PAF DOCTRINE DEVELOPMENT
 Provides common language and frame of reference
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
SIGNIFICANT MILESTONES IN PAF DOCTRINES DEVELOPMENT
1995 – Republic Act 7898 (AFP Modernization Law) in 1995 was
enacted which included Doctrines Development as
one of the pillars of AFP Modernization
st
30 May 2000 – The PAF Air Power Manual (1 Edition) was
promulgated as a basic reference in the development
and review of doctrines in the PAF. Crafted by the
Office of Special Studies, it is a body of knowledge on
air power that provides a common frame of reference
on the best way to employ PAF forces.
03 July 2001 - SOP Nr 3 HPAF was published to set guidelines
and procedures in the formulation of PAF doctrines
with the Office of Special Studies (OSS) as the
implementing arm and in coordination with OA-8.
16 January 2002 - Air Power Institute (API) was activated under
the command and control of the Commander, AETC
with the mandate of developing PAF doctrines for the
advancement of air power.
19 May 2005 – By virtue of GO Number 186 HPAF, API was placed
under the command and control of the CG, PAF with
the A-5 to take functional supervision. The API
Management Committee was created to develop
action plan to empower API as the PAF Doctrines
Centre.
2010 – PAFM 1-0 PAF Basic Doctrine series of 2010 was
promulgated.
11 May 2016 – PAFM 8-02 PAF Doctrine Development Manual
series of 2016 was promulgated to establish the
policies, procedures, and guidelines in the
development of PAF Manuals.
25 Aug 2016 – AETC was re-designated as Air Education,
Training and Doctrine Command (AETDC) and
subsequently placed API under the command and
control of the Commander, AETDC (GO Nr 298 HPAF).
23 May 2018 – API was renamed into Air Warfare Centre in
which two new departments were added: Knowledge
Management Department (KMD) and Wargaming
and Simulation Department (WGSD).
26 Sep 2020 – PAFM 1-0 PAF Basic Doctrine series of 2020 was
promulgated to offer the PAF a stable yet flexible
guidance on the application of Air Forces as shaped
by the changing strategic environment.
04 Sep 2021 – PAFM 8-02 PAF Doctrine Development Manual
series of 2021 was promulgated to establish the new
policies, procedures, and guidelines in the
development of PAF Manuals.
“Be still before the LORD and wait patiently for him; fret not yourself over the one who proposes in his way, over the man who
carries out evil devices!” – Psalm 37:7
WHY LEARN DOCTRINE?
for discussion
• Essential for communication
 How best to organize and employ airpower:
operational suitability
 Impacts emerging / future capabilities
 Provides consistent and “teachable” approach to
warfighting: first step to “think outside the box”
 Guides how to organize, present, deploy and employ.
Doctrine and Policy. Doctrine and policy are closely related,
but they fundamentally fill separate requirements. Policy can
direct, assign tasks, prescribe desired capabilities, and provide
guidance to ensure that the AFP is prepared to perform its
assigned roles.
Implicitly, policy can, therefore, create new roles and
requirements for new capabilities. Conversely, doctrine
enhances the operational effectiveness of the AFP by
providing authoritative guidance and standardized
terminologies on topics relevant to the employment of military
forces.
Doctrine and Strategy. AFP doctrine provides guidance for
unified action in the employment of AFP military power. As
such, it is closely linked with the development of National
Military Strategy.
In general terms, AFP doctrine establishes a link
between the “ends” (what must be accomplished) and the
“means” (capabilities) by providing the “ways” (how) for joint
forces to accomplish military strategic and operational
objectives in support of national strategic objectives. AFP
doctrine also provides information to senior civilian leaders
who are responsible for the development of national security
strategy based on the core competencies, capabilities, and
limitations of military forces.
WHAT IS DOCTRINE?
DOCTRINE is the fundamental principles by which the military
forces guide their actions in support of objectives. It is
authoritative but requires judgement in application.’
• promotes a common perspective from which to plan,
train and conduct operations and represents what is
taught, believed and advocated as best practice.
• provides insights gained from lessons learned and
employing the military instrument of power on
operations and exercises to achieve Alliance objectives.
• allied joint doctrine provides a common framework to
help commanders and their staffs think, plan and
operate.
• focuses on the operational level, it also has utility at the
strategic and tactical levels.
DOCTRINE is ‘the body of thought on the nature, role and
conduct of armed conflict. This body of thought contains,
among other things, the fundamental principles by which
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military forces guide their actions in support of national DOCTRINE AND CONCEPTS
objectives’. -Doctrine and Training Series Australian Defense Doctrine Publication 7.0

Doctrine is a body of carefully developed, sanctioned ideas

which has been officially approved or ratified corporately, and
not dictated by any one individual. Doctrine establishes a
common frame of reference including intellectual tools that
commanders use to solve military problems. It is what we
believe to be true about the best way to do things based on
the evidence to date. -A Primer on Doctrine-Curtis E. Lemay Center for
Doctrine Development and Education

HIERARCHY OF MILITARY DOCTRINES

“…fundamental principles…”
CAPSTONE - Serves as a reference or authority for all other
A body of carefully developed, sanctioned ideas which
doctrines. Fundamental principles that guide the action of
has been officially approved or ratified corporately, and not
military forces or elements in support of national objectives
dictated by any one individual. It establishes a common frame
KEYSTONE - Provides guidance on the specialized activities in
of reference including intellectual tools that commanders use
the field of personnel; intelligence; operations; logistics; plans;
to solve military problems. It is what we believe to be true
CEIS; CMO; education and training; RRA; and resource
about the best way to do things based on the evidence to
management.
date.
SUPPORT DOCTRINES OR SUB-PUBLICATIONS - Publications
“…military forces…”
that provide supporting or expanded doctrine to keystone.
For the purposes of Air Force doctrine, this includes all
Airmen, both uniformed and Air Force civilians. These
constitute the uniformed warfighters, their commanders, and
the capabilities and support that the Air Force employs. They
operate across the competition continuum and can be task-
organized into the “right force” for any particular joint
operation.
“…in support of national objectives…”
Military forces conduct operations in order to support
objectives that create continuing advantages for our nation.
“…guide their actions… official advice… judgment…”
SOURCES OF DOCTRINES
It is a guide to action, not a set of fixed rules; it
recommends but does not mandate, particular courses of  History and Lessons Learned
action. Air Force doctrine describes and guides the proper use  Environment and Threat Assessment
of air power in military operations to achieve the Joint Force  Technology
Commander’s (JFC’s) objectives. It is what we have come to  Strategy/Joint and Combined Concepts
understand, based on our experience to date. The Air Force  Techniques, Tactics and Procedures
promulgates and teaches its doctrine as a common frame of  Resources and Organizations
reference on the best way to prepare and employ Air Force  People and Government Policies
forces as part of a joint force.
-A Primer on Doctrine-Curtis E. Lemay Center for Doctrine HISTORY and LESSONS LEARNED
Development and Education “Those who do not learn the lessons of the past are
condemned to repeat them.” -George Santayana
POLICY, STRATEGY AND DOCTRINE “Lessons of history hold value to challenges of tomorrow.”
Policy -is guidance that is directive or instructive, stating what -Doctrine Writing Handbook

is to be accomplished.
Strategy -defines how operations are to be conducted to
accomplish national policy objectives.
Doctrine -presents codified best practices on how to
accomplish military goals and objectives.

*It is important to understand their differences.

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“Be still before the LORD and wait patiently for him; fret not yourself over the one who proposes in his way, over the man who
carries out evil devices!” – Psalm 37:7
Environment and Threat
“PEACE and STABILITY in our country” Techniques, Tactics and Procedures (TTPs)
TACTICS – the arranging or maneuvering of forces in
contact, or near contact, with the enemy.
TECHNIQUES – physical manner in which a tactic,
maneuver, manipulation and other action is carried out.
PROCEDURES - a series of standardized steps.
RESOURCES and ORGANIZATION
Optimizing the available RESOURCES and CAPABILITIES of
the available military units.

Technology
Doctrines are sufficiently broad and forward looking to
accommodate major technological opportunities…

PEOPLE and GOVERNMENT POLICIES

RELEVANCE of DOCTRINE in the AFP

 Prescribes fundamental principles that guide the
employment of the AFP coordinated toward the common
objective;
 Espouses jointness and enhances the operational
STRATEGY and JOINT CONCEPTS
effectiveness of the AFP;
 Binds all Major Services’ Commanders, UC
Commanders, JTF Commanders, and Components
Commanders;
 Standardizes terminologies, training, relationships,
responsibilities and processes;
 Based on existing capabilities to include current force
structure and materiel;
 Provides fundamental guidelines in the employment
of coordinated actions towards an objective;
 Enhances the operational effectiveness of AFP
forces;
 Provides focus for mission and task development
executed at the tactical level of war;
 Guides proper organization and employment;
 Describes proper employment of specific assets;
and
 Provides best ways to organize, plan, support and
fight with Air Power.
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“Be still before the LORD and wait patiently for him; fret not yourself over the one who proposes in his way, over the man who
carries out evil devices!” – Psalm 37:7
M.I.L.I.T.A.R.Y. D.O.C.T.R.I.N.E.
- “the backbone of military operations”
- Doctrine prepares us for future uncertainties and
provides a common set of understandings on which Airmen
base their decisions. 2. Research
PAF DOCTRINE DEVELOPMENT PROCESS
Revised PAF Doctrine Development Manual S-2021
 Promulgated on 04 Sep 2021.
 This Manual was formulated to organize and
standardize doctrine development processes to serve
as guide for doctrine writers, PAF units and offices
concerned with doctrine development, and all PAF
units in the methodical development of PAF doctrine
Manuals.
 Aims to enhance the capability for PAF doctrine
development and to provide PAF operations with 3.
relevant and responsive doctrines.
PAF DOCTRINE DEVELOPMENT PROCESS
4.
Divided into 7 phases
Composed of 14 stages
Timeline of 12 months and 2 weeks
1. Planning and Initiation – Collaboration among the
Proponent’s units/ offices, AWC, AETDC and OA-8.
 Identify Doctrine for Development – The
proponent shall identify and formulate the doctrine
projects needed by certain PAF Units/Offices
5.
 Review and Validation of Doctrine Proposal
(DP) – AWC will facilitate the deliberation of DP and
Recommendation for Changes.
 Deliberation and Approval of DP/
Recommendation for Changes – The committee that
will validate and approve DP and review the proposed
doctrine is the PAFDB ExeCom.
and Development – The PAF Doctrine
Development Manual ensures that the Manuals are well-
researched and developed.
 Formulation of Draft – The designated Project
Management Team (PMT)/ Doctrine Writers (DW) in
coordination with the proponent, shall formulate the
draft based on the approved DP.
 Proponent and Panel of Expert Test,
Evaluation and Validation (TEV) – The proponent
units/offices shall facilitate the conduct of Test,
Evaluation, and Validation.
Test, Evaluation, and Validation – This phase requires a
careful and detailed analysis to ensure that the
proposed PAF Doctrine Manuals are tested and
evaluated.
 Wargaming and Simulation TEV – The newly
added Wargaming and Simulations Department is
solely responsible to conduct testing on Doctrine
Manuals through scenario based simulations to test
their applicability and validity in as close to field
conditions as can be created.
 AWC Deliberation Board – Responsible for
checking the format and completeness of any
submitted PCD in accordance with the approved
Template for the PAF Manuals through coordination
with the PMT of a doctrine project.
 PAFDB ExeCom Deliberation – Deliberated
the AWCDB Approved Draft as endorsed by AWCDB
for further review and evaluation.
 PAFDB Deliberation -Deliberated PAFDB
ExeCom Approved Draft the analyze the validity ,
applicability and sustainability of the proposed
doctrine.
Approval and Promulgation – PAF Doctrine Manual has
passed through the validation procedure by the PAFDB,
it will be recommended to the approving authority for
GHQ Accreditation prior approval and promulgation.
 GHQ Accreditation – The Accreditation board
ensure that the doctrine is aligned to the Joint
Operating Concept and Joint Doctrine Development
processes and procedures.
 CG, PAF Approval and Promulgation
Publication and Distribution – After the promulgation of
the doctrine Manual, it shall be published and distributed
based on the Distribution List approved the PAFDB
ExeCom.

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“Be still before the LORD and wait patiently for him; fret not yourself over the one who proposes in his way, over the man who
carries out evil devices!” – Psalm 37:7
  Publication, Printing and Distribution – AWC PAF DOCTRINES BOARD EXECOM (HPAF)
shall be the sole unit responsible for publication,
printing and distribution of PAF Manuals
promulgated by the CG, PAF.
6. Application and Review – Indoctrination and
application of promulgated manuals shall be used and
introduce as references to AFP/ PAF and other Major
Services and shall be observed and implemented in all
PAF Units and offices.
 Application and Review – All approved
doctrines must be utilized to test its applicability.
7. Revision - Revision is the incorporation or integration of PAF DOCTRINES BOARD
comments by the proponent, for the purpose of either
updating or initiating change on published PAF Doctrine
Manuals.
PAF DOCTRINE DEVELOPMENT PROCESS

Promulgating Authority

1. PAF Basic Doctrine (Capstone) – the promulgating

authority is the CS, AFP as recommended by CG, PAF

2. PAF Operational Doctrines to include the PAF Air

Power Manual (Keystone) – the promulgating authority is
CG, PAF as recommended by PAFDB.

