AGRICULTURE FEDERALISM: EXTENSION APPROACH AND

METHODS
(Group mobilization)

By the end of 90 minutes 99 % participants are expected to be

able to: Binod Ghimire
-Understand basic concepts and development pattern in Chief, Senior Agriculture Economist
agriculture extension ABPSTC, Khajura, Banke
-Learn some approach, models and way forward
Agriculture Extension and Group approach
• Agriculture extension is the process of providing the information about new or improved
technologies to farmers to enable them to improve their farming.
• Agricultural extension is the application of scientific research and new knowledge to agricultural
practices through farmer education
• Agriculture Extension system plays an important role in increased farm production and
productivity, and enhanced farm income and livelihood of farm families.
• Two way communication
• Help people to help themselves
• Learning by doing
• Seeing is believing
• Selling of ideas
• Extension education is more than propaganda, advertisement and publicity
• Continuous education process
• Decision making process
• Leadership skills (Working through leaders/working with leaders)
 Diffusion Dissemination Adoption

The passive, untargeted Active spread of new practice to Process of utilization, integration
and unplanned spread target audience using planned and use of new idea within a
of new idea strategies. setting. Decision to make full use
Informal Usually attracts early adopters. of innovation/idea
When majority of When individual takes up
people practice it.

Let it happen Help it happen Make it happen

Development concept of Agriculture extension
Extension System

Research User
System System
(NARC) (Farmers)

Extension System
Institutional Partners: Pluralistic Extension

Federal
level
NGOs and
NARC INGOs

Private sectors
Education
Institutes Private Farms,
Agriculture Agrovets
Extension

Provincial
Media levels

Farmers
Local
Group/coops/
level
CBOs
Poverty Sustainability
Agriculture Extension: Historical Perspective
Major changes in the agriculture extension
Before Federalization
After Federalization
Extension Approaches In past
• Conventional Approach
• Training and Visit (T & V)
• Integrated Rural Development Project (IRDP)
• The Tuki System
• Farming System Research and Extension (FSRE)
• Block Production Program
Extension Approaches at present
• Farmer Group Approach
• Pocket Package Program
• Projectization Approach
• Commodity approach
• Farmer Field School (FFS)
• Public Private Partnership
• Systems Thinking
• Nongovernmental Organization (NGO)
Reforms need in extension system in Federalism

Structural reform
Economic reform
Federal
Procedural reform
Behavioral reform
Provincial
Policy reform
Managerial reform Local
 Tools and methods Extension approach
1. Work plans selection criteria
2. Field visit 1. Geography/coverage
3. Participants meeting (Participatory monitoring) 2. Number of farming households
4. Stakeholder meeting 3. Education level
5. Formal Surveys, Questionnaires, interviews 4. Urgency and time factor
6. Tests and reviews 5. Cost and available resources
7. Official data base, software and programs 6. Institutional Capacity
8. Annual report 7. Capacity of extension workers
9. Beneficiary assessment 8. Commodity
10. Outcome report 9. Types of program
11. Observations 10. Expected outcomes
12. Mapping
13. KIS, KII, TIA
14. FGD
15. PRA, RRA, SWOT Matrix
16. Mapping and diagram
17. Log frame
 E-extension in Agriculture
E-extension is an approach to agricultural
knowledge extension through electronic
technologies where online platforms such as
websites, mobile applications and social media are
used
• Low cost
• High effectiveness
• Mass coverage
• Linkage to advanced world
• Threats of affordability, reliability and user-
friendliness
Group/Community mobilization Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
 Community mobilization is an attempt to
bring both human and non-human
resources together to undertake
developmental activities in order to achieve
sustainable development.
 It let the communities reach a sustainable
solution to their problem.
 Creating a community profile is the
first step
 Working group analysis
Rogers' five types of adopters
Group conflict
The Ringelmann effect
The Ringelmann effect, or
Social loafing in psychology
refers to the phenomenon where
individuals exert less effort in a
group task than when working
alone, often due to perceived
reduced accountability and shared
responsibility (thus reducing
individual productivity).
French agricultural engineer
Max Ringelmann while
studying Agr. Worker group
performance
Rope pulling experiment
 Free rider effect
 Sucking effect
समूह सहकारी पररचालन • द्धन्द ब्यवस्थापन
• सामूहहक हहत
• सामूहहक सौदाबाजी
• समन्वय र सहकायय
Group conflict Management Process

Conflict resolution technique

Avoiding
Accommodating
Competing (Win-loss)
Compromising (Loss-Loss)
Collaborating (Win-Win)

Convince Motivate Inspire

Conflict management is the
process by which disputes are
resolved, where negative results
are minimized and positive
results are prioritized.
WAY FORWARD
• Improve coordination & cooperation between three tiers of government
• Linking research and education with extension system
• Reorientation of agriculture extension services
• Shifting of extension priority
• Inclusive commercialization
• M&E System
• Accelerated agriculture growth
 “Push-Pull Approach”
Technology push and market pull Mechanism
The “market pull” approach attempts to provide products that the market demands.
The “technology push” approach attempts to derive interest of the market in new products based on new
solutions.
 M&E
System

M&E
M&E M&E
Manageme
Framework Schedule
nt

Work Plan
Log-frame RBMS & Monitoring Progress
MIS & Decision
matrix RIMS Plan Reporting
making

 Integrated approach  Use of simple formats and tools

 Decentralized data collection  Validate with studies and surveys
 Result based monitoring  Top down & bottom up
 Participatory approach  Linked with knowledge management

Purpose System includes,

• Increase effectiveness
• Increase accountability and transparency M&E Framework
• The overall goal is to facilitate the tracking of M&E Management
• progress and effectiveness of service delivery
• identify implementation challenges associated with the plan M&E Schedule
Source: National monitoring and evaluation guideline, 2013
Coordination
• Coordination should always starts from me.
• Coordination is a basic responsibility of management.
• Proper order of relationship.

Techniques of coordination
 Coordination-from-Planning
 Coordination-by-committee
 Coordination-through-chain of command
 Coordination-within-responsibilities
 Coordination-for-common goal
 Coordination-under-departments
 Coordination-via-communication

Balancing Timing Integrating

I expect your best extension
services for farmers from
your work place.

Thank you for your patience!