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3.3 chopped strands, n—strands, as defined in 3.10, 6. Materials and Manufacture
chopped to discrete lengths, usually between 3 and 50 mm 6.1 The materials and manufacturing methods used shall be
[0.125 and 2 in.]. such that the fibers produced conform to the requirements in
3.4 filament, n—a single glass fiber, sometimes referred to this specification.
as monofilament.
3.5 GFRC, n—glass fiber-reinforced concrete, sometimes 7. Chemical Composition
referred to as GRC. 7.1 Alkali resistant glass fiber shall have a minimum of
3.6 matrix, n—the concrete (or mortar) without the glass 16 % by mass of zirconium dioxide.
fiber reinforcement.
3.7 roving, n—a number of parallel, continuous, not twisted, 8. Mechanical Properties
strands wound together to form a cylindrical package. 8.1 The AR glass fiber roving or chopped strands shall be
3.8 scrim or net, n—glass fiber roving or yarn strands laid in deemed to comply with the requirements of this specification if
two directions at 90° and then bonded together to form a the results obtained on test samples comply with the values
non-woven stable structured textile fabric. specified in Table 1.
3.9 size, n—coatings applied to filaments during manufac-
ture that facilitate the processing of glass fibers and bond the 9. Performance Requirements
filaments together. Different sizings can provide different
9.1 The strength of AR glass fiber shall be measured
performance characteristics of the fibers.
according to EN 14649.
3.10 strand, n—several parallel filaments of consistent di-
9.2 Users of AR glass fibers shall require that manufacturers
ameter, bonded together with a size.
of AR glass fiber show independent validation of performance
3.11 tex, n—the weight in grams of one kilometre of strand
in the SIC test.
or roving.
3.12 woven roving, n—glass fiber roving products that are 10. Workmanship, Finish, and Appearance
produced by weaving into a structured textile fabric.
10.1 The roving, chopped strands, or textiles shall be free
3.13 yarn, n—glass fiber strands that are twisted together.
from oil, grease, and other contaminants. A roving package
shall be free from obvious damage and shall not be deformed
4. Classification
4.1 AR glass fibers are available in three forms as follows: 11. Inspection
4.1.1 Type I, Roving—a variety of different roving are 11.1 Unless otherwise specified in the purchase order or
manufactured with different processing characteristics, which contract, the manufacturer is responsible for the performance
makes them suitable for particular applications such as chop- of all inspection and test requirements specified herein. Except
ping and spraying, weaving and scrim manufacture, filament as otherwise specified in the purchased order or contract, the
winding, and chopped strand production. manufacturer may use his own or any other suitable facility for
4.1.2 Type II, Chopped Strands—available in lengths from 3
mm [0.125 in.] to 50 mm [2.0 in.]. Chopped strands are
designed to remain either as integral bundles of filaments TABLE 1 Test Requirements
(usually referred to as integral strands) or to breakdown into Property Specification Value Method of Test
individual filaments (filamentize) during mixing (usually re- Zirconia content 16 % min X-ray fluorescenceA
ferred to as water dispersible strands). (ZrO2)
Density 2.68 6 0.3 g/cm3 ASTM D 3800
4.1.3 Type III, Textiles—Available as woven, knitted, or [167.0 6 19 lb/ft3]
non-woven fabrics. Tensile Strength 1.0–1.7 Gpa ASTM D 2256,
[145 3 103–246 3 103 psi] ISO 3341,
JISR 3420
5. Ordering Information Range of 8–30 µm ASTM D 578,
Filament Diameters [313 10-5-118 3 10-5 in.] ISO 1888,
5.1 It shall be the responsibility of the purchaser to specify JISR 3420
all requirements that are necessary for the product under this Roving tex 610 % of ASTM D 1577,
specification. Such requirements to be considered include, but manufacturer’s nominal ISO 1889,
JISR 3420
are not limited to, the following: Strand length 63 mm [60.118 in.] Caliper—Average
5.1.1 ASTM designation and year of issue. of manufacturer’s nominal of 20 measurements
5.1.2 Quantity in kilograms [pounds or tons] for rovings or End count 620 % of Physical count
manufacturer’s nominal
chopped strands or in square metres [square feet or square Loss on ignition <3 % ASTM D 4963,
yards] for textiles. ISO 1887,
5.1.3 Type or types permissible (see 4.1). JISR 3420
Strength retention Minimum value after 96 6 1 h EN 14649
5.1.4 Manufacturer’s product code, if not included in code, in water at 80 61°C [176 6 2 °F]
tex shall be specified for roving, length shall be specified for $250 MPa [36 250 psi]
for water dispersible strands
chopped strands, and weight/unit area or number of strands/ $350 MPa [50 750 psi]
unit length shall be specified for textiles. for integral strands
5.1.5 Whether certificate of analysis by the manufacturer is A
Any party that is interested in doing this test should contact an AR glass fiber
required. manufacturer before running it so as to avoid possible erroneous results.