PAF Doctrine Development Organization 3. PAF Functional Doctrines (Keystone) – the

AIR WARFARE CENTER DELIBERATION BOARD promulgating authority is CG, PAF as recommended by
PAFDB.

4. PAF Organizational Manual – the following are the

promulgating authority for the organizational manuals of
PAF:

a) Command Level – the promulgating authority

is CG, PAF as recommended by PAFDB.
PAF DOCTRINES BOARD EXECOM (AETDC)
b) Air Force Wide-Support and Separate Units -
the promulgating authority is CG, PAF as recommended
by PAFDB.
c) Tactical or Support Command directly under
CG, PAF - the promulgating authority is CG, PAF as
recommended by PAFDB.
d) Tactical or Support Wing under a Command
– the promulgating authority is at the Command Level
as recommended by the Command’s Doctrines Board;
and

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“Be still before the LORD and wait patiently for him; fret not yourself over the one who proposes in his way, over the man who
carries out evil devices!” – Psalm 37:7
 e) Tactical and Support Groups under a Wing –
the promulgating authority is at the Wing Level as
recommended by the Wing’s Doctrines Board.
5. PAF Support Doctrines – the promulgating authority is
the Commander or Commanding Officer of a PAF unit
with the recommendation of the unit’s SOP or Regulations
Board.
INTERNATIONAL AND DOMESTIC TERRORISM
WHAT IS TERRORISM?
 There is no universally accepted definition of terrorism
o Many definitions include war crimes and crimes against
humanity
o In some cases, these terms are not valid
• Wider range of political, religious, ethnic, and social
implications
 “One man’s terrorist is another man’s patriot”
 Based upon the research, assumptions, reasons, and
jubilation, TERRORISM…
- Is an attack on unrelated and or undefended persons
and/or property for political objectives committed by
either an individual, non-state organization,
legitimate government;
- Is the use of illegal force and methods to steal or
punish or to bring about change against the will of the
greater part;
- Principal targets are political; destructive violence is
used; actions are carried out by groups operating
clandestinely and sporadically.
COMPONENTS OF TERRORISM
 An involvement of an act of violence
 An audience
 The creation of a mood of fear
 Innocent victims
 Political goals or motives
 The threat of violence in which the capacity and the
willingness to commit violence is common to terrorism
 Terrorists plan and execute the murder and/or maiming
of unrelated innocent persons in a calculated and
needless fashion
“Be still before the LORD and wait patiently for him; fret not yourself over the one who proposes in his way, over the man who
carries out evil devices!” – Psalm 37:7
 Terrorist groups generally seek maximum publicity from
their actions
 They seek to frighten, and through fear, dominate and
control
 The goal of many terrorist organizations is to attract
attention and sympathy for their cause.
DEFINITION OF TERRORISM
- the systematic use of TERROR especially as a means
of coercion.
- the unlawful use of violence and intimidation,
especially against civilians, in the pursuit of social,
religious & political aims.
- "the calculated use of unlawful violence or threat of
unlawful violence to inculcate fear; intended to coerce
or to intimidate governments or societies in the pursuit
of goals that are generally political, religious, or
ideological."
- is the unlawful use of force and violence against persons
or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the
civilian population, or any segment thereof, in
furtherance of political or social objectives."
- Terrorism is a criminal act that influences an audience
beyond the immediate victim.
- The strategy of terrorists is to commit acts of violence that
draws the attention of the local populace, the
government, and the world to their cause.
- The terrorists plan their attack to obtain the greatest
publicity, choosing targets that symbolize what they
oppose.
- The effectiveness of the terrorist act lies not in the act
or
itself, but in the public's or government's reaction to the
act.
CAUSES OF TERRORISM
 Illiteracy: Backwardness & Ignorance
- prime reason of terrorism. Uneducated person–
easy to be persuaded to commit the crime because they
have no high ability of thinking.
 Injustice - is a cause of terrorism. People get offended
and hurt by the justice system that they choose to resort
to acts of violence in order to protest the on- going
injustice. There is no cure to fixing the justice system to
ensure that everyone is happy.
 Social and political injustice - People choose terrorism
when they are trying to right what they perceive to be a
social or political or historical wrong—when they have
been stripped of their land or rights, or denied these.
 The belief that violence or its threat will be effective
- Another way of saying this is: the belief that
violent means justify the ends. Many terrorists in history
6|Page
 said sincerely that they choose violence after long  release of jailed comrades
deliberation, because they felt they had no choice.  publicity
 Occupation of other countries - generates from public • kidnapping for ransom is just as serious a threat as
outcry resulting to establishment of resistance politically inspired kidnapping
movements, ending with terrorism and violence. • criminal uses the same operational methods as the
 Religion - Though it is not the main cause for terrorism, terrorist
religion does play a significant role in driving some forms • the threat of kidnapping for ransom may project a
of it. Many terrorist get wrong understanding in religion. greater degree of terror throughout the country
Since 1980, there has been an increase in terrorist activity Hostage Taking
motivated by religion. • seizing of a person or facility with whatever hostages
In short, a mix of ignorance, oppression, repression, are available
marginalization, occupation & religion explains the • difference from kidnapping:
phenomenon of terrorism.  the kidnapper hides his victims
 the hostage taker confronts the authorities with
TACTICS OF TERRORIST GROUPS the victims
Bombings Hijacking
• most widely used and preferred method of attack • seizure by force of a surface vehicle, its passengers
• create fear and destroy personnel or property and/or cargo
• bombs are cheap, easy to make or obtain, easy to • purpose is to:
emplace  disrupt the economy
• get immediate attention from media  embarrass the government
• bombs can be delivered by vehicle, emplaced by hand,  gain concessions from the targeted government
or delivered through postal or delivery services  gain popular support
• bomb hoaxes and threats are used to establish credibility • hijacking of trucks carrying food staples is a tactic that
regardless of the device used was used by terrorists in Latin America
• terrorists have learned that the right proportion of hoaxes  hijackings were followed by the free distribution
mixed with actual bombings can keep security forces tied of the cargo to the poor
up and guessing for a time  terrorists also distributed propaganda
Assassination advertising their cause.
• the killing of a pre-selected victim, usually by small arms Skyjacking
or bombs • another form of hijacking but involves aircraft
• oldest terrorist tactic and used today by all terror groups • a tactic used in the sixties and seventies
• steps in planning and conducting an assassination are • subsided until the early eighties
the same as a kidnapping Armed Attacks
• techniques for carrying out the act range from a lone • can be perpetrated by a lone gunman or by a group of
attacker with a gun or bomb to a well-planned armed attackers
attack, raid, or ambush • Typically an attack will be either:
Kidnapping • a close proximity attack-close assassination
• capture and holding of an individual while negotiating for • a standoff attack with precision fire or massive
concessions firepower from military-type weapons
• operation must provide for a degree of security in the • well-planned ambush seldom fails because terrorists
negotiation phase, use diversions, that are properly rehearsed and
• Negotiations are conducted through: executed
 clandestine cutouts, often over extended • terrorist has time on his side and will spend weeks
periods preparing for the operation
 exchange the victim for imprisoned comrades • killing attack is thru:
 acceptance of terrorist’s demands • an explosive ambush
 the payment of ransom • a weapons ambush
• Successful kidnapping can: • a drive-by attack
 gain the terrorist’s money

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“Be still before the LORD and wait patiently for him; fret not yourself over the one who proposes in his way, over the man who
carries out evil devices!” – Psalm 37:7
Maiming
• conducted by terrorists to their members who have
made security violations, defected, or turned informant
• effective because it leaves an example for all to see and
fear
• kneecapping is an example of maiming technique
Arson
• terrorists use arson as a fear tactic
• conducted by terrorist groups that are not well
organized or trained
• simple to conduct by groups in their infancy to gain
confidence
• gain headlines and instill fear in the general population
BASIC TYPES OF TERRORISM
 International Terrorism - involves groups whose terrorist
activities are foreign-based and/or directed by countries
or groups outside a country. Sept. 11 is an example of
International Terrorism.
 National/Domestic Terrorism - involves groups whose
terrorist activities are directed at elements of our
government without foreign involvement.
INTERNATIONAL TERRORIST GROUPS
The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) "radical
Islamist," that "aims to establish a "caliphate", a state ruled by
a single political and religious leader according to Islamic law,
or Sharia." "IS members are jihadists who adhere to an extreme
interpretation of Islam and consider themselves the only true
believers. They hold that the rest of the world is made up of
unbelievers who seek to destroy Islam, justifying attacks
against other Muslims and non-Muslims alike.
ACCORDING TO SHARIA LAW:
• Theft is punishable by amputation of the right hand
(above).
• Criticizing or denying any part of the Quran is
punishable by death.
• Criticizing Muhammad or denying that he is a prophet
is punishable by death.
• Criticizing or denying Allah, the god of Islam is
punishable by death.
• A Muslim who becomes a non-Muslim is punishable by
death.
• A non-Muslim who leads a Muslim away from Islam is
punishable by death.
BOKO HARAM - is an Islamic extremist group based in
northeastern Nigeria. The group had alleged links to al-Qaeda,
but in March 2015, it announced its allegiance to the Islamic
State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL). Boko Haram seeks the
establishment of an Islamic state in Nigeria. It opposes the
Westernization of Nigerian society and the concentration of
“Be still before the LORD and wait patiently for him; fret not yourself over the one who proposes in his way, over the man who
carries out evil devices!” – Psalm 37:7
the wealth of the country among members of a small political
elite, mainly in the Christian south of the country.
Al QUEDA - founded in 1988 by Osama bin Laden, Abdullah
Azzam Qutb preached that because of the lack of sharia law,
the Muslim world was no longer Muslim. To restore Islam, he
said that a vanguard movement of righteous Muslims was
needed to establish "true Islamic states", implement sharia,
and rid the Muslim world of any non-Muslim influences, such
as concepts like socialism and nationalism.
ISLAMIC REVOLUTIONARY GUARD CORPS-QUDS FORCE: It
provides training, funds and supplies weapons to extremist
groups, including Iraqi insurgents & Hezbollah. Whereas the
regular military defends Iran's borders and maintains internal
order, according to the Iranian constitution, the Revolutionary
Guard is intended to protect the country's Islamic system. The
Revolutionary Guards state that their role in protecting the
Islamic system is preventing foreign interference as well as
coups by the military or "deviant movements"
HEZBOLLAH
- fighting against American and Israeli imperialism,
freedom of the occupied Southern Lebanon and all other
occupied territories.
- supported all national movements —Muslim or non-
Muslim—throughout the world.
ISLAMIC STATE OF IRAQ AND SYRIA (ISIS) blazed onto the
terrorism scene in a spectacular way on 29 June 2014, the first
day of Ramadan, with its self-proclamation of the
establishment of an Islamic Caliphate that stretched across
eastern Syria and much of northern and western Iraq.
Abu Bakr al Baghdadi – the Caliph and “leader for Muslims
everywhere”.
DOMESTIC TERRORIST GROUPS
ABU SAYYAF GROUP (ASG)
• The ASG is presently leaderless but operates as
individual cells.
• Split from milf in 1991
• Goal is to establish a theocratic islamic state in
Southern Philippines.
• Engaged in bombings, kidnapping, ambuscades,
raids, attacks, arson and extortion
• Current leaders: Radullan Sahiron, Albader Parad and
DR Abu involved in armed operations against AFP/PNP
in Patikul, Indanan and Talipao (Sulu)
- have been engaged in an insurgency for an
independent province in the country. The group is
considered violent, and was responsible for the
Philippines' worst terrorist attack, the bombing of
Superferry 14 in 2004, which killed 116 people.
8|Page
BIFM/BIFF • OBJECTIVE: “to secede from the Philippine
Republic and establish a theocratic Islamic state
- Islamist militant organization based in Mindanao
to comprise the islands of Mindanao, Basilan, Sulu,
- They are a smaller player in the overall Moro insurgency
Tawi-Tawi and Palawan”
in the Philippines and are mostly active in Maguindanao
• Concentrated in Western, Central and
and other places in central Mindanao.
Southern parts of Mindanao.
- Breakaway group from the Moro Islamic Liberation
MILF
Front founded by Ameril Umbra Kato.
• Current strength – 11,000
- Kato broke with the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF)
• Continues to engage in peace negotiations while
in 2008 because he disagreed with the MILF's acceptance
strengthening its areas of influence
of autonomy rather than full independence.
– Development of regional, provincial and
MAUTE
municipal political committees
- group which also goes by the name Islamic State in
– Development of its guerilla base commands
Lanao is a radical Islamist group composed of former
(GBCs)
Moro Islamic Liberation Front guerrillas and some foreign
• Has been focused on its “Four-Point Program”
fighters led by Abdullah Maute; Islamic state based in
 Islamization
Lanao del Sur, Mindanao, Philippines.
 Military Build-Up
o led by siblings Omar Romato and Abdullah Romato
 Organizational Strengthening
Maute.
 Self-reliance
o AOR: Lanao del Sur.
Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF)
o previously conducted several trainings --- fresh
graduates are required to undergo test missions - is an Islamic separatist organization based in the
targeting civilians and government forces. southern Philippines. It seeks an independent Islamic
ANSAR AL-KHILAFAH PHILIPPINES (AKP) state or autonomous region for the Filipino Muslim
minority, known as the Moro people, who live primarily in
- is a dedicated Islamist militant movements perceived
the Philippines’ Mindanao region. Beginning in the 1970s,
as a military movement "rooted in Islam" and "existentially
the MNLF was the Moro separatist movement’s leading
threatening (Jihadi) organization that seeks to establish
organization for about two decades.
an independent Islamic state in Mindanao, Philippines.
The group is led by an Afghan-trained Islamic cleric RULES OF ENGAGEMENT
known as Jaafar Maguid. DEFINITION
AUGUST 14, 2015 – Maguid pledged allegiance to the IS.  Directives issued by competent military authority that
– recruits out-of-school youths, drop-outs and young specify the circumstances and limitations under which
individuals to study Islamic Theology and the Qu’ran. forces will initiate and/or continue combat engagement
– entice young recruits to join the AKP through Minhaj with other forces encountered.
(way/path) and Aqidah (creed) published in Filipino.  The ROE reflect the requirements of the law of war,
ATROCITIES PERPETRATED: operational concerns, and political considerations when
– one harassment military force shifts from peace to conflict or war, and
– one bombing back to the peace phase of an operation.
– one encounter
PURPOSES OF ROE
CPP/NPA/NDF
 Detail how military force may be applied.
•Organized by Jose Maria Sison
 Control the application of force to achieve
•Organized in 1968
national/multinational objective.
•Goal is to overthrow the government.
 Provide authorization for use of force, positioning, and
•New peoples army as its armed component engaged in
posturing, employment of specific capabilities.
liquidations, ambuscades, raids, attacks, arson and
 Sets forth the rules and regulations to be strictly
extortion.
adhered to and observed by AFP units (example: involved
Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF)
in law enforcement operations, in lead or support role).
•Founded by Hashim SALAMAT
 To preclude the unnecessary and/or excessive
•A breakaway faction from the Moro National Liberation
deployment/employment of force.
Front (MNLF)

