-protocol/