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RS485 and RS232 are widely used serial interface standards for communications in
embedded systems, industrial automation and other applications requiring simple
point-to-point or multi-drop connectivity.
While both RS485 and RS232 transmit data serially over twisted pair cabling, there
are important distinctions between the two interfaces in regards to capabilities,
performance and use cases.
RS485 Overview
RS485 uses differential balanced transmission and receipt of voltages to enable noise
immunity and reliable communication in noisy environments. It can be implemented
using simple transceiver chips that convert the single-ended logic levels found on
most digital devices to differential signals on the transmission medium.
Now let’s look at some of the technical details behind RS485 and how it supports
multi-drop networking.
RS485 signals are carried over a twisted pair of wires to achieve data transmission
and receipt. One wire carries the differential bus signal labeled A (+), while the other
wire carries the inverted bus signal labeled B (-):
By transmitting signals differentially over the two wires, noise and other
common-mode interference gets cancelled out at the receiver. This enhances noise
immunity significantly compared to single-ended interfaces.
The driver sends logic 0 by driving A low and B high. Logic 1 is indicated by driving
A high and B low. Receivers determine the logic value based on comparing the
differential voltage A – V
RS485 transceiver chips handle the conversion between single-ended logic levels and
the differential signaling. They also manage the bus transmissions.
Multidrop Support
A major advantage of RS485 is the ability to connect multiple nodes (up to 32) on the
same twisted pair through multi-drop bus connections:
The transmitters use tri-state outputs to enable multiple driver connections to the
shared bus pair. Only one driver is active during a transmission, while all others are in
a high impedance (Hi-Z) state.
This allows all nodes to share access to the same transmission medium. Slave nodes
filter out messages not addressed to them based on higher protocol layers.
This renders the interface much less susceptible to common mode noise events
like ESD strikes, ground shifts and electromagnetic interference. Both wires are
affected approximately equally, so the differential voltage remains steady.
RS232 Overview
While RS232 has been mostly superseded by USB for computer peripherals, it
remains popular for simple low speed serial connections over shorter distances.
However, noise immunity and maximum distance are both significantly less than
differential signaling standards like RS485.
Now let’s take a closer look at the electrical interface used in RS232.
Unlike RS485 which uses differential pairs, RS232 is a single-ended interface with
different voltage levels used to signify logic high versus logic low bits.
The diagram below illustrates RS232 voltage levels specified at the driver:
Point-to-Point Topology
Unlike RS485 which enables multi-drop networks, RS232 is designed for simple
point-to-point communication between two devices:<img
src=”https://drive.google.com/uc?export=view&id=1R7vwcSy38l6GzJv-6xdoZnp_L
UOW2jpQ” alt=”RS232 point-to-point” width=”350″>
There is one dedicated transmitter and receiver on each end. No concept of bus
sharing or collision detection is required. This makes RS232 unsuitable for multi-node
topologies.
Thus RS232 is only appropriate for relatively low throughput applications over
shorter cable runs. More demanding applications require RS422, RS485 or other
interfaces.
Now that we’ve covered the key characteristics of both RS485 and RS232, let’s
summarize some of the key differences between them:
As the comparison shows, RS485 provides substantial advantages for high noise
environments and applications needing to span longer distances or support multiple
node connections.
The only advantage of RS232 is minimal component count for very simple
point-to-point links. For all other applications, RS485 is generally preferable.
To better understand the optimal use cases for each standard, let’s look at some
real-world examples of RS485 vs RS232 interfaces in practice:
Robotics: Connecting controller area network (CAN) or other serial buses between
multiple servos, actuators and sensors in a robotics system using RS485’s multi-drop
capability.
SCADA Systems: Implementing connections between field devices like RTUs and
master controllers in utilities and other SCADA applications usingRS485 for long
range communication.
CNC Machines: Some CNC systems use RS232 for basic serial communication
between drives, controllers and tactile feedback devices over short distances in
electromagnetically noisy environments.
Conclusion
In summary, RS485 and RS232 represent two serial interface standards optimized for
different applications:
RS485 provides robust noise immunity and multi-drop connectivity ideal for
industrial data links spanning long distances
RS232 offers simple point-to-point communication over shorter ranges in less
noisy environments
Engineers should consider parameters like data throughput needs, cable runs, number
of nodes, and interference sources when selecting between RS485 vs RS232 during
the design process.
For the majority of industrial, building and automation use cases where multiple node
connections are needed, RS485 is the superior choice. RS232 remains suitable for
basic legacy systems with minimal length and data rate requirements.
Here are some frequently asked questions regarding comparing RS485 and RS232
serial interfaces:
A: Yes, with a protocol and electrical level converter that can translate between the
different voltages and data formats. Native interoperation is not possible.
A: Both typically use shielded twisted pair cabling, though RS485 is also robust over
unshielded twisted pair. Coaxial cable can be used for RS232.
A: RS485 is half duplex, so data can only flow in one direction at a given time.
RS232 supports full duplex communication.
A: Slew rate limits how fast voltage levels can change. RS485 handles faster slew
rates which helps enable higher data rates.
A: Up to 32 unit loads can be supported depending on power budget and data rate
needs. More devices require repeaters.
Related Posts:
https://www.raypcb.com/rs485-vs-rs232/