THE 13th INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON ADVANCED TOPICS IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
March 23-25, 2023
Bucharest, Romania
Experimental Determination of the Energy Provided
by the Photovoltaic Panels Placed on the Roof of a
2023 13th International Symposium on Advanced Topics in Electrical Engineering (ATEE) | 979-8-3503-3193-6/23/$31.00 ©2023 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/ATEE58038.2023.10108293
Vehicle with an Imposed Route
Alexandru Turcanu,
Politehnica University of Bucharest - Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Bucharest, Romania
lex_andru@yahoo.com
Abstract — The purpose of this paper is to present a practical
solution for improving the performance of electric cars by placing
photovoltaic panels on their roofs. The study is structured in two
parts, namely the electrical energy obtained with the photovoltaic
panel placed on the roof of a moving car on an imposed route, and
the electrical energy obtained from a photovoltaic panel placed
on the roof of the parked car. The study is carried out in
Constanta, Romania. The obtained data show the importance of
using photovoltaic panels placed on electric cars, in order to
obtain clean, free and useful energy for extending the autonomy
of the electric car.
Keywords: electric vehicles, photovoltaic energy, imposed route,
autonomy extension Introduction
I. INTRODUCTION
In the last decade, Electric cars have been getting more and
more attention on the Globe [1]. In Romania, demand on the
electric car market has registered significant progress.
However, facilities for charging electric cars are still in the
development phase. One of the most studied solutions for
increasing the autonomy of electric cars by identifying the
alternative to the traditional plug-in charging is the placement
of solar panels on the roof of electric cars [2].
Romania is located in a geographical area with type B solar
coverage, having 200 sunny days per year and an annual solar
energy flow between 1000 kWh/m2/year-1300 kWh/m2/year
[3]. In some areas of the country, such as Constanta, the solar
energy flow has an average of 1400-1500 kWh/m2/year, which
represents a value above the country's average. Considering
that the year has 365 days, we can estimate an average value
of 4 kWh/m2/day, from which a solar panel with an efficiency
of 20% can reach approximately 800 Wh/ m2/day. Considering
an average area of the roof of electric cars of 1.5 m2, a value
of approximately 1200 Wh/day of energy captured in the
batteries of electric cars can be estimated. Considering that an
electric car from Constanta has an average energy consumption
of 15 kWh/100 km, i.e., 1500 Wh/10 km, it can be estimated
an autonomy of 8 km/day covered only with the help of solar
energy. Estimating that a resident from Constanta travels by
car an average distance between 4-10 km/day on the way from
home to work and back every day, it can be stated that over
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80% of the residents of Constanta who own an electric car can
travel the distance from home to work only by the energy
provided by the PV panel placed on the roof of their electric
cars. Starting from these considerations, in the present paper it
is proposed to carry out a practical experiment, to determine
the solar energy that can be captured from the sun with the help
of photovoltaic panels placed on the roof of electric cars [4].
Considering that solar energy can be captured with the help of
solar panels during the car is moving and while parking, a
study is proposed to determine the solar energy captured
during a trip, over a distance of 11.6 km, on an imposed route.
After completing the route, the car will be parked for 8 hours,
while the energy captured by the solar panel will be monitored
with the PV panel oriented at 450 and 00. During the trip,
energy will be captured using a solar panel that allows easy
installation on the roof of the car, and during parking time with
another solar panel, installed on a special framework. After the
data acquisition, it is helpful to study the possibility to extend
the solar panel surface, to the surface of the car’s roof. Starting
from the electrical energy values obtained by a PV panel
during round-trip and parking time, it is desired to estimate, by
extrapolation, the total energy that can be captured using PV
panel on the entire surface of a car’s roof.
II. EXPERIMENTAL DETERMINATION OF SOLAR ENERGY
BY PLACING A PHOTOVOLTAIC PANEL ON THE ROOF OF
A MOVING CAR
In this chapter, a practical experiment was presented to
obtain solar energy from a solar panel placed on the roof of a
moving car on an imposed route in the city of Constanta. To
carry out the practical experiment, the following devices were
used: 15 Wp- PV solar panel; gel-lead battery 12 V, 7 Ah;
Solar power meter SM 206-SOLAR; a battery meter capable
of displaying parameters as: voltage, current, electrical power,
electrical energy, internal resistance and time; a Thermometer;
a solar controller, an android application for measuring the tilt
angle of the solar panel. The wiring diagram has been
displayed in Fig.1.
The solar panel with specification in Table I, was placed on
the roof of the personal car, positioned horizontally. In order
 TABLE I
SPECIFICATION OF SOLAR PANEL 15 WP
Material: Monocrystalline Silicone
Power: 100 W
Short circuit current 5A
Open circuit voltage: 18 V
Efficiency: 20%
Dimensions: 36 * 33cm / 14.2 * 13inch
to be positioned perfectly horizontally on the roof of the car, 4
magnets were used, at each corner of the PV in order to keep