9|Page
“Be still before the LORD and wait patiently for him; fret not yourself over the one who proposes in his way, over the man who
carries out evil devices!” – Psalm 37:7
 Whatever their form, they provide authorisation for
and/or limits on, among other things, the use of force, the
positioning and posturing of forces, and the employment of
certain specific capabilities. In some nations, ROE have the
status of guidance to military forces; in other nations, ROE are
lawful commands.
APPLICABLE LAWS AND POLICIES
INTERNATIONAL LAW
 Conduct of Military operations is governed by
international law, including Law of Armed Conflict (LOAC),
and applicable international human rights law.
 Nations are bound by Geneva Law and Hague Law. San Remo Manual
Nations may have different treaty obligations and Published in 2009
differing interpretations and /or application of these laws. Available online
NATIONAL LAWS Authors from UK, US, CAN, and
 Armed forces of each nation must comply with their AUS Multiple Translations
own national laws. For example, national laws of some
nations may restrict the ability of forces to use force, in
particular deadly force, to protect others or to defend
property.
NATIONAL POLICY
 In the same way that nations may have different legal
positions on certain issues, the planning and conduct of
military operations must take into account differing
national policy positions.
 Some military options, available under both
international and national law, may not come within
national policy intent, either generally or with respect to a
specific operation.
MULTINATIONAL OPERATIONS GENERAL RULES
 In multi-national operations participating nations Armed Response
should operate under coherent ROE arrangements.  The use of armed action should be employed
 Policy and legal differences can lead to different ROE only after all peaceful means have been
among the members of a multinational force. exhausted.
 Different ROE can be a source of friction in conducting  The use of force, including firearms, is
operations. justifiable only by virtue of impulse of self-defense
HOW ROE ARE DEVELOPED? in order to avoid an actual, immediate and unjust
or unlawful aggression and protect a person
unlawfully attacked. (Self-defense)
 The use of force, especially in determining
the appropriate type/kind of firearm, shall be
considered to avoid crossfire casualties and
prevent collateral damage to third parties.
 A proportionate force to neutralize the
suspect and/or his vehicle is sufficient. As much as
practicable, sirens and megaphones shall be used
to influence/warn the offenders/suspects to stop
and/or give up peacefully.

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“Be still before the LORD and wait patiently for him; fret not yourself over the one who proposes in his way, over the man who
carries out evil devices!” – Psalm 37:7
  In case of actual shoot-out, panic firing Arrest (Rule 113) - Taking of a person into custody in
should be avoided. The designated leader of the order that he may be bound to answer for the
employed unit/team should see to it that his commission of an offense;
subordinates fire their firearms only when  Arrest is made by actual restraint of a
necessary. person to be arrested, or by his submission to the
 Deadly force = “up to and including” custody of the person making the arrest.
Non-Compromise with Terrorists Kinds of Arrest
 The AFP shall not compromise with nor make 1.) Arrest with Valid Warrant of Arrest
any concession to terrorists even if it involves the life 2.) Valid Warrantless Arrest
of its personnel and destruction of its assets. The AFP Consequences of Illegal Arrest?
shall act promptly, decisively, and effectively,  The documents, things or articles seized
choosing from the whole range of military action following the illegal arrest are inadmissible in
appropriate to the circumstances. evidence;
Hostage Situation  The arresting person may be held criminally
 The safety of civilian hostages shall be liable for illegal arrest under Art. 269, RPC;
paramount consideration.  Arresting officer may be held civilly liable for
 Maximum coordination and integration of damages under Art. 32, NCC; and
capabilities and expertise of operating units shall be  He may also be held administratively liable.
strictly observed. b. Searches and Seizures
 Provide the necessary assistance to the 1) Personal properties, papers, and other
victims’ family relatives and friends to minimize their valuables shall not be taken without a search
mental anguish. warrant, except dangerous weapons or anything
Respect for Human Rights that may be used as proof of the commission of an
 Regardless of the situation, respect for the offense.
human rights of both the victims and the 2) Search of a house, room or premise must be
perpetrators should be observed at all times. done in the presence of the lawful occupant or any
Wearing of Uniform and Proper Identification member of his family or in their absence, in the
 Only the prescribed uniform of respective presence of two (2) witnesses of sufficient age and
units involved and countersigns agreed upon shall discretion residing in the same locality.
be worn during the operations. 3) Property seized must be delivered to the judge
 Unnecessary display of firearms should be who issued that warrant within ten (10) days from its
avoided outside the identified area of engagement. date.
Command Responsibility Search and Seizure (Rule 126)
 Observance and strict adherence to these Properties subject of Search and Seizure:
rules by committed units and personnel is a a) Subject of the offense;
command responsibility. b) Stolen or embezzled and other proceeds or
 Non-observance or violation of these rules fruits of the offense;
shall be dealt with drastically and shall, ipso facto, be c) Used or intended to be used as a means of
considered evidence of negligence in any committing an offense.
administrative proceeding. General Rule: No search and seizure can be
SPECIFIC RULES validly undertaken without a valid warrant of
 Before Operations search and seizure.
 Briefing Exceptions:
 Coordination a) Warrantless search incidental to a lawful
 During Operations arrest
a. Arrest b) Evidence in “plain view”
1. All arrests shall be effected pursuant to the c) Search of moving vehicle. The validity of
pertinent laws and regulations concerning arrest. the search based on practicality
2. No violence or unnecessary force shall be d) Consented warrantless search
used in making an arrest. e) Custom search

11 | P a g e
“Be still before the LORD and wait patiently for him; fret not yourself over the one who proposes in his way, over the man who
carries out evil devices!” – Psalm 37:7
 f) Stop and frisk
g) Exigency and Emergency Circumstances
Hostage Situation
 In negotiations for the release of a hostage, the safety
of the hostage shall be given paramount consideration.
The following steps shall be undertaken:
• There shall be only one (1) ground commander in
the area
• The incident area shall be cordoned
• Negotiations shall be designated and no one shall
be allowed to talk to the suspect(s) without
clearance from the negotiating panel/ground
commander.
 Assault shall be well-planned and assaulting teams
alerted for deployment in case the negotiation fails
 Ambulance with medical crew shall be positioned at
the incident area
 Proper coordination with all participating elements
and units shall be done to unify efforts in solving the crisis.
 After Operations
 Necessary sketches and pictures shall be immediately
obtained and investigate requirements, immediately
accomplished. All policies pertaining to crime scene
preservation shall apply.
 Ensure the recovery and return to the rightful owner of
the loot and fruits of the crime.
 A debriefing shall be conducted after every operation
to emphasize the lessons learned as part of educating
the members of the unit.
 The necessary report shall be prepared to ensure the
successful prosecution of the case against the
perpetrators and/or suspects of the crime.
 GENERAL RULES FOR THE CORRECT USE OF FORCE TOWARDS
MISSION ACCOMPLISHMENT
 Commanders must consider the assigned mission,
the current situation, higher commander’s intent and all
other available guidance in determining the level of force
required for mission accomplishment
 The use of force to accomplish authorized missions
should be reasonable in intensity, duration, and
magnitude
 When a military operation is approved, it will be
conducted to ensure that incidental injury to civilians and
collateral damage to non-military objects are minimized.
a) Commanders must be aware of, and sensitive
to, the points stated in the definition of strategic
implications of tactical operations. In particular, military
operations shall be conducted in a manner that shall
entail:
“Be still before the LORD and wait patiently for him; fret not yourself over the one who proposes in his way, over the man who
carries out evil devices!” – Psalm 37:7
a) The least possible impact of such operations
on the larger community of non-combatants,
especially on their livelihood and normal conduct of
everyday life;
b) Minimum evacuation from homes and/or
areas of food production;
c) Close coordination with pertinent agencies of
Government within his AOR when socio-economic
dislocations are expected or become imminent as a
result of such operations;
d) Public safety, in support to law enforcement
agencies, for areas prone to conflict spillover or
collateral acts of terrorism;
e) Due consideration on the strategic,
operational, and tactical implications to peace
processes and/or negotiations; and
f) Overall adherence to national policies and
public interest
 Positive Identification (PID) of targets is required prior
to engagement, PID is a reasonable certainty that the
object of attack is verified and confirmed as a legitimate
military target in accordance with this SROE.
 Cultural, religious, and historical landmarks, civilian
population centers, public utilities and other non-military
structures, shall be protected and shall not be attacked
except when they are being used for military purposes.
 The engagement of any target that meets the
definition of a high collateral damage requires NCA
approval. This does not apply to immediate target
engagement under the inherent right of self-defense.
 Commanders of UC;s and major component
commanders may conduct offensive operations against
the following high-collateral damage time-sensitive
situations/targets: 1) Terrorism; 2) Weapons of Mass
Destruction (WMDs) munitions depot such as artillery
shells , rockets, Improvised Explosive Devices (IEDs); 3)
Any vehicle-borne IED.
 Authority to approve strikes on terrorist groups is
delegated to the UC Commanders and may be re-
delegated to task force commanders.
 Commanders will instruct their personnel on the
nature of their mission to include proper actuations and
decorum. This stresses the importance of proper conduct
and regard for the local population and the need to
respect private property and public facilities and
sensitivity to local/ethnic cultures.
 Once a force is declared hostile by appropriate
authority, AFP units need not observe a hostile act or
demonstration of hostile intent before engaging that
force.
12 | P a g e
  The responsibility for exercising the right and nature, duration, and scope of the engagement
obligation of national self-defense and as necessary should not exceed that which is required to
declaring a force hostile is a matter of utmost decisively counter the hostile act or demonstrated
importance. hostile intent and to ensure the continued
 All available intelligence information, the status of protection of AFP forces or other protected
international relationships, the requirements of personnel or property.
international law , the appreciation of the political  Attack to Disable or Destroy. An attack to
situation, and the strategic implications of tactical disable or destroy a hostile force is authorized when
decisions for the Philippine government, must be carefully such action is the only prudent means by which a
weighed. hostile act or demonstration of hostile intent can be
 GENERAL RULES FOR SELF-DEFENSE prevented or terminated. When such conditions
 AUTHORITY TO EXERCISE SELF-DEFENSE: Nothing in exist, engagement is authorized only while the hostile
these rules are intended to infringe upon AFP personnel’s force continues to commit hostile acts or exhibit
right of self-defense. These rules are intended to prevent hostile intent.
indiscriminate use of force or other violations of law or  Pursuit of Hostile Forces. Self-Defense
regulation. includes the authority to pursue and engage
 NATIONAL SELF-DEFENSE: The act of defending the hostile forces that continue to commit hostile
national territory, its forces and its people against a acts or exhibit hostile intent.
hostile act or a hostile intent is an indispensable right and
obligation of every citizen. PAF SEARCH AND RESCUE SYSTEM
 COLLECTIVE SELF-DEFENSE: A Multi-National Force as a
whole has the obligation to defend any of its members
Air Power Components
from any hostile act or hostile intent.
 Reach
 UNIT SELF-DEFENSE: A Unit commander has the
 Speed
authority and obligation to use all necessary means
 Perspective
available and to take all appropriate actions to defend
Air Power Roles
the unit, including elements and personnel, or other AFP
 CORE AIR POWER ROLES
forcers in the vicinity, against a hostile act or
 Control of the air
demonstrated hostile intent. In defending against a
 Strike
hostile act or demonstrated hostile intent, unit
 Air Mobility
commanders will use only that degree of force necessary
 Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance
to decisively counter the hostile act or demonstrated
 ENABLING AIR POWER ROLES
hostile intent and to ensure the continued protection of
 Command and Control
AFP forces.
 Force Protection
 INDIVIDUAL SELF-DEFENSE: Commanders have the
 Force Generation and Sustainment
obligation to ensure that individuals within their
respective units are trained on and understand when and
how to use force in self-defense.
 ACTION IN SELF-DEFENSE
 Means of Self-Defense. All Necessary means
available and all appropriate actions may be used
in self-defense. The following guidelines apply for in
individual self-defense:
 Attempt to De-escalate the Situation. When
time and circumstances permit, the hostile force
should be warned and given the opportunity to
withdraw or cease the threatening actions.
 Use Proportional Force which may include
non-lethal weapons to control the situation. When
the use of force in self-defense is necessary, the

13 | P a g e
“Be still before the LORD and wait patiently for him; fret not yourself over the one who proposes in his way, over the man who
carries out evil devices!” – Psalm 37:7
AIR POWER STRUCTURE MODEL MISSION
PAF MISSION - “TO ORGANIZE, TRAIN, EQUIP, MAINTAIN AND
PROVIDE FORCES TO CONDUCT PROMPT AND SUSTAINED AIR
OPERATIONS TO ACCOMPLISH THE AFP MISSION”
PAF SAR SYSTEM - “TO ORGANIZE, TRAIN, EQUIP, MAINTAIN AND
PROVIDE PAF FORCES TO CONDUCT PROMPT AND SUSTAINED
SEARCH AND RESCUE OPERATIONS TO ACCOMPLISH THE AFP
MISSION”

ORGANIZATION

AIR POWER STRUCTURE

INTEGRATED AIR OPERATION CONCEPT (IAOC)

 Enables network-centric command and control
capabilities in order to deliver timely, accurate and
proportionate responses.