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C 1666/C 1666M – 08
the performance of the inspection and test requirements speci- tured, sampled, tested, and inspected in accordance with this
fied herein unless disapproved by the purchaser. The purchaser specification (including year of issue) and any other require-
shall have the right to perform any of the inspections and tests ments stated in the purchase order or contract, and that it meets
set forth in this specification where such inspections are such requirements.
deemed necessary to ensure that material conforms to pre- 13.2 Test Reports—When specified in the purchase order or
scribed requirements. contract, test reports shall be furnished to the purchaser
containing the results of all tests required by this specification
12. Rejection and Rehearing (including year of issue), and any other requirements desig-
12.1 Rejection: nated in the purchase order or contract.
12.1.1 If any test fails to conform to the requirements of 13.3 A signature or notarization is not required; however,
this specification, it shall be cause for rejection of the material the document shall clearly identify the organization submitting
represented by the test. Material that is found to be defective the document. Notwithstanding the absence of a signature, the
subsequent to its acceptance at the manufacturer’s works may organization submitting the document is responsible for its
be rejected, and manufacturer notified. content.
12.1.2 Rejection of fibers shall be reported to the manufac-
turer promptly and in writing, stating the lot number from the 14. Packaging and Package Marking
bag or the box of the rejected fibers. Samples representing 14.1 The product shall be packaged to provide adequate
fibers rejected by the purchaser shall be preserved until protection during normal handling and transportation. The type
disposition of the claim has been agreed to between the of packaging and gross mass (weight) of containers shall,
supplier and the purchaser. unless otherwise agreed upon, be at the manufacturer’s discre-
12.2 Rehearing—When any test fails to meet the require- tion provided that they are such as to ensure acceptance by
ments of Table 1, a retest shall be allowed. This retest shall be common or other carriers for safe transportation at the lowest
performed on twice the number of randomly selected speci- rate to the delivery point.
mens originally tested. The results of the retest shall meet the 14.2 Each shipping container shall be clearly labeled and
requirements of this specification or the lot shall be rejected. show manufacturer’s name or trademark, product code, lot