tight the PV on the car’s roof. Using the smartphone’s

application, by placing the phone on the surface of the PV, the
00 tilt angle was determined. In the same plane with the Fig.2.a. The chosen route terrain
photovoltaic module, the Solar Power Meter was placed,
outside of the front window of the car for monitoring the
instantaneous global solar radiation.
The Solar Power Meter was placed under the same
inclination as the photovoltaic module. In order to measure
electrical power and energy the battery meter with shunt was
mounted between the solar panel and solar charger controller.
The battery meter and the solar charge controller were
mounted on the same console and disposed inside the car, on
the dashboard.
The energy produced by the solar panel was stored in a 12V
7Ah Pb battery, connected to the solar panel through solar
charge controller, and disposed inside the car at the foot’s
passenger from the right. Fig.2.b. The chosen route map
In order to capture solar energy during trip, a route was
chosen inside the town of Constanta, Romania, Fig.2. A, B. and based on the video recording data were processed, and
The route was completed on 23 October 2021, between 14:19 entered into a table.
and 14:44, in good weather conditions, with clear skies and During the trip, there were areas where certain parts of the
light wind. solar panel were exposed to shadow while the Solar Power
The duration of the route was 25 minutes, over a distance of Meter sensing surface was exposed to the sun, and vice versa.
11.6 km round trip (5.8 km one way) and consisted of a round This could create differences between the actual irradiance
trip, starting from the home parking point to the workplace values and the displayed irradiance. Also, during the process
parking point. of data acquisition there were gaps between the time of
During the journey, in order to record the instantaneous displaying the irradiance values and the time of displaying the
values of the electrical parameters on the "Battery meter" active power values, which participated to the uncertainty
measurement device and the instantaneous values of the global budget of the measurements.
radiation, a video recording was made using a mobile phone,

Fig.1. The wiring diagram

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 These factors contributed to the need for an analysis
2.50
between the theoretical power and power generated by the
solar panel during the trip [5]. Theoretically power was 2.00
obtained by using the values recorded for irradiances using the

Energy (Wh)
solar power meter during the round-trip. The theoretical power, 1.50
was obtained with the help of equation (1).
1.00
·
ℎ= (1)
1000
0.50

where Pth is theoretical power at 25 0C, ηp is solar panel
efficiency, Irglobal is the global irradiance measured by the solar
power meter.
Because the values between theoretically power and Power
generated by the solar panel during the trip were not the same,
through equation (2) it is displayed the relative error between
these 2 values of power, in order to compare it.
= · 100
0.00
14:19 14:22 14:25 14:28 14:31 14:34 14:37 14:40 14:43
Time (minutes:seconds)
Fig.4. Energy Amount Obtained During Round-Trip Period
Using the values of time and instantaneous power during the
(2) trip, the values for electrical energy produced by the solar panel
were obtained according to the equation 3:

where Erel is relative error, Pex is Power generated by solar #

panel during the trip. ! =" ( ) ∙& (3)
Another factor that contributed to the relative error, are the $