14 | P a g e
“Be still before the LORD and wait patiently for him; fret not yourself over the one who proposes in his way, over the man who
carries out evil devices!” – Psalm 37:7
 PAF AIR BASE DRTUs TRAINING
 BAB  DIRECTED/ REQUESTED TRAINING
 MDAAB  IN-HOUSE TRAINING
 CJVAB  EXTERNAL TRAINING
 FAB SAR MANAGEMENT
 CAB  DIRECTED/ REQUESTED
 BGBNEAB o SAR Leadership
 EAAB  IN-HOUSE
 TOWNOL DRTUs o Search and Rescue, Disaster Management, and
 TOG 2, CAUAYAN Emergency Assistance (SARDMEA)
 TOG 1, BAGUIO  EXTERNAL
 WAS, LA UNION o Incident Command System
 TOG 3, TARLAC o SAR Mission Coordination
 CERAB, TARLAC o Community-Based Disaster Risk Reduction
 TOWNOL, CAB, PAMPANGA Management
 BAB, PAMPANGA SAR OPERATORS
 TOWSOL DRTUs
 MDAAB, CAVITE
 FAB, BATANGAS
 TOG 4 & TOWSOL, LUCENA
 TOG 5, LEGAZPI
 TOW WEST DRTUs
 TOG 7 & TOW WEST, ABAB, PALAWAN
 TOW CEN DRTUs
 TOG 6, ILO-ILO
 TOW 8, TACLOBAN
 TOW CEN, BGBNEAB, LAPU-LAPU
 TOW WESTMIN DRTUs
 TOG 9, PAGADIAN
 TOW WESTMIN, EAAB, ZAMBOANGA
 TOG SULTAW, SANGA-SANGA
 TOW EASTMIN DRTUs
 TOG 10, CAGAYAN DE ORO
 TOG 11 & TOW EASTMIN, DAVAO

CAPABILITIES

15 | P a g e
“Be still before the LORD and wait patiently for him; fret not yourself over the one who proposes in his way, over the man who
carries out evil devices!” – Psalm 37:7
EQUIPMENT  F-27
AIR ASSETS
 HUEY II/ SUPER HUEY/ BELL 205A SAR HELICOPTER

 N-22

 S76 SIKORSKY AIR AMBULANCE

 C-212i

 PZL W-3A SOKOL SAR HELICOPTER

 C-208

 Scan Eagle 2 UAV

 C-130

PRINCIPLES OF OPERATIONS
 C-295  “GOLDEN HOUR” - First hour after the occurrence of a
traumatic injury/event, considered the most critical for
the successful emergency treatment/ disaster response
 THE MAJOR STRENGTHS OF AIR POWER
 SPEED
 REACH
 PERSPECTIVE

16 | P a g e
“Be still before the LORD and wait patiently for him; fret not yourself over the one who proposes in his way, over the man who
carries out evil devices!” – Psalm 37:7
  SAR System AERONAUTICAL MISHAP RESPONSE STRUCTURE
-The Search and Rescue System is an arrangement
of components activated, as needed, to efficiently and
effectively assist persons in distress. It has five stages
namely: Awareness Stage, Initial Action Stage, Planning
Stage, Operations Stages, Post-mission Stage, in which
the system operates.
 OBJECTIVES OF SAR OPERATIONS
 Locate
 Penetrate CLOSE AIR SUPPORT
 Recover CAS CONCEPT
 Sustain DEFINITION OF TERMS
STAGES OF SAR OPERATIONS  CLOSE AIR SUPPORT (CAS) - an air action by Fixed Wing
and Rotary Wing aircraft against hostile targets that are:
o in close proximity to friendly forces;
o requires detailed integration of each air mission;
o with the fire and movement of those forces.
 ALO - (Air Liaison Officer) Rated Officer who represents
the TOGs in planning for an air operation in support of
the ground forces.

 FAG - (Forward Air Guide) is a trained personnel who

provides assistance to strike aircraft during airstrike
mission.

 TOG - (Tactical Operations Group) Air Force unit

EMERGENCY MISSION FLOWCHART strategically located throughout the country

 FAC - (Forward Air Controller) a.k.a. PFAC/CACT is a

qualified (PAF) service member who, from a forward
position, directs the action of combat aircraft engaged
in CAS and other air operations

 BDA - (Bomb Damage Assessment) provides feedback

to intel & operation planner of TOG,PAF when strike
aircraft is an OV-10A or SF-260TP.

 AASAR - (After Air Strike Assessment Report) Provides

feedback to intelligence & operation planner of TOG, PAF
when strike aircraft is an MD520-MG or AW109-AH.
DISASTER RESPONSE STRUCTURE
PURPOSE OF CAS
1. To BLUNT enemy attack
2. To help ground forces OBTAIN AND MAINTAIN
OFFENSIVE
3. To PROVIDE COVER for friendly movements
PRINCIPLES OF CAS
1. INTEGRATED with the fire and movement of the
surface forces
2. Employment must be COST-EFFECTIVE
3. The effects are IMMEDIATE and of CONSIDERABLE
IMPORTANCE to surface forces being supported

17 | P a g e
“Be still before the LORD and wait patiently for him; fret not yourself over the one who proposes in his way, over the man who
carries out evil devices!” – Psalm 37:7
TYPES OF CAS CAS EXECUTION PROCEDURES
1. PRE-PLANNED - involves mission planning and the  METHOD OF LOCATING FORWARD AIR GUIDE
targets are properly identified (c/o Intel Operatives, Action 1. Mirror
Agents, ISR and mga maritess sa paligid or hanay ng 2. Panel
kalaban 3. Smoke
2. IMMEDIATE - is used against targets of opportunity, 4.Prominent Landmarks and Terrain Features
those emerged out of operations or where targets are not 5. Clock System
identified on time to permit detailed planning. 6.Infrared Strobe
EMPLOYMENT OF CAS 7. GRG/GOS
1. Breakthrough Operations  ASSESSMENT OF EFFECTS
- OBJECTIVE IS TO DESTROY ENEMY CENTER OF 1. Adjustment of attacks shall be made prior to the
GRAVITY (COMMUNICATION CENTER); The MG-520’s are next attack of the aircraft
the one’s task to destroy the target. 2.The quickest way of adjustment is the cardinal
2. Exploitation Operations direction and distance from the last point of impact
 The enemy is on advantage position; the 3. Effects of the ordnance should be transmitted
ground troops requested for Close air support; the immediately for efficiency of attacks
OV-10’s was tasked to destroy the enemy forces.
NON-STANDARD CAS PROCEDURES
3. Retrograde Operations
A. RADIO CONTACT
- The OV-10’s provide close air support while the
Enroute to the area, EL/FC contacts FAG/FAC &
troops are retreating.
provide ff. info:
4. Airborne Operations
• CALLSIGN -”FIREBIRD FLIGHT”
 the MG-520 was task to clear the Landing
• NR/TYPE OF ACFT- 2 MD-520MG AIRCRAFT
zone of the paratroopers.
• FLT POSN & ALT- 8 CLICKS INBOUND, 3000 FT
5. Amphibious Operations
• ESTIMATE TIME TO AREA (IP)- 4 MINUTES
 The SF260 Marchetti and the Ov-10s provide
• LOITER TIME- 45 MINUTES
close air support during beach head landings of
• ORDNANCE – 1 WP, 13 HE ROCKETS, 500 RDS
ground troops.
CALIBER 50
6. Air Mobile Operations
B. FAG BRIEFING
-Close air support is also used to clear landing
• LOCATION – “NASA HIGH GROUND KAME, WEST OF
zones, especially in a hostile environment.
CREEKLINE SA SOUTH NG MOUNT SINUMAAN”
AIR STRIKE/ CAS REQUEST
• WEATHER – “MAY KONTING PRECIPITATION SA
A. GENERAL REQUEST PROCEDURES (Pre-planned)
NORTH NG LOCATION KO”
• FRIENDLY POSN-”MAY TROPA TAYO, MOL 250
METERS SA NORTH OF TARGET, OPEN AREA NA MAY
GROUP OF COCONUT TREES”
• ENEMY INFO- “EST MOL 20 ENEMIES, NAGTATAGO
SA GROUP OF HOUSES SA LOOB NG VEGETATED
AREA, BANDANG EAST OF CREEKLINE, MAY DALA SILA
3 HPFA’S”
 Friendly Location
 Enemy Location
B. IMMEDIATE CAS REQUEST  Marking Procedure
 Adjustment of Delivered Mark
 Adjustment of Delivered Ordnance
 Precautions
1. FRIENDLY LOCATION
 Be as precise as possible; know your location, use
landmarks or prominent geographical features to convey
your location in relation to the target.

