lab7

February 29, 2024

[54]: #Q1:

#i)

import math
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np

def H(n,x):
if(n<0):
return
if(n==0):
return 1
elif(n==1):
return 2*x
else:
return 2*x*H(n-1,x)-2*n*H(n-2,x)

fact= lambda x: math.factorial(x)

def wavefunc(n,x):
f=1/(math.sqrt(2**(n)*fact(n)*math.sqrt(math.pi)))*np.exp(-x**2/2)*H(n,x)
return f

x=np.linspace(-4,+4,100)

for i in range(4):
plt.plot(x,wavefunc(i,x))
plt.show()

[17]: # ii)
x=np.linspace(-10,+10,200)

plt.plot(x,wavefunc(30,x))
plt.show()

1
[56]: #iii)
import numpy as np
leg=np.polynomial.legendre

def Gaussian(f,a,b,n):

g=lambda t: (b-a)/2*f((b-a)/2*t+(a+b)/2)

s=np.zeros(n+1,dtype=int)
s[n]=1
rt=leg.legroots(s)
der=leg.legder(s)
po=leg.Legendre(der)
w=(2/(1-rt**2)*(po(rt))**(-2))

I=0
I=np.dot(g(rt),w)
return I

f=lambda x:x**4-2*x+1
Gaussian(f,0,2,3)

[56]: 4.4

[90]: inf=36
def Uncertainty(n):
f=lambda x:x**2*(wavefunc(n,x))**2
return np.sqrt(Gaussian(f,-inf,inf,100))

print(Uncertainty(5))
f=lambda x:x**2*(wavefunc(n,x))**2
x=np.linspace(-inf,inf,100)
plt.plot(x,f(x))
plt.show()

2.259622260452205

[87]: for inf in range(3,60):

print(inf,Uncertainty(5))

[5]: import numpy as np

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

def f(x):
"""Function to be differentiated."""
return 1 + (1 / 2) * np.tanh(2 * x)

2
def central_difference(f, x, h):
"""Calculates the derivative of f at x using the central difference formula.
,→"""

return (f(x + h) - f(x - h)) / (2 * h)

def forward_difference(f, x, h):

"""Calculates the derivative of f at x using the central difference formula.
,→"""

return (f(x + h) - f(x)) / h

def analytic_derivative(f):
"""Calculates the analytic derivative of f."""
# return 2 * np.exp(4 * x) / (np.exp(4 * x) + 1) ** 2
return 1 / (np.cosh(2 * x) ** 2)

# Define the range of x-values

x = np.linspace(-2, 2, 100)

# Calculate the numerical derivative using central difference

h = 0.001 # Step size
df_numerical = central_difference(f, x, h)
df_f = forward_difference(f, x, h)
# Calculate the analytic derivative
df_analytic = analytic_derivative(f)

'''
Explanation of the error comparison:
The plot shows that the approximation error of the forward difference is smaller␣
,→than

the central difference for smaller values of h.

This is because the central difference suffers from truncation error due
to neglecting higher-order terms in the Taylor series expansion.
However, as h increases, the forward difference also accumulates error,
eventually exceeding the central difference error.
The exact point where the errors cross over depends on
the specific function and the desired level of accuracy.
'''

# Plot the results

plt.figure(figsize=(10, 6))
plt.plot(x, df_analytic, label="Analytic derivative")
plt.plot(x, df_numerical, 'o', label="Numerical derivative (central difference)")
plt.plot(x, df_f,'x', label="Analytic derivative")
plt.xlabel("x")
plt.ylabel("f'(x)")

3
 plt.title("f(x) = 1 + (1/2)*tanh(2x)")
plt.legend()
plt.grid(True)
plt.show()

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