measurement errors specific to each equipment used for

where Ed is the energy obtained, P(t) instantaneous power.
measuring.
From Table II, can be noticed, a total amount of energy
In this case, the influence of the accuracy class of the battery
produced of 2.14 Wh, during the round trip, using a solar panel
meter is 1% of reading value and the accuracy class of the Solar
of 15 Wp on a surface of just 0.1 m2.
Power Meter is 10% of reading +2 digits, had a significant
participation to the differences between empiric values and TABLE II
theoretically one. ENERGY VS. IRRADIANCE VS. POWER VS. TIME
The results for the analyse between theoretically power and Power by Energy
Time Irradiance
solar panel amount
the generated power during the round-trip are displayed in Hour:min. (W/m2)
Pd (W) Ed (Wh)
Fig. 3. 14:19 165.6 1.89 0.03
The experimental results for energy and power generated by 14:20 482.5 5.37 0.12
the solar panel, were introduced in Table II, and highlighted in 14:21 678.2 7.71 0.25
Fig.4. 14:22 279.1 3.16 0.30
14:23 54.8 0.69 0.31
14:24 140.8 1.81 0.34
9 14:25 580.7 7.52 0.47
8 14:26 547.7 6.79 0.58
7 14:27 554.3 7.29 0.70
14:28 555.1 7.28 0.83
6
Power (W)

14:29 556.0 7.36 0.95

5 14:30 627.5 7.80 1.08
4 14:31 571.5 7.33 1.20
3 14:32 540.2 6.70 1.31
2 14:33 481.2 5.08 1.40
1 14:34 356.4 4.41 1.47
0 14:35 338.5 4.53 1.55
47.1 135.3 310.9 352.1 405.6 544.9 576.8 678.7 14:36 359.7 4.87 1.63
Irradiance (W/m^2) 14:37 357.4 4.71 1.71
14:38 334.6 4.56 1.78
14:39 314.0 4.25 1.85
Power delivered by PV panel (W)
14:40 284.4 3.80 1.92
Theoretical Power (W) 14:41 279.1 3.69 1.98
14:42 139.0 1.84 2.01
Fig.3. Power delivered by solar panel vs. theoretical power 14:43 302.0 3.76 2.07
14:44 366.9 4.39 2.14
Total amount of Energy produced 2.14
(Wh)

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 In column 1, Table II, time is displayed, in column 2 the
irradiance obtained by the solar power meter, in column 3 the
values of the power Pd generated by the solar panel during the
round-trip, and in column 4 the amount of energy Ed, obtained
with equation no. 3

III. EXPERIMENTAL DETERMINATION OF SOLAR ENERGY

BY PLACING A PHOTOVOLTAIC PANEL ON THE ROOF OF A
PARKING CAR

In this chapter, it has been studied the amount of energy

obtained with the help of a solar panel placed on a framework
system on the roof of a car when the car is parked.
For the experiment, a 100 Wp monocrystalline Breckner Fig. 5. The place chosen for the parking lot
photovoltaic panel was chosen, with an efficiency of 22%, 44.20368270 N, 28.61893720E
calculated by the power generated vs. panel surface during
reference irradiance (1000 W/m2). The panel, with an area of The obtained values are listed in Table III. As we can
0.49 m2, is capable of developing a nominal power of 100 Wp, resume, at 15:00, 16:00, 17:00 o’clock, with PV oriented
under reference irradiance conditions (1000 W/m2). towards the sun, the average of irradiance is 896.3 W/m2 in
The rest of the equipment used in this experiment, were comparison with 605.4 W, for SW orientation, concluded in an
assembled in a console and disposed on the roof of the car. average of power of 113.1 W instead of 79.6 W.
The equipment consists on: the gel-lead battery 12 V, 7 Ah, The results from Table III, shows the importance of
for storing the energy from the solar panel, the Solar power orienting the solar panel toward the sun in order to increase the
meter SM 206-SOLAR, for measuring the global radiation; total amount of energy.
Solar Charge Controller, for maintaining constant the voltage By represent the power generated by the solar panel during
and adjusting the current from the solar panel in order to parking, Fig.6, it can be noticed a significant difference
control the charging process of the 12 V battery process used between the power generated at a tilt angle of 00 and a tilt angle
for Pulse Width Modulation; the „battery meter” capable of of 450.
displaying parameters such as: voltage, current, electrical As it can be observed from Fig.6, the difference between the
power, electrical energy, internal resistance and time; a power generated with PV panel at 450 and PV panel at 00 is not
Thermometer; a solar controller, and an android application for constant during the period of experiment.
measuring the tilt angle of the solar tracking system.
The solar tracking system configuration is an important
topic and treated specifically in the specialized literature [5].
The performance of the solar panel for obtaining electricity
depends on the configuration of the tracking system. Over
time, various experimental assemblies have been made for
capturing solar energy, from simple assemblies to support the
photovoltaic panel in a fixed position, to devices capable to
orient the photovoltaic panel to the maximum power point [6].
For the experiment, the parking place is located in the
vicinity of the starting point of the moving car, in the place with
the coordinates 44°12'14.9"N, 28°37'07.2"E, Fig. 5. The
chosen parking place is oriented to the SW, and the PV panel
is located on the roof of the car. The experiment, Fig.6, was
carried out during a day of 21 October 2022, with a clear sky,
in the time interval 09:00-17:00, which is considered the Fig.6. The experimental assembly in the configuration 450
average working schedule of the population of Constanta. The
TABLE III
photovoltaic panel was used in two configurations, at an POWER GENERATED FUNCTION OF SOLAR TILT (AZIMUTH)
inclination of 00, and respectively 450, on SW orientation, in Time Tilt of PV panel on SW PV panel oriented
order to compare the obtained values. The results for PV power PV orientation towards the sun
generated are displayed in Fig.7. Irradiance Power Irradiance Power
(W/m2 ) (W) (W/m2) (W)
For the hours 15:00, 16:00, 17:00, the solar panel has been 15:00 45 0
966 117 1118.9 141
oriented directly to the Sun, in order to notice the difference in 16:00 450 557 76.7 888 117
electrical power generated with the PV panel oriented to SW 17:00 450 293.3 45.2 682 81.3
(south-west), and the panel oriented towards the sun. Average 605.4 W 79.6 896.3 113.1