18 | P a g e
“Be still before the LORD and wait patiently for him; fret not yourself over the one who proposes in his way, over the man who
carries out evil devices!” – Psalm 37:7
  Know which way your elements are in relation to your
position.
 Find out and explain your line of elements to the
attack pilot utilizing compass directions as well as terrain
features.
2. ENEMY LOCATION
 Try to be as specific as possible.
 Give the attack pilot a reference to gauge your
estimate of distance.
 Ex. “The distance from my smoke to the large clearing
to my south is 100 meters. The target is 300 meters to the
east of my smoke.” Now the pilot has a better idea of how
to correlate your directions and corrections to what he sees
on the ground.
3. MARKING PROCEDURE
 Wait till the pilot tells you to mark your position, and
then do so immediately.
 Do not divulge the color of your mark. The pilot will tell
you what he sees. You confirm his sighting after he calls
the color.
 Mark your boundaries. i.e., lead and flank elements.
Ground elements should mark their position nearest to the
target area. When it looks too close to the pilot, he will insist
on at least three smokes-both flanks and center. Give it to
him.
 Give the pilot a verbal description of the perimeter
orientation. Use compass azimuth, i.e.’ “I’m facing 150° and
my elements are oriented northwest to southeast.
 Be prepared to re-mark during the course of the air
strike. Many times the smoke is blown away, and blocked
by terrain that may not be easily retained by the air
elements.
4. ADJUSTMENT OF THE AIR DELIVERED MARK
 Be prepared to observe the mark.
 The pilot will tell you “I’m going to mark, you adjust
from my smoke.”
 If feasible, try to adjust him right on the enemy
location you want to destroy.
 He usually has an ample supply of rockets; so let him
mark again if the first one or two are way off.
5. ADJUSTMENT OF THE AIR DELIVERED ORDNANCE
 Ordinarily, after delivering smoke or ordnance, the
attack pilot asks you how it looks. If you can and only on
the pilot’s request, raise your head and see where the
first munitions hit. Your guidance may place the next
bomb precisely where the tactical situation dictates.
You, as the ground commander, are most
knowledgeable of the changing course of the battle.
 Be familiar with the lethal radius of every specific
ordnance.
“Be still before the LORD and wait patiently for him; fret not yourself over the one who proposes in his way, over the man who
carries out evil devices!” – Psalm 37:7
6. PRECAUTIONS
 Be positive of your smoke and the relationship of the
air delivered mark both to your location and to the
target.
 Report any over flight to the attack pilots
immediately.
 Be sure of your ground orientation.
 Ensure you know the exact location of your position
and your troops as well.
 Know the ordnance limitations.
 Advise the pilot of all movement of your troops. Hot
pursuit of the enemy has taken friendlies into the strike
area without the knowledge of the air elements.
 If you hear or see the enemy firing at the air elements,
advise the pilots at once.
INTRODUCTION TO GRG/GOS
Targeting graphics fall into two separate categories:
1. Grid Reference Graphics (GRG) -is an image of an area
with a reference grid system overlayed onto it.
2. Geographic Overlay System (GOS) - GOS is an image
of an area where the overlay system uses actual
geographic features for labeling. (Urban Setting)
OVERVIEW OF AIR POWER
DEFINITION OF AIR POWER
Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF)
―Air Power is the ability of a nation to assert its will
by projecting military power in, through, and from the
air domain.
US Air Force (USAF)
―Air Power is the ability to project military power
through control and exploitation in, from and through
the air.
Royal Air Force (RAF)
―Air Power is using capabilities to influence the
behavior of actors and the course of events.
PAF Definition: The Ability to protect military force in the
third dimension-which includes the environment of
the space- by or from a platform above the surface
of the earth. -Air Power Manual, PAF s. 2002
Air Power Development
 1793 - the French Army used balloons for
reconnaissance.
 1862 - balloons were used by both Union and
Confederate troops. Later, a group of hot air
balloon enthusiasts called Barnstormers had
recon, explore, investigate, and scout the use of
kites, and animals for warning during civil war.
At the start of World War I the German armed
forces had 10 zeppelins and three smaller airships, but
19 | P a g e
 this impressive offensive capability was largely offset
by the highly explosive nature of the hydrogen gas
that gave the zeppelins their lifting power.
After losing three zeppelins in daylight raids over
heavily defended areas in the first month of the war,
the army abandoned airship operations, but the
navy, with its battle fleet, blockaded in port by the
Royal Navy, mounted a night bombing offensive—
the first aerial strategic bombardment campaign in
history.
 1944 – German armed forces had zeppelins and
three smaller airships.
World War I (1914-1918)
 Operational & Technological Developments:
 Intelligence-Surveillance-Reconnaissance
– (Reconnaissance Aircraft)
 Counter-Air (fighters)
 Tactical Strike (attack aircraft)
 Strategic Strike (long-range bombers)
 World war I is the first major war in which aircraft
were used in reconnaissance and bombing.
 Arguably the most important transformation
brought by world war 1 to air power was
operational-technological as constantly
improving aviation technology enabled
specifically designed aircraft to undertake what
would become the standard air force missions
such as ISR, counter-air, tactical strike, strategic
strike and naval aviation. On example shown in
the painting was a German long-range bomber
employed in the bombing of the United Kingdom.
 Trivia: The term “Ace” was established to
recognize pilots who had at least five kills in
dogfight.
World War II (1939-1945)
 World war II became the global arena for a titanic
struggle for control of the air.
U.S. Factories produced overwhelming
numbers of fighters and bombers, and in both Europe
and the Pacific, aviation proved crucial in tactical
and strategic roles.
War-induced technological leaps in aircraft
design and performance recast the nature of air
warfare. Things for air defense began to change in
the 1930s beginning with key technological
breakthroughs:
Radio wave experiments, initially to
discover a “death ray” successfully detected
aircraft over long distances, leading to the
development of radio direction-finding or radar.
“Be still before the LORD and wait patiently for him; fret not yourself over the one who proposes in his way, over the man who
carries out evil devices!” – Psalm 37:7
 monoplane fighter which was fast and
heavily armed with cannon and machine guns
was successfully developed.
 Radio communications-enabled
command and control (c2)
HOW AIR DEFENSE WORKS:
Radar→ Sector Station→ Fighter Squadrons
1. Radar detects aircraft and passes the
information to the sector station that functions as
a command and control headquarters.
2. Sector station then analyzes radar reports, track
direction of enemy aircraft and gives the order to
intercept
3. After receiving orders from the sector station,
fighter squadrons intercept.
THE MAJOR AIR FORCES
Streamlined, all-metal fighters replaced wood
and fabric biplanes. With remote-controlled guns,
pressurized cabins, and powerful engines, the boeing
B-29 superfortress became the most advanced
bomber of its day. Late in the war, the relentless
process of technical refinement culminated with the
debut of jet aircraft. Shown were the recorded sorties
by the major air forces.
World War II established and institutionalized
the various roles of air power. Previously, its value is
measured as an adjunct of more senior services. The
Second World War provided the opportunity, especially
for the Allies to practice strategic air warfare through their
bombing campaigns against Germany and Japan. The
other roles of air power were carried over from World War
I such as Close Air Support, Interdiction, Intelligence,
Surveillance and Reconnaissance. Air Transport through
Heli-lift/medevac was renowned in the war.
Air Power Roles (Classical)
 Close Air Support
 Interdiction, Intelligence Surveillance, and
Reconnaissance
 Air Transport
Technological Developments of Air Forces (Classical)
 Improvements in engine power
 Development in propeller-driven, all-metal
monoplanes increased speed from 120 mph to 350
mph from 1918 to 1939.
 Speed of fighter aircraft reached 450 mph
In terms of technology, there are improvements in
engine power, development in propeller-driven. All-
20 | P a g e
 metal monoplanes increased speed from 120 mph to
350 mph from 1918 to 1939. Speed of fighter aircraft
reached 450 mph. An example of this is the British “SPIT
FIRE” turboprop fighter plane, whereas the Germans are
the one to first invent jet fighter aircraft.
Strategic Air Power Theories (Classical)
GUILIO DOUHET “FATHER OF AIR POWER”
 Italian military officer who wrote “Command of the
Air” – most articulate air power theorist
 Success lay through Command of the Air (the
ability to prevent the enemy while retaining the
ability to fly oneself).
 The entire population is in the front line in an air war
and they could be terrorized with urban bombing
 There is no defense against aircraft
 Victory will go to the side that can launch the
swiftest & strongest air attack
HUGH TRENCHARD “FATHER OF ROYAL AIR FORCE”
 1st Commander of the RAF
 the second prominent classical theorist if strategic
air power
 Promoted strategic bombing as the way to victory
 Target of the bombing campaign would be the
civilian population to break its morale so it would
sue for peace
 Advocated substitution of ground forces by air
forces in keeping peace & order throughout British
Empire
WILLIAM “BILLY” MITCHELL
 Earliest American Air Power Theorist
 Conducted 1921 bombing tests that sank the ex-
German battleship Ostfriesland
 Argued vehemently for strategic bombing by a
large, independent air force
 Advocated use of air power to destroy fielded
forces of the enemy, on land and at sea
FOUR MAJOR POINTS OF STRATEGIC AIR POWER
(CLASSICAL)
1. Air Power can win a war on its own because of its ability
to directly strike at an enemy’s territory, population &
sources of power
2. The most effective employment of air power can only
be done by an Air Service fully independent from and co-
equal of the Army & Navy
3. The bomber is the primary weapon
4. There is no defense against a strategic bombing
offensive.
MODERN AIR POWER THEORIES
COLONEL JOHN R BOYD (USAF, Retired)
1927-1997
 Fighter Pilot
 Father of the F-15, F-16 & A-10
 1964 Aerial Attack Study codified USAF fighter
tactics
“Be still before the LORD and wait patiently for him; fret not yourself over the one who proposes in his way, over the man who
carries out evil devices!” – Psalm 37:7
 OODA Loop Concept generated from study of
fighter combat wherein the advantage lie with the
aircraft that transitioned faster in its maneuvers
 served as an Enlisted Man in the Army Air Force from
1945-47 & later a USAF Officer in 1951
 Boyd flew fighter missions in the F-86 sabre during the
Korean War in 1953, he was later assigned at Nellis
AFB, Nevada
 as a fighter pilot in Korea & tactics instructor at Nellis
AFB, Boyd observed, analyzed & assimilated the
relative energy states of fighter aircraft
OODA LOOP:
 OBSERVE → ORIENT → DECIDE → ACT
 ‘The opponent with the quickest ability to
observe what is going on, orient themselves to
the situation, decide what to do, and act at the
strategic level will prevail in the war.
COLONEL JOHN A WARDEN III USAF (Retired)
 Warden has more combat flying experience and
extensive formal education than Douhet,
Trenchard, and Mitchell
 Flew OV-10 Broncos and F-4D phantoms during
the Vietnam War
 Warden was also an F-15 wing commander at
Bitburg, Germany
 Because of the unpredictability of human
behavior and the predictability of material
damage, the capability of the enemy should be
targeted as first priority.
 Warden believed that targeting the enemy’s
physical capability should be done with the full
realization that military objectives must serve the
political ones.
 Laid out his basic tenets for philosophy of air
power – Basic premise ‘Airpower could become
a Commander's primary means of achieving
both political and military ends’
 Airpower, he reasoned, allowed commanders to
directly target an enemy regime, thereby
avoiding combat with its army.
 Airpower's decisiveness, argued Warden, was
derived from its ability to directly strike centers of
gravity.
21 | P a g e
  Warden contends that all strategic entities can be
broken down into five component parts.
COLD WAR
⮚ Nuclear weapons become more powerful and
their delivery systems improved
✔ Intercontinental ballistic missiles
✔ Submarines
✔ Bombers
⮚ Anti-ballistic missiles
TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS OF AIR FORCES
⮚ Atomic bomb
⮚ Ballistic Atomic bomb
⮚ Ballistic missiles
⮚ Jet
⮚ Rocket aircraft
⮚ Electronic warfare
⮚ Navigation aids
⮚ Airborne radar
⮚ Helicopters
CONTEMPORARY WAR
 Information Technology has created
technology revolution by dramatically increasing the
accuracy of weapons systems.
 Using satellite or laser guidance, accuracy levels
of weapons are now measured in meters.
 Increased responsiveness of air operations where
missions can be retargeted in minutes.
 Sophistication and capabilities of weapons
systems themselves.
 With aerial refueling, a multi-role fighter can reach
almost anywhere and armed with an array of smart
munitions, possessed the destructive capability of 100
World War II-era heavy bombers.
 the exploitation of the cyberspace domain has
fashioned the UAVs and an integrated C4ISR.
 Air Power capability has shifted to irregular war
and is addressing the threats plaguing the current
security environment.
STRENGTHS AND ADVANTAGES OF AIR POWER (PSMUFC)
1) Perspective. Elevation provides a broader
field of view than can be had by observers on the
surface. This advantage is one (1) of the reasons why
early aerospace systems were used to observe enemy
operations and to spot for artillery fire. As elevation
increases, more of the earth’s surfaces become
visible, but the increased distance from the surface
also decreases the detail that can be detected unless
optical or electronic aid is used;
2) Speed. Being elevated above the surface
gives aerospace platforms the potential to move very
rapidly because they are not constrained by surface
friction or impeded by terrain obstacles. However, it is
the mission and design of a particular platform that
determines just how rapidly it can move. Some
“Be still before the LORD and wait patiently for him; fret not yourself over the one who proposes in his way, over the man who
carries out evil devices!” – Psalm 37:7
missions require low speed or stationary positioning
while other missions require very high speed. The
salient point is that the aerospace medium allows
platforms to travel at the speed needed to perform
the missions for which they are designed;
3) Maneuverability. While surface forces can
move only on the earth’s surface and are dependent
on its features for any vertical movement, elevation
gives aerospace platforms three-dimensional
maneuverability. The mission an aerospace platform is
designed to perform determines the degree of
maneuverability it must have. Some platforms, such as
air-to-air fighters, must have exceptional agility to
perform their missions. At the other extreme, a
geostationary satellite needs only enough
maneuverability to maintain position over a spot on
the earth’s surface. In either case, the environment
permits the platform to accomplish its mission by
allowing movement in all three (3) axes;
4) Ubiquity. Within a given level of resources, Air
Power – due to its characteristics of height, speed,
and reach – can counter or pose simultaneous threats
a
across a wide geographical area than the use of
surface systems. Ubiquity refers to the ability to
operate almost anywhere within the air and over the
surface. This attribute is also described as mobility and
persuasiveness, and implies the same sense of
movement unconstrained by physical barriers;
5) Flexibility. The most quoted attribute of air
power is flexibility. Air Power is flexible in that assets can
be diverted quickly and effectively from one task to
another and from one target to another. A related
characteristic is versatility which is evident in the wide
range of tasks that an aircraft can perform. Aircraft
has had the ability to carry out single and dedicated
roles. Increasingly, however, they have adapted to a
wide range of roles, termed multi-role, whereby an
aircraft (or more accurately, one weapon system)
can be engaged in different modes of employment
with minimum difficulty. For example, the C-130
Hercules can be used for surveillance and air-to-air
refueling in addition to its primary role of air transport;
and
6) Concentration. Concentration has physical
and psychological effects. Speed, reach, and
flexibility allow air power to concentrate military force.
Shock, on the other hand, is the product of the noise
of aircraft, the effect of apparently “coming out of
nowhere” and the concentrated firepower quickly
delivered. History suggests that, with continued
exposure, people become accustomed to noise and
to some extent, bombardment. Shock, therefore, is
most effective when combined with the elements of
surprise and concentration.
22 | P a g e
LIMITATIONS OF AIR POWER (ILF) ▪ 168 GOVT FORCES KIA
1.Impermanence - Aircraft cannot stay airborne ▪ 1400 GOVT FORCES WIA
indefinitely. ▪ 87 CIV DEAD (40 DUE TO DISEASES)
2.Limited Payload - the payloads that can be carried ▪ MARAWI CITY DESTROYED
by aircraft are far more limited than those that can  The tenacity of the conflict, like the Marawi
be carried by ships or by land vehicles. crisis, led to the leadership’s declaration of martial law
3.Fragility - air vehicles are, by their nature, highly and making the military as its frontline. Although
stressed and have to be as light as practicable, terrorism is a law enforcement operation, the task to
they carry little or no armor protection. end a crisis like this is for AFP to handle.
OTHER CONSIDERATIONS  Airpower is mobilized for the crisis response.
1.Cost - high technology equipment inevitably cost Air assets were prepositioned to forward operating
more than simple equipment, and as military bases to execute air tasks and perform the airpower
aircraft tend to be at the cutting edge of role during the crisis.
technology, they can be costly. THE FOUR AIRPOWER ROLE IN CRISIS (IAAC)
2. Dependency on Bases - Air Power is often seen to be  Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance
more obviously dependent on its bases than either  Air Mobility
land power or sea power.  Attack
3. Sensitivity to Light & Weather - Air Power is sometimes  Control of the Air
perceived as being far more sensitive to weather ISR: Intelligence and Situational Awareness
and light conditions than other forms of military
 timely information and intelligence to the end-
force.
users on the enemy’s capabilities, location, and
4. Sensitivity to Technology - Air Power is a product of
movements.
technology, and technological advances
 high definition photographs, as well as imagery
inevitably affect air power development.
taken by drones and air surveillance aircraft, were
AIR POWER IN THE PAST CRISIS
used by the government forces to plan, identify, and
THE 1989 CAMP CAWA-CAWA Recom 9 SIEGE
prioritize critical targets.
▪ 03-05 JANUARY 1989
 Battlefield situational awareness is critical to
▪ PATROLMAN RIZAL ALI, 40 ARMED MEN & 15
operational planning and execution. You have A
SUPPORTERS
better understanding of the battlefield, and airpower
▪ BGen EDUARDO BATALLA, COL ABENDAN & 18
provides real-time situational awareness.
PC/INP MEMBERS (KIA)
 Target and combat intelligence operations were
▪ PAT ALI ESCAPED
made possible through sustained aerial
THE 1995 IPIL MASSACRE
reconnaissance. These provided data that were later
▪ 04 APR 1995
used to identify possible targets, hostages, and
▪ 200 HEAVILY ARMED ASG & MNLF “LOST
locations of stranded civilians.
COMMAND”
 the ground troops continued to move forward in
▪ MAJOR DAVID SABIDO, CO 10IB PA, 53 DEAD AND
the main battle area, enemy snipers and high-value
44 WOUNDED
targets appeared. With this, targets were identified
▪ 13 HOSTAGES
and information were given to the JTG commanders.
▪ BILLION OF PESOS LOOTED
These intelligence information were vital to the
▪ TOWN CENTER PILLAGED & DESTROYED
successful prosecution of ITG’s respective missions.
THE ZAMBOANGA SIEGE
Air mobility
▪ 09-28 SEP 2013
 is one of the critical aspects of airpower during a
▪ NUR MISUARI & MNLF
crisis. The transport of troops is critical in the rapid
▪ 23 AFP & PNP KIA
deployment that ensures the required number of
▪ 183 REBELS KILLED/292 DETAINED
warfighters reach the battlefront at the most efficient
▪ 12 CIV KIA
time.
▪ 78 WOUNDED
 During the marawi crisis, our air mobility assets
▪ 100 HOMES DESTROYED
transported nearly 7,000 soldiers and police personnel.
▪ 100,000 AFFECTED FAMILIES
 The air mobility is critical in the transport of ground
THE MARAWI CRISIS
support equipment vital in support of fighter
▪ 23 MAY- 23 OCT 2017
operations. Without the capability to rapidly transport
▪ ASG, & MAUTE (ISIS AFFILIATED)
equipment from the main base to the forward
▪ 987 MILITANTS KIA
operating base serves as a challenge that can hamper
▪ 12 CAPTURED/1 FOREIGNER
air offensive operations.
23 | P a g e
“Be still before the LORD and wait patiently for him; fret not yourself over the one who proposes in his way, over the man who
carries out evil devices!” – Psalm 37:7
  The fast dwindling materials such as air munitions
affect the operational tempo. As such, bombs have to
shift from the main bomb storage area to the frontline.
Also, the emergency procurement of bombs was
executed in other countries, and the air mobility was
the key factor in accomplishing this feat.
3. Attack
 The airpower has its strike systems core
competency. It is composed of fixed-wing attack
aircraft such as the OV-10 and SF-260TPW armed with
rockets and bombs.
 rotary or what we call attack helicopters to
include the AW-109 and MD-520G light attack
helicopter
 the attack must be precise and accurate. These
characteristics of attack diminish the unnecessary
expenditures of expensive air munition, increases the
operational tempo, and preclude friendly fire and
collateral damage. We may be using dumb bombs
and not precision-guided munitions, but we have smart
aircraft piloted by smart pilots.
 In the offensive or attack role, airpower
must be sustained to hamper the adversary from
reorganizing and executing counter-attacks.
 All-weather capable airpower for the
attack is also recommended. This capability ensures
that airpower can deliver anytime, anywhere, and in
any kind of weather. However, a high level of safety
and security must be observed.
AIR POWER ROLE DURING THE MARAWI CRISIS
 Provided the Joint Force the Intelligence,
Surveillance & Reconnaissance (SituationalAwareness)
requirement for enhanced Command & Control.
 Provided the Joint Force and other agencies the
needed requirements on Air Mobility for CASEVAC,
MEDEVAC, Troops transport, War Materiel Transport,
Civilian Transport and other strategic, operational and
tactical requirements.
 Provided the offensive capability of the Joint
Force to hasten up the accomplishments of tasks and
missions at hand by limiting the adversary’s attack
capability and diminishing the probable increase of
friendly forces casualties.
 Provided control of the air by significantly
reducing the capability of the adversary to launch
surface to air capable weapons and ISR.
THE CHANGED ESSENCE OF AIR POWER
Air power can make its presence felt quickly and
can impose effects on an enemy. It has governing
influence on the subsequent course and outcome of a
joint campaign.
Improved battlespace awareness, heightened
aircraft survivability, and increased weapons accuracy
have made possible that there is no longer a need to
amass force.
“Be still before the LORD and wait patiently for him; fret not yourself over the one who proposes in his way, over the man who
carries out evil devices!” – Psalm 37:7
The effective role played by air power stemmed
from a combination of advanced technology, increased
intensity and realism of training, and a steadily mounting
leadership focus on the operational level of war.
NEWLY-DELIVERED ASSETS
 Six (6) super tucano aircraft
 SIX (6) HERMES 900 uavs,
 Sixteen (16) black hawk helicopters,
 One (1) command and control (c2) aircraft
 FOUR (4) SCANEAGLE uavs,
 Two t-129 attack helicopters and
 One c295 medium lift aircraft
 The ground-based air defense system is expected
to be delivered on 3rd quarter of 2022,
 The impending delivery of the air surveillance
radar systems which is highly dependent on the
funding and implementation of the radar basing
support system for horizon 2 is expected to arrive on
3rd quarter of 2022;
 And one (1) c295 medium lift aircraft is expected
to arrive on the 4th quarter of 2022
EXPECTED DELIVERY FOR 2023-2028
 Air Surveillance Radar System
 Attack Helicopters
 Combat Utility Helicopters (32 S70i)
 FA-50 Munitions Lot 3
 Bell-412 Helicopters
 Medium Lift Aircraft Acquisition Project (C-295)
 Heavy Lift Helicopters
FUTURE: AIR AND SPACE POWER
The 1957 launch of the Sputnik satellite was used
to drive international agreement on the principle of
freedom of space and to treat “outer space”
differently to “air space.”
The edge of space – or the point where we
consider spacecraft and astronauts to have entered
space, known as the Von Karman Line is only 62 miles
or 100 kilometers above sea level. In theory, once this
100 km line is crossed, the atmosphere becomes too
thin to provide enough lift for conventional aircraft to
maintain flight.
SPACE POWER - the total strength of a nation’s
ability to conduct and influence activities to, in,
through, and from space to achieve its objectives.
- one part of military power, the purpose of
which is to provide the Government options to achieve
strategic outcomes.
24 | P a g e
AIR POWER OPERATION AND ROLES (CONTEMPORARY) EFFECTING A NEW WAY OF WAR
 Counter Air  Air Power could predetermine the outcome of
- Offensive Counter Air; Defensive Counter Air; war;
and Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses  The preeminence of Air & Space Power will stand
 Strategic Strike or fall like any other kind of military power; and
- Land Strike; Maritime Strike; and Interdiction  Air & Space Power have made possible a new
 Combat Air Support way of war entailing entirely new concepts of
- Close Air Support; Battlefield Air Interdiction; operations.
Anti-Submarine Warfare; and Anti-Surface The “New Paradigm” on the Employment of Air and
Warfare Space Power
 Force Enhancement  Airmen must argue that the better way of writing
- Airlift; Air Surveillance; Air Reconnaissance; the mission is but no less than those who fly.
Air-to-Air Refueling; Airborne Early Warning and  Airmen must own up to the fact that achieving
Control; and Special Operation and maintaining air superiority is only a part of
SPACE POWER ROLES the air power.
 Space domain awareness  Air superiority is only a buy-in condition for Air
- Detect, track and identify; Threat warning Power to exercise its combat function in joint
and attack assessment; and Data integration and warfare.
exploitation “Recognition and acceptance of the fact that
 Space control air & space warfare is an activity in which all services
- Offensive Space Control; and Defensive have important roles to play. It is a necessary first step
Space Control toward a proper understanding and assimilation on the
 Support to the Joint Force and national security changing role of air power in joint warfare.”
- Intelligence, surveillance and
reconnaissance; Positioning, Navigation and Basic Aviation Safety Concept
Timing; Satellite Communications; Missile Warning;  SAFETY - state in which hazards and conditions
and Environmental monitoring leading to physical, psychological, or material harm
 Space logistics are controlled in order to preserve the health and well-
- Space Lift; and Satellite Operations being of individuals and the community.
PhilSA’s Flagship Programs  SAFETY VS MISSION
Safety, if it fails, may result in serious
environmental damage, injury, or loss of life, while
mission, if it fails may result in failure of goal –directed
activity.
 BLOOD PRIORITY/ TOMBSTONE MENTALITY
 Tombstone mentality - is a pervasive
attitude of ignoring design defects until people
have died because of them.
 Sometimes, this is a result of market
pressures (nobody wants to pay for extra safety,
despite their talk).
 KNOW PRECEDENT - This are previous events or
cases that is used to inform subsequent decisions.
 RANDOMNESS OF DAMAGE AND INJURY
- If we defy SAFETY; the result is
unpredictability of damage and injury.
 ZERO ACCIDENT RATE
- All safety branches of any Unit was formed
to continue research into the area of worker
safety. Specifically, it sought to show personnel
how to achieve zero accidents on work places,
and to convince higher headquarters of the value
of an effective safety program by identifying
techniques most successful in achieving zero
accidents.

