Introduction

¢ A stack is a last in first out (LIFO) type linear data structure.

¢ Items can only be inserted from the top and removed from the top
¢ Two of the more important stack operations involve pushing data onto a stack and popping data off the stack.

Stack of Books

Push and Pop Operations

Contrasted with the Queue Data Structure

The Stack

¢ Its uses span the spectrum from reversing items to depth-first searches in artificial intelligence applications to
keeping track of function calls
¢ It can be implemented using either a linked list or a one-dimensional array.
¢ The following code implements a stack using a linked list
¢ Note that it currently only accepts integers. A more useful stack could be created by using a templated class
(remember templated functions?)

Code

//This program implements a stack using a linked list. Note that a stack can also be implemented
using an array

#include "stdafx.h"

#include<iostream>

using namespace std;

struct node

int data;

struct node *next;

};
class stack

private:

struct node *top;

public:

stack() // constructor

top=NULL;

void push(); // to insert an element

void pop(); // to delete an element

void show(); // to show the stack

};

// PUSH Operation

void stack::push()

int value;

struct node *ptr;

cout<<"\nPUSH Operation\n";

cout<<"Enter a number to insert: ";

cin>>value;

ptr=new node;
 ptr->data=value;

ptr->next=NULL;

if(top!=NULL)

ptr->next=top;

top=ptr;

cout<<"\nNew item is inserted to the stack.";

// POP Operation

void stack::pop()

struct node *temp;

if(top==NULL)

cout<<"\nThe stack is empty!";

return;

temp=top;

top=top->next;

cout<<"\nPOP Operation........\nPoped value is "<<temp->data;

delete temp;

}
// Show stack

void stack::show()

struct node *ptr1=top;

cout<<"\nThe stack is: ";

while(ptr1!=NULL)

cout<<ptr1->data<<" ->";

ptr1=ptr1->next;

cout<<"NULL\n";

// Main function

int main()

stack s;

int choice;

while(1)

cout<<"\n-----------------------------------------------------------";

cout<<"\n\t\tSTACK USING LINKED LIST\n\n";

 cout<<"1:PUSH, 2:POP, 3:DISPLAY STACK, 4:EXIT";

cout<<"\nEnter your choice(1-4): ";

cin>>choice;

switch(choice)

case 1:

s.push();

break;

case 2:

s.pop();

break;

case 3:

s.show();

break;

case 4:

exit(0);

break;

default:

cout<<"Please enter correct choice(1-4)!";

break;

return 0;
}

Using The Stack Class

#include "stdafx.h"

#include <iostream>

#include <stack>
#include <string>

using namespace std;

int main()

stack<string> allwords; // stack of all words

string word; // input buffer for words.

// read words/tokens from input stream

for (int i = 1; i<4; i++)

cout <<"Please ente a word"<<endl;

cin>>word;

allwords.push(word);

cout << "Number of words = " << allwords.size() << endl;

// write out all the numbers in reverse order.

while (!allwords.empty())

{
 cout << allwords.top() << endl;

allwords.pop(); // remove top element

return 0;

Member Functions

Returns a reference to the last and most recently added

back
element at the back of the stack.
empty Tests if the stack is empty
Returns a reference to the first element at the front of the
front
queue
pop Removes an element from the front of the stack
push Adds an element to the back of the stack
size Returns the size of the stack