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 The percent of generated power at the first hours of the
morning with the PV panel at 450, is almost 80 % higher than
the power generated by PV panel at 00. The peak of power
generated is almost 160 W around 12:00 o’clock for 450
inclination and 101.87 W for 00 inclination.
The minimum level of power generated is recorded around
5 pm, with just 45.2 W of power generated, with PV panel at
450 and 22.9 W at 00.
The amount of energy produced was recorded by the battery
meter during time, for both 00 and 450 tilt of inclination and
displayed in Fig.8.
From the Fig.8 it can be noticed the difference of energy
obtained during time, with the PV panel inclined at 450 and at
00 . An almost 1000 Wh of energy was produced with PV panel
at 450 and 515.5 Wh with PV panel at 00. Assuming that the
average energy consumption for an electric car is 15
kWh/100km or 150 Wh for each km, these results are
promising in order to extend the range of EVs.
200
150
POWER (W)
100
50
0 is maximum vertical car area, w is car width, h is car height and
TIME (HOURS)
Power generated at 45 degrees
Power generated at 0 degrees
Fig.7. Power delivered by PV at 0 and 45 degrees
1000.0
800.0
Energy (Wh)
600.0
400.0
200.0
0.0
9:00 10:30 12:00 13:30 15:00
Time interval (hours)
Energy amount at angle of 45 degrees (Wh)
Energy amount at angle of 0 degrees (Wh)
Fig.8. Energy amount with PV panel at 00 and 450
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IV.TOTAL ENERGY OBTAINED FROM THE SUN BY PLACING A
PV ON THE ROOF OF AN ELECTRIC CAR
The efficient use of solar energy involves several factors
such as the efficiency of the photovoltaic panels, the solar
radiation, the exposure time of the photovoltaic panel to the
source of solar radiation, the energy losses due to the charging-
discharging processes, the energy losses due to the shading
areas during the movement of the car, and not at least the solar
capture surface.
The efficient capture of solar energy requires a capture
surface as large as possible, which is conditioned in the case of
placing a photovoltaic panel on the roof of a car by the surface
of the car’s roof. Various studies in the specialized literature
have demonstrated the possibility of placing photovoltaic
panels on all available surfaces of automobiles, on the engine
hood, on the side doors, on the trunk lid and on the roof surface.
While all these options increase the efficiency of capturing
solar energy, the positioning costs and vulnerabilities also
increase.
Equations (4), (5) can be used to calculate the available solar
surface:
( ,*,+,- = . ∙ / − 0.3 ∙ / − 0.05 ∙ . ∙ / (4)
( ,3,+,- = (2 ∙ . + /) ∙ (ℎ − 0.9) − 0.1 (5)
where, AP, H, MAX is the maximum horizontal car area, AP, V, MAX
L is car length.
When carrying out this study to extend the solar capturing
surface, the car roof area was calculated in 2 cases, according
to the equation (6), (7), with the parameters from Fig.9. In the
first case, the surface available for capture is represented by the
surface of the roof on which photovoltaic panels can be
mounted as part of the roof, and is highlighted by the equation
6:
A1= L·w1 (6)
A1=1671mm·1024mm
A1~1.7 m^2
where A1 is the first roof area, L=1671 mm is the car’s roof
length, w1 =1024 mm is the first width of the car’s roof.
In the second case, the surface available for capture is
represented by the surface of the roof on which a "trunk" type
support can be mounted on which photovoltaic panels can be
fixed. The area is calculated according to equation (7):
16:30 A2=L·w2 (7)
A2=1671mm·1125mm
A2 ~ 2 m^2
 TABLE IV
EXTENDED ENERGY VS. IRRADIANCE
Irradia Energy Energy Energy
Time nce amount extended extended