25 | P a g e
“Be still before the LORD and wait patiently for him; fret not yourself over the one who proposes in his way, over the man who
carries out evil devices!” – Psalm 37:7
SAFETY MANAGEMENT  The focus is on compliance with the minimum
- is an organizational function, which ensures that safety requirements.
all safety risks have been identified, assessed, and
 The level of safety is based on reported safety
satisfactorily mitigated. -PAFM 17-5 Safety Management
occurrences, with its inherent limitations, such as:
System (SMS)
examination of actual failures only; insufficiency of
OBJECTIVE OF SAFETY MANAGEMENT
data to determine safety trends; insufficiency of insight
- to prevent human injury or loss of life, and
regarding the chain of causal and contributory events;
to avoid damage to the environment and to property.
the existence and role of latent unsafe conditions.
SCOPE OF SAFETY MANAGEMENT
PROACTIVE SAFETY MANAGEMENT
 The primary focus of safety management in
 The proactive approach in the safety
aviation is on safety of flights encompassing also all
management is based on following a risk
associated and support services, which can have an
management strategy that includes identifying
impact on safety, for example air navigation services,
hazards before they materialize
aerodrome operations management, etc.
into incidents or accidents and taking the necessary
 Occupational safety and related health &
actions to reduce the safety risks.
environmental issues fall on safety management and are
 Components of a proactive safety management
generally dealt with by a separate management system.
strategy are:
SAFETY MANAGEMENT IN AVIATION
 Unambiguous safety policy ensuring the
 The concept of proactive safety management in
senior management commitment to safety;
aviation originated in the mid 1990s.
 Hazard identification and risk
 It encompasses a business-like management
assessment using state-of-the-art risk assessment
approach to the safety of flight operations.
methods;
 In retrospect the initial and fragile “fly-fix-fly”
 Safety reporting systems used to collect,
system (1920s - 1970s), was reactive in nature, i.e. the
analyze and share operational safety related
emphasis was put on individual risk management,
data;
intensive training and accident investigation.
 Competent investigation of safety
 This approach was gradually replaced by a new
occurrences with sole purpose of identifying
system-based concept.
systemic safety deficiencies;
 From the 1970s to the mid 1990s the adopted
 Safety monitoring and safety
model was mainly influenced by the progress of
oversight aimed to asses safety performance and
technology and shifted the concern towards human
eliminate problem areas;
error.
 Dedicated safety training for personnel
 The focus was to contain and mitigate the human
Safety lesson dissemination and sharing best
error through regulation and training; lessons were being
practices among operators and service providers;
learned from incident investigations and other industries.
 Building a corporate safety culture that
 In spite of substantial investment of resources in
fosters good safety practices and encourages
human error mitigation, the major reason for safety
safety communications in a non-punitive
breakdowns continued to be attributed to
environment.
unsatisfactory human performance as a recurring
COST OF SAFETY
factor.
 Safety comes at a price.
 From the mid 90’s onwards, a new approach
 All organizations have limited resources to devote
towards managing safety was adopted, proactively
to safety, and must deal continually with the conflicting
utilizing and analyzing routinely collected safety-related
goals of safety versus productivity, efficiency, or
data.
customer service objectives, which ultimately
REACTIVE SAFETY MANAGEMENT
determine profitability.
 According to ICAO Safety Management Manual
 Financial health in any business will be influenced
(Doc 9859) safety management in aviation industry is a
not only by good management and internal efficiency
combination of the two described perspectives,
but by the external economic environment.
traditional and modern.
 The extent to which an organization's financial
The reactive (or traditional) safety management health operates and is committed to safety will be
approach is useful when dealing with technological apparent from information about the following
failures, or unusual events. decisions and practices:
 What budgetary changes affecting safety
 It is generally described by the following
are made when ‘times are tough’? For example, is
characteristics:

26 | P a g e
“Be still before the LORD and wait patiently for him; fret not yourself over the one who proposes in his way, over the man who
carries out evil devices!” – Psalm 37:7
 some safety-related training seen as dispensable
and is cut or postpone.
 To what extent are productivity or
efficiency pressures increased at these times? For
example, is ‘cutting corners’ encouraged or
condoned more often.
 Do management priorities, messages and
most importantly their actions change from a focus
on safety to other organizational goals, such as the
‘bottom line’?
AVIATION ACCIDENT CAUSES
According to the FAA, the top 10 leading causes of
fatal general aviation accidents from 2001-2016 include:
1. LOSS OF CONTROL IN FLIGHT
 typically occurs when a plane deviates
from its “flight envelope,” i.e. the aerial region within
which an aircraft operates safely. This envelope
varies per aircraft and defines the safe degrees to
which a plane can pitch and bank, as well as the
aircraft’s appropriate speed (which can also vary
according to weather conditions).
2. CONTROLLED FLIGHT INTO TERRAIN
 occurs when an aircraft unintentionally
collides with land, water, or some other obstacle
without there being any indication that the pilot lost
control. While these types of plane accidents can
happen under many different circumstances, the
vast majority of CFIT accidents occur as a plane is
approaching to land.
3. SYSTEM COMPONENTS FAILURE – POWERPLANT
 In an aircraft, the power plant refers to the
system required to propel the plane and may refer
to just an engine or both propellers and an engine.
 A system component failure – power plant
accident occurs when a failure of all or a part of a
power plant (pistons, fans, the gearbox,
transmission, fans, power plant controls, reversers,
propellers, etc.) makes an aircraft impossible to
control. SCF-PP accidents can occur in both single
and twin-engine planes.
4. FUEL RELATED PROBLEMS
 typically caused by one of several
miscalculations: the miscalculation of a plane’s
current fuel quantity, a miscalculation of the amount
of fuel an aircraft needs, and a misunderstanding of
the type of fuel an aircraft needs.
 A fuel issue can also be the result of a
mechanical malfunction or failure of an aircraft
component.
5. UNKNOWN OR UNDETERMINED
 When plane wreckage is difficult to reach
(as in underwater or in unsafe terrain) or when
damage to the plane wreckage is extensive, it is not
always possible to find out information or evidence
pertaining to an accident.
“Be still before the LORD and wait patiently for him; fret not yourself over the one who proposes in his way, over the man who
carries out evil devices!” – Psalm 37:7
 Under these circumstances, the agencies that
investigate the causes of airplane crashes, including
the FAA and the NTSB, may be unable to determine the
cause of an accident.
6. SYSTEM COMPONENTS FAILURE – NON-POWERPLANT
 occurs when a failure of non-engine parts makes
an aircraft impossible to control.
Outside of the engine, there are still many areas of an
aircraft that can fail. These include:
o Software and database system failures
o Maintenance failures
o The failure of the control system, collective, tail
rotor drive, and rotorcraft cyclic
o The separation of parts from the airplane
7. UNINTENDED FLIGHT IN IMC (UIMC)
 refers to weather conditions in which a pilot must
refer to instruments in order to navigate. When doing
so, the pilot is flying under Instrument Flight Rules (IFR)
instead of Visual Flight Rules (VFR).
8. MIDAIR COLLISIONS (MAC)
 accidents where two aircraft collide while still in-
flight.
 The majority of midair collisions occur near airports,
where air traffic is at its heaviest.
 There are many factors at play when determining
the cause of MACs, from the quality of airspace design
to pilot management to the use of Traffic Collision
Avoidance Systems (TCAS).
9. LOW-ALTITUDE OPERATIONS (LALT)
 occur when a pilot is intentionally operating in
close proximity to terrain, water, or other obstacles.
 These accidents do not include accidents that
occur during the takeoff or landing phases of flights.
 Many LALT accidents occur during aerial work.
 They may also be the result of ostentatious
maneuverings, sightseeing, or simply needing to fly
closely to mountains or canyons.
10 OTHERS
 Others not mentioned such as bird strikes,
hijackings, fires, and so on, that make up this final
category of top causes of general aviation accidents.
AIR FORCE RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER
Current Vision
A modern and responsive Research and
Development Institution that will support and sustain a
capable and self-reliant Air Force.
Proposed Vision
A highly capable R&D institution which can support
and sustain a credible and agile Air Force adaptable
to modern warfare, and responsive to national security
and development.
27 | P a g e
 Current Mission
“To conduct research and development utilizing
indigenous materials and advance technology towards
establishing a capable and self-reliant Air Force”.
Proposed Mission
“To conduct research and development utilizing
advance technology towards establishing a capable
and self-reliant Air Force”.
Capabilities
 Establish and continuously update the research and
development (R&D) capabilities of the PAF.
 Search for substitute Air Force supplies from
indigenous materials.
 Establish capabilities for prototyping of equipment
and weapons to include formulation of standards
and specifications for test and evaluation.
 Conduct development, modification, alteration and
renovation of PAF equipment/weapons except those
which properly belong to maintenance and
repair units.
 Establish and promote close liaison and cooperation
with counterparts in private industries and other
government agencies.
 Formulate contracts / agreement with private entities
on research and development projects utilizing in-
country production capabilities.
 Establish appropriate exchange programs with local
and foreign agencies.
 Perform other tasks as directed by higher authorities.
AIR FORCE RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER (AFRDC)
HISTORY
15 Jan 1973 – The Self-Reliance Development Wing
(SRDW) was organized by PAF.
01 Feb 1973 – The proposed Wing was disapproved by
GHQ, AFP.
23 May 1973 – The Wing was re-designated Self-Reliance
Development Group (SRDG).
02 Sep 1977 – The SRDG was renamed Air Force Research
and Development Center (AFRDC).
1973 – Villamor Air Base, Pasay City. First Home base of
AFRDC.
1997 – Fernando Air Base, Lipa City. Second home base
of AFRDC.
2013 – Basa Air Base, Floridablanca Pampanga. Third
home base of AFRDC.
2018 – Clark Air Base, Mabalacat Pampanga. Fourth
home base of AFRDC.
1975 – SRDG was placed under CG PAF.
1998 – AFRDC was placed under the Air Logistics
Command.
2016 – AFRDC returned under HPAF as one of the PAF
separate units.
2018 – AFRDC returned under Air Logistics Command.
2018 – OCHCA approved the request of AFRDC to move
its anniversary date from 15 January to the 23rd
day of May.
“Be still before the LORD and wait patiently for him; fret not yourself over the one who proposes in his way, over the man who
carries out evil devices!” – Psalm 37:7
THE GLORIOUS PAST OF AFRDC
1973 – XT-001 “Marko 1” Aircraft
1973 – Rocket Launcher
1973 – Aircraft Machine Gun
1973 – Avionics Research and Development
1974 – Wooden Glider Craft named “Bongbong”.
1974 – Wooden Glider Craft named “Irene”
1974 – T-34 Aircraft Conversion 125 HP TO 225 HP)
1976 – T-610 Super Pinto “Cali” Jet Trainer Aircraft
1976 – “GYROCOPTER”
1977 – Hovercraft – “PUGO”
1981 – Philippine Rocket Jeep “SUMPAK” 2.75 Multiple
Rocket Launcher.
1987 – External Mounting Assembly for UH-1H Helicopter
1991 – Developed 20mm Automatic Gun System for OV-10
Aircraft.
1991 – Pilot Helmet & Components
1992 – Test Firing of reloaded 105mm Ammo
1992 – Test Firing of reloaded 105mm Ammo
1992 – Refurbished A Bomb Lifter
1994 – Successfully tested cluster bombs
1995 – Replacement of cargo window for S-76 Helicopter
1995 – Layang 1 Military Training Aircraft
1995 – Static Ground Test for locally manufactured rockets
1995 – Pylon Bomb rock for SF-260TP
1996 – Windshield for MD-520 Helicopter
1997 – Battery Cart
1997 – Layang 2 Military Training Aircraft
1999 – Upgraded SF-260TP to attack configuration
1999 – Glass Canopy of OV-10 Aircraft
2002 – Heavy machine gun pod technical inspection prior to
functional test
2004 – Ball Impact test for S-76 windshield materials
2004 – Turned-over aircraft hydraulic jack to 220th AW
2004 – Windshield for S-76 Helicopter
2005 – Field test of 250lbs bombs with fuse
2005 – Armaments & Munitions
2005 – MG-520 Center Canopy
2010 – Cloud Seeding Salt Dispenser for Nomad Aircraft
2012 – Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) – “ULAP 1”
2013 – Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) – “ULAP 2”
WHERE WAS AFRDC IN THE PAST?
 Pioneer of aerospace related products
 Well Known
 Has the support of President Marcos
 Vibrant and Robust
 Proactive
 Designed and Built aircraft
 Proposed Big Institution (Wing size)
 Can produce strategic innovations
THE GLOOMY PRESENT OF AFRDC
DOCTRINES
 No existing organizational manual
 Outdated R&D doctrines
 No standards in doing things.
 No systems in place
 No world class processes followed.
ORGANIZATION
 Obsolete organizational set up.
28 | P a g e
  Present set up is not designed to embrace modern  Not a premiere support unit 0f the Philippine Air Force.
technology.  Did not win any CG PAF Streamer award.
 Unresponsive and outdated institution
TRAINING 2018
 No Master Plan for Training  Fabrication of Portable Runway Lights
 Limited or obsolete trainings pursued.  for Jolo, Sulu Runway
 Lack modern technology trainings.  Modification and Rehabilitation of Aircraft Hydraulic Jack
MATERIEL for 900th AFWG
 Near obsolete existing manual equipment  Reloading of 200 round, 105mm Blank Ammunitions
 No modern equipment
 Lack equipment. 2019
PERSONNEL  Repair and modification of Maintenance Hoist
 Low personnel fill-up rate  for rotary aircraft 505th SRG
 Lack skilled personnel.  Full Scale Weather Rocket
 Inadequate pool of R&D experts  Fabrication of Cloud Water and Inertial Probe (CWIP)
LEADERSHIP attachment for LC-210 Aircraft of 900th AFWG
 Officers and key NCO’s knowledge in R&D is limited  Fabrication of Salt Dispenser Intake Duct Assembly for
 Lack exposure to modern R&D LC-210 Aircraft of 900th AFWG
 Lack experience in advanced R&D  Repair and Modification of one of towing wheels
FACILITIES
 Obsolete facilities 2020
 Deteriorating current facilities  Two M-39 20MM Cannon Platform Wheel Hub Assembly
 Lack of facilities  Design and Development of Bomb Trailer
VALUES  Mobile Bomb Rack
 Unestablished culture in creativity, resourcefulness,
and innovation 2021
MORALE AND WELFARE  Power unit transformer and Hydraulic Mule of 505th
 Stagnant state of morale and welfare of personnel SRG
 No Comprehensive Morale and Welfare Plan  Fabrication of Universal Lifter for 5th FW/15th SW
BUDGET AND FINANCE  19 Units Of Combat Utility Helicopter Hoist
 Minimal resource due to limited capability and low  Concrete Target for Aerial Test Fire of 2.75 rocket with
impact projects GATR
STAKEHOLDER’S ENAGAGEMENT  Manual Fuel Pump with Fuel Metering Gauge
 Unfocused and limited Stakeholder Engagement  Fabrication of Winch System for inflated Dummy
 No Stakeholders’ Engagement Plan Targets
STRATEGIC COMMUNICATIONS  Prototype Laser Bird Control System
 Reactive and inconsistent Strategic Communications  Landing Gear for Wheel Cover S70i Blackhawk
 No Comprehensive Stratcom Plan  Brush Bristle for Runway Sweeper
 Weak social media Page  17 S-70i Black Hawk A/C Gun Mount
 No Showcase Booth
 Limited R&D for Aerospace Engineering 2022
 Limited R&D for Aerospace Engineering  Unit Combat Utility Helicopter Hoist
 Limited R&D on Air Munitions  14 Units Drum Lifter
 Lack of R&D on various emerging and future technologies  Spanner Wrench
 Limited innovations related to warfighting.  Canopy Support Assembly for FA-50PH
 No research in symmetric and asymmetric warfare  S70i Blade Clamp Assembly
capabilities  Bead Breaker
 Unresponsive Unit Transformation to the challenges of  78 units Drum Mover
Flight Plan 2040
2023
 Remotely Controlled Bird Scare Device
AFRDC CURRENT STATE
 26 units of Laser Bird Control System (LBCS)
 Capability mostly limited to fabrication and manual
projects.
 Limited to tactical and no focused strategic projects