number or manufacturing code, and net mass (weight). At the
13. Certification manufacturer’s discretion other information may be given.
13.1 Certificate of Compliance/Analysis—The producer or
supplier shall furnish a certificate of compliance/analysis when 15. Keywords
specified in the purchase order or contract. The certificate of 15.1 AR glass fibers; GFRC; glass fiber-reinforced con-
compliance/analysis shall state that the product was manufac- crete; glass fiber-reinforced concrete premix; SIC test; zirconia
APPENDIX
(Nonmandatory Information)
X1.1 The minimum zirconia content of 16 % was estab- after a certain amount of time depending on exposure condi-
lished by testing of a wide range of glass formulations that tions and there is no further reduction (2). The reduction in
contained several different contents of zirconia (1, 2).6 Also strength of high fiber content glass fiber reinforced concrete
several other compounds, such as TiO2, were also evaluated (GFRC) is well documented and has been understood since the
and discounted as being inferior to zirconia in conferring alkali introduction of GFRC in 1970 (2). The Precast/Prestressed
resistance (1, 2). Concrete Institute (PCI) has developed a design procedure that
takes full account of any changes in strength and it is
X1.2 Although glass fibers with a minimum content of recommended that those using GFRC should consult the PCI
16 % zirconia content demonstrate good resistance to alkali manual (4). The design procedure is incorporated in the GFRC
attack, some loss in flexural strength may occur in glass fiber section in the International Building Code. The use of poz-
reinforced concrete composites with high fiber content, in the zolans, such as silica fume, metakaolin, Class C and F fly ash,
range of 3 to 5 % (mass %). Composites with fiber contents and pulverized borosilicate glass (usually referred to as E
less than 3 % do not exhibit much change in flexural strength
glass), when incorporated in sufficient quantity can have
with time (3). The flexural strength reduction always stabilizes
beneficial effects on long-term properties of GFRC (2). AR
glass fiber manufacturers should be consulted about the use of
6
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to a list of references at the end of pozzolans in GFRC. Special cements and supplementary ce-
this standard. menting materials (SCMs) that consume the free lime in
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C 1666/C 1666M – 08
Portland cement, such as calcium sulpho-aluminate cements, has started to crack thereby providing higher flexural strength.
and slag have excellent long-term properties when reinforced Calcium hydroxide (Portlandite) is crystallized from the free
with AR glass fibers (5). lime in the Portland cement and some of these crystals may
form within the fiber bundles. The effect of this is to reduce the
X1.3 AR Glass fiber strands are not single fibers but are capacity for fiber pull out, which in turn reduces the strain at
bundles of very fine filaments. The good flexural strength that failure and the resultant flexural strength. Pozzolans, SCM’s
is attained by GFRC composites (in excess of 17 Mpa [2,500 and special cements should provide improved long-term struc-
psi]) is possible because approaching the stress limit the fiber tural properties by preventing, or reducing, the crystallization
bundles exhibit pull out of some of the filaments. This allows of Portlandite by consuming the free lime before it can form
the composite to strain and carry further load after the concrete into Portlandite.
REFERENCES
(1) Majumdar A.J. and Laws V., “Glass Fibre Reinforced Cement” by GRC2005, Hong Kong, 14th – 16th November 2005, paper 3, p. 17.
Oxford BSP Professional Books, Chapter 1, 1991, pp.1–25. (4) PCI Manual 128 Fourth Edition, “Recommended Practice for Glass
(2) Proctor B.A., “The development technology of AR fibres for cement Fiber Reinforced Concrete Panels”, Precast/Prestressed Concrete In-
reinforcement,” in Proc. Symp. On Durability of Glass Fibre Rein- stitute, Chicago, IL, 2001.
forced Concrete, Chicago, November 1985, Prestressed Concrete (5) Harmon T., Molloy H., and Jones J., “Glass Fiber Reinforced Concrete
Institute, 1986 p.64. with Improved Ductility and Long Term Properties,” Thin Reinforced
(3) Peter I.D., “Sprayed Premix, the New GRC,” Proc. GRCA Congress Concrete Products and Systems, ACI SP 146, 1994, pp. 79-90.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
(1) Peaston C., and Cather, R., “Properties and Service Life Prediction (2) Purnell P. “A Positive Look At GRC Durability,” Proc. GRCA
of Cem-FIL GRC Cladding after more than 25 years of Service,” Congress GRC2003, Barcelona, Spain, 6th-8th October 2003, paper
Proc. GRCA Congress GRC2003, Barcelona, Spain, 6th -8th 22.
October 2003, paper 18.
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Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Thu Apr 16 15:47:21 EDT 2009
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