(W/m2) (Ed)(Wh) (E1d)(Wh) (E2d)(Wh)
14:19 165.6 0.03 0.54 0.63
14:20 482.5 0.12 2.06 2.42
14:21 678.2 0.25 4.25 4.99
14:22 279.1 0.30 5.15 6.04
14:23 54.8 0.31 5.34 6.27
14:24 140.8 0.34 5.85 6.87
14:25 580.7 0.47 7.98 9.38
14:26 547.7 0.58 9.9 11.64
14:27 554.3 0.70 11.97 14.07
14:28 555.1 0.83 14.03 16.5
14:29 556.0 0.95 16.11 18.95
14:30 627.5 1.08 18.32 21.55
14:31 571.5 1.20 20.4 23.99
14:32 540.2 1.31 22.3 26.22
14:33 481.2 1.40 23.74 27.91
Fig. 9. Car dimensions [7] 14:34 356.4 1.47 24.99 29.38
14:35 338.5 1.55 26.27 30.89
where A2 is the car’s second roof area, L=1671 mm is the 14:36 359.7 1.63 27.65 32.51
car’s roof length, w2 =1125 mm is the second width of the 14:37 357.4 1.71 28.99 34.08
car’s roof. 14:38 334.6 1.78 30.28 35.6
Using the PV energy produced and the PV extended surface, 14:39 314.0 1.85 31.48 37.02
14:40 284.4 1.92 32.56 38.29
it can be calculated the energy obtained by extension. 14:41 279.1 1.98 33.61 39.52
In the first case, we will calculate the energy obtained by 14:42 139.0 2.01 34.13 40.13
extending the solar energy obtained during round-trip 14:43 302.0 2.07 35.2 41.38
experiment, E1d (8) and E2d (9), based on the energy obtained 14:44 366.9 2.14 36.44 42.84
by 15 Wp, PV panel: Ed (Wh) E1d (Wh) E2d (Wh)
Total Energy
2.14 36.44 42.84
(7 ∙ !
during round trip
To
7! = (8)
( 37 calculate the extended energy during parking mode, the area of
PV panel has been used.
(9 ∙ ! The results obtained by calculating the extended solar
9! = (9) energy, based on the surface of the roof, emphases the
( 37
importance of using PV panels on the roof of the car.
where E1d is the energy obtained by first extension, A1 =1.7 m2 It should be noticed that the chosen day for both experiments
the first roof area, Ed is energy amount obtained by solar panel was sunny, and the solar energy potential must be treated
during the round-trip, APV1 =0.1 m2, the area of PV used during differently, depending on the atmospheric conditions and the
round-trip, A2 =2 m^2, the second roof area. Applying equation season.
8 and 9 data from Table IV has been determined. In order to obtain the extended energy during parking mode
The total amount of energy obtained by first extension, E1d, during time interval 09:00-17:00, the extended energy values
0
was 36.44 Wh and 42.84 Wh for second extension energy, E2d. Ep1 and Ep2 (10,11) were calculated for both tilt angle of 0
0
These values indicate an important energy potential represented and 45 starting from the energy obtained by 100 Wp, PV
by the placement of photovoltaic panels on the roof of the car panel, Ep.
during its movement.
(7 ∙
7 = (10)
In Table IV, there have been noticed the values of energy
obtained by extension in relationship with time and irradiance, ( 39
(9 ∙
and in Fig. 10, the results from Table IV have been displayed,
9 = (11)
indicating the energy produced by extending the solar energy
captured surface. ( 39
In order to create an overview of the energy potential offered
by installing the photovoltaic panels on the car’ roof during where Ep1 is the energy obtained 2
by first PV area extension
parking, the same principle for calculating the extended energy during parking mode, A 1=1.7 m , the first roof area, Ep = 977.6
Wh, the energy amount obtained by 100 Wp Breckner solar
will be applied, as same as during round-trip experiment. For
panel during parking, Apv2 = 0.49 m2, the 100Wp Breckner PV’s
this purpose, based on the energy obtained during parking, Ep,
area, Ep2 is the energy obtained by second area extension
the values of energy obtained by extending, Ep1 and Ep2 will be
during parking mode, A2 =2 m2 is the second roof area. The
calculated.
values of Ep1 and Ep2 were introduced in Table V.