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“Be still before the LORD and wait patiently for him; fret not yourself over the one who proposes in his way, over the man who
carries out evil devices!” – Psalm 37:7
 Completed Project Proposals S.W.O.T. ANALYSIS OF AFRDC
 Development of Test Platform for Short Range, STRENGTH
Heavy Payload, Multi-Mission UAS. - Innovative Personnel
- Can deliver tactical projects
- R&D gets a boost in national level with proposed bills
creating a defense economic zone, and DND proposing
for the creation of a centralized center for R&D in the AFP
WEAKNESSES
- Almost obsolete capabilities
- Organization and capability set up not responsive to
modern technology
- No focus and direction in developing projects
OPPORTUNITIES
- Being a factory of “Ideas” will be the primary asset of
the unit to generate external funds
- Focus projects that has national impact will make the
unit well known
- Develop projects that targets PBBM and instantly the
unit’s glory is returned
THREATS
- The unit may be a candidate for deactivation if it
 Design and Development of Explosive Casting becomes irrelevant to the PAF
Research Laboratory - Continue to deteriorate in capabilities if transformation
 E-Plane, T-41 Aircraft Conversion is not pursued
- Continue to remain unrecognized and unknown unit of
WHERE IS AFRDC AND PHILIPPINE INDIGENIOUS AIRCRAFT NOW? the PAF
WHERE IS AFRDC IN THE 2020’S? WHAT OTHERS THINK OF PAF R&D?
 No aerospace related products  “A Fabrication unit”
 Unknown and unrecognized  “Not a sexy (high impact) project, but helpful indeed.”
 Minimal support  IS AFRDC READY TO ABSORB THE CHALLENGES OF PAF FLIGHT
 Not vibrant and Not robust PLAN 2040 ARTICULARLY IN AIRCRAFT AND AIR POWER
 Reactive DEVELOPMENT WITH ITS CURRENT SET UP AND
 Did not design and built aircraft TRANSFORMATION PLAN?
 Small institution The answer is “NO!
 Cannot produce strategic innovations Organizational set-up is obsolete
 Nearly obsolete capabilities AFRDC cannot absorb modern technology
 Underutilized, unprogressive No R&D focus/direction
 No great impact, No R&D strategy scheme
 underfunded with minimal support
 No direction, no drastic actions for change CURRENT ORGANIZATIONAL SET UP
 Glued on tactical and fabrication projects
 No capability to design and build aircraft
 Other units of the PAF has low regard for AFRDC
THE GRANDEUR FUTURE OF AFRDC
AFRDC IN 2022 IS IN THE CROSSROADS
“In 2040, either we go left in having highly improve
capabilities or continue to spiral down in capabilities”
It is not our fault if AFRDC is what it is today, but it will
our fault if AFRDC will be what it becomes in the future, still
existing but always on the brink of death as a unit.

30 | P a g e
“Be still before the LORD and wait patiently for him; fret not yourself over the one who proposes in his way, over the man who
carries out evil devices!” – Psalm 37:7
 pool of competent internal and external R&D experts
SOLUTION IS TO REVISE ORGANIZATIONAL SET UP (personnel), well informed and knowledgeable leaders in R&D
(leadership), a modern R&D facility (facilities), an
organization with a strong culture of creativity,
resourcefulness, and innovation (values), increased resource
generation from credible projects (budget and finance),
focused and comprehensive internal and external stakeholder
engagement (stakeholders engagement), effective
comprehensive stratcom plan (stratcom), ractice an
effective record management system (record
management), implements a thorough maintenance and
safety program (maintenance and safety), and very high
AFRDC RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK morale personnel (morale and welfare).”
The AFRDC follows a “Sand
Timer” as a research and
development framework. It
anchors with the SRDP thrust of
the national government,
encapsulated in the national
laws and proposed bills
supporting SRDP. These laws
and bills are translated by the
DND and AFP into SRDP goals.
These goals are further translated by the PAF through the PAF
Flight Plan 2040, and Command Guidance into an R&D Advance Aerospace Engineering
strategic objective. 2023-2025 – Armed UAV and Drones
This objective is further translated by the AFRDC into 2023-2028 – Advance Trainer Aircraft
the unit flight plan 2040 with a concerted thrust on “focused 2023-2032 – Advance Utility Aircarft
progressive research and development. 2023-2040 – Advance Fighter Aircraft
This focused R&D will be realized with the creation of Advance Armaments and Munitions
five new AFRDC Departments which will be responsive in the 2023-2025 – Basic Bombs
R&D challenges of 2040. These departments is supported by 2023-2028 – Rockets
relevant DOTMPLF, values, morale and welfare, record 2023-2032 – Missiles
management, maintenance and safety, stratcom, 2023-2040 – Advance Missiles
stakeholders engagements, and budget and finance, Advance War Fighting Innovation
programs, projects, and activities. 2023-2025 – Armed Unmanned Helicopter
AFRDC VISION STATEMENT 2023-2028 – Utility Helicopter
“A highly capable R&D institution which can support 2023-2032 – Advance Utility Helicopter
and sustain a credible and agile Air Force adaptable to 2023-2040 – Armed Combat Helicopter
Modern Warfare and Responsive to National Security and 20 Advance Technologies
Development through advanced research and development
comprising five core areas namely; advanced aerospace
engineering (platform), advanced armament and munition
(weapons), advanced military technology (technology),
advance warfighting (system), and asymmetric and
asymmetric warfare (knowledge).
To accomplish this, the center is supported by;
Symmetric and Asymmetric Warfare
essential doctrines and standards in R&D (doctrine), a
An annual comprehensive R&D report which contains;
responsive organization (organization), tactical and strategic
 Global Air Power R&D
R&D trainings (training), advance R&D equipment (materiel),
 Regional Air Power R&D
31 | P a g e
“Be still before the LORD and wait patiently for him; fret not yourself over the one who proposes in his way, over the man who
carries out evil devices!” – Psalm 37:7
  Potential Enemy Air Power Capabilities
 Asymmetric Capabilities R&D
2023 MAJOR OUTPUTS
 DOCTRINE
 Develop Organizational Manual
 Develop Operational Manual
 Develop 20 Standard Operating Procedures
 ORGANIZATION
 Reorganization into new departments which can
adapt to the challenges of PAF Flight Plan 2020 and
responsive to R&D requirements of IAOC
 TRAINING
 Identify and program needed local, and foreign
training to increase skills and
personnel.
 MATERIEL
 Increase resource generation through credible
ideas and collaboration.
 PERSONNEL
 Develop Internal R&D Experts
 Develop Support Personnel
 Determine External R&D experts
 LEADERSHIP
 Pursue Knowledge Enhancement Activities
 Pursue Leadership Development Activities
 FACILITIES
 Plan First Phase
 Plan Second Phase
 Plan Third Phase
 Pursuing Modern R&D facilities
 VALUES
 Promote a culture of innovation, critical thinking,
and strategic thinking
 Promote INSTEP
 BUDGET AND FINANCE
 Promote Transparency
 Promote Accountability
 Proper Utilize of Funds
 Ways to acquire funds
 MORALE AND WELFARE
 Establish a cooperative
 Pursue Commanders initiatives
 Pursue Unit Initiatives
 STAKEHOLDERS ENGAGEMENTS
 Engage all PAF Units
 Engage IAOC managers
 Engage R&D counterparts
 Identify foreign counterparts
 Develop PAF Open Innovation Challenge
 STRATEGIC COMMUNICATION
 Develop STRACOM Activities
 Participate in major PAF and Aerospace events
by developing an AFRDC Booth
 Develop AFRDC History Book
 RECORD MANAGEMENT
 Develop record system
 Develop R&D knowledge Management System
 Develop R&D Library
 MAINTENANCE AND SAFETY
 Pursue Comprehensive Safety
 Pursue Comprehensive Maintenance
 Pursue R&D Standards
expertise of  AFRDC LOUNGE
 AFRDC HONESTY STORE
 AFRDC MULTI-PURPOSE COOPERATIVE - First AFP R&D
Cooperative
 AFRDC FIRST CG PAF STREAMER AWARD IN 50 YEARS OF
EXISTENCE
 AFRDC IS THE MOTHER UNIT OF ADJUDGED PAF CIVILIAN
HUMAN RESOURCE 2023
2024 MAJOR OUTPUTS
 FIRST SOLAR AIR CONDITIONED CAR IN THE COUNTRY
– Military Solar Airconditioned Vehicle Electic
Recycled System (S.A.V.E.R.S.)
– V.I.P. Solar Airconditioned Vehicle Electic
Recycled System (S.A.V.E.R.S.)
 FIRST SEARCH AND RESCUE UAV IN THE AFP
 FIRST WEATHER UAV IN THE AFP
 “AMOK” - FIRST KAMIKAZE FIXED WING DRONE IN THE
AFP
 “MAOY” - FIRST KAMIKAZE ROTARY WING DRONE IN THE
AFP
2025 MAJOR OUTPUTS
 FIRST LOCALLY MADE UTILITY AIRCRAFT IN THE COUNTRY
IN PARTNERSHIP WITH FEATI UNIVERSITY
 FIRST ARMED FIXED WING DRONE IN THE AFP
 FIRST ARMED ROTARY WING DRONE IN THE AFP
OTHER MAJOR OUTPUTS
 FIRST MILITARY SATTELITE IN THE COUNTRY IN
PARTNERSHIP WITH ADAMSON UNIVERSITY
 FIRST TACTICAL HOVERCRAFT IN PARTNERSHIP WITH
PN, PCG, AND OCD
 FIRST MOBILE OPERATION COMMAND CENTER IN
PARTNERSHIP WITH PA AND PN - An easy to install and
uninstall mobile command facility which can be
deployed anywhere during war and peace (disasters)
by land, sea, and air anywhere and anytime for the
Commander in Chief and other VIP stakeholders equip
with conference room, state of the art

32 | P a g e
“Be still before the LORD and wait patiently for him; fret not yourself over the one who proposes in his way, over the man who
carries out evil devices!” – Psalm 37:7
 communication, conference table and chairs, CR, and 10 QUESTION QUIZ (TRUE OR FALSE)
1. AFRDC was established in 1973
VIP room. 2. AFRDC is pursuing “Advance Research and Development”
 FIRST LOCALLY MADE BOMBS AND ROCKETS IN 3. AFRDC received its first CCG PAF Streamer Award in 2023
4. As a strategy AFRDC is pursuing “Focused Progressive Research and
PARTNERSHIP WITH PA AND PN - The AFRDC has an
Development”
ongoing Melt Loading Facility and Capability 5. The proposed vision of AFRDC is “A highly capable R&D institution which can
Development. support and sustain a credible and agile Air Force adaptable to modern
warfare, and responsive to national security and development”
 MILITARY ARMED AND ARMORED VEHICLE in
6. 6. The proposed mission of AFRDC is “To conduct research and
partnership with PNP. development utilizing advance technology towards establishing a capable
and self-reliant Air Force”.
 FIRST LOCALLY MADE WIND TUNNEL IN PARTNERSHIP
7. 7. AFRDC is proposing five new departments to address the challenges of
WITH FEATI UNIVERSITY - Researchers use wind PAF Flight Plan 2040
tunnels to study aircraft performance, and design. 8. 8. AFRDC is developing a utility aircraft in 2023 in partnership with FEATI
University
 FIRST AFP TACTICAL ARMED BICYCLE - Military Bicycle
9. 9. AFRDC is currently home based at Air Force City, Clark Air Base, Pasay City
was utilized during wars and up to this day is being 10.10. AFRDC is pursuing aggressive transformation

utilized by leading militaries. Up to now the Philippine

Military has no official military bicycle to date.
 ENHANCED CLOUD SEEDING AGENT DISPERSAL
THROUGH ROCKET FLARES - To replace outmoded salt
dispenser in cloud seeding.
 FIRST LOCALLY MADE MANPADS - Man-portable air
defense systems (MANPADS) are playing an
unexpectedly important role in the war in Ukraine .
 LOCALLY ENHANCED PERSONAL PROTECTIVE
EQUIPMENT - Annually the PAF procures these items. It
is time to enhance them and be self reliant.
 FIRST AIR COOLED INNER GARMENT FOR MILITARY
UNIFORM - An air cooling inner clothing CHALECO
STYLE which can be worn inside military uniform, for
comfort and health during peace and war time.
 FIRST AFP MILITARY CAMOUFLAGE TEXTILE
MANUFACTURING - Acquiring this technology will
make the PAF self reliance by manufacturing locally
textiles of military camouflage uniform.
HOW WILL AFRDC ACCELERATE PAF WITH R&D EXCELLENCE?
 Credible Ideas and Projects
 Responsive Transformation Plan
 Focused Progressive Research and Development
 Extensive Collaboration and Partnership
 Reverse engineering and Re-engineering
 Enhanced Research and Development
 Motivated and Inspired R&D personnel

“In the early days, pilots did not fully appreciate the
value of research and development, they only care of the final
product.” - R&D in the USAF

33 | P a g e
“Be still before the LORD and wait patiently for him; fret not yourself over the one who proposes in his way, over the man who
carries out evil devices!” – Psalm 37:7