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 45.00 4000.0
40.00
3500.0
35.00
3000.0
30.00

Energy (Wh)
Energy (Wh)

2500.0
25.00
2000.0
20.00
15.00 1500.0
10.00 1000.0
5.00 500.0
0.00 0.0
14:19 14:22 14:25 14:28 14:31 14:34 14:37 14:40 14:43 9:00 10:30 12:00 13:30 15:00 16:30
Time hours Time interval (hours)

Energy amount (Wh) Energy extended E1d (Wh)

Energy amount at angle of 45 degrees Ep (Wh)
Energy obtained E2d (Wh)
Energy in extenso1 at angle of 45 degrees Ep1 (Wh)
Energy in extenso2 at angle of 45 degrees Ep2 (Wh)

Fig. 10. Extended energy vs. time for round trip Fig.11. Extended energy vs.time for parking car case

In this experiment, for a roof area of 1.7 m2 we can estimate

an energy obtained of 3419.6 Wh and for 2 m2 of solar panel, V. CONCLUSIONS
a value of 4023.0 Wh can be estimated based on the experiment
during 8 hours of parking, in Constanta, on 21st October 2021. In this paper, a comprehensive model for the study of energy
In order to create a complete image of the energy obtained acquired by solar panels mounted on the roof of a car has been
during parking, fig. 11 was created, based on the energy values presented. Currently, electric cars have an average range of
obtained through the extension of the car’s roof, during 200-350 km, depending on the number of battery cells placed
parking, in comparation with the energy results obtained on them [8]. In Constanta, the average of distance travelled
during parking by 100Wp solar panel. The tilt angle for this from home to work, for a normal inhabitant is around 5 km.The
study was 45 0. average working time of a person from Constanța is 8
Having the energy values obtained in the parking lot from hours/day, between 9:00 and 17:00 o’clock. Based on these
Table V, added to the energy values obtained during the round- data, we have analyzed the possibility of placing photovoltaic
trip from Table IV, a total value of the energy extended during panels on the roof of electric cars in order to charge the electric
parking + energy extended during round-trip, can be estimated. car from the sun, while it is in the parking lot between 09:00-
The obtained value of the total energy extended, Ep2 + Ed2, 17:00, and on the way to work.
in the amount of 4065.84 Wh, from column V, Table VI In the first part of this paper it has been demonstrated through
represents a promising result for charging the car's batteries the obtained results, that during a round-trip of 11.6 km, while
enough to extend its autonomy by the distance required to the car is moving, can be obtained from sun, a total amount of
cover the distance from home to work and back home. electrical energy of 2.14 Wh, using a PV panel positioned
horizontally on the car’s roof, with the surface of 0.1 m2.
TABLE V In the second part of the study, wit has been demonstrated the
EXTENDED ENERGY DURING PARKING effectiveness of using the solar panel on the roof of the car
Ep (Wh) Ep(Wh) Ep1 (Wh) Ep1 (Wh) Ep2 (Wh) Ep2 (Wh)
during parking. The total amount of energy obtained during
at 450 at 00 at 450 at 00 at 450 at 00 working time interval 09:00-17:00, was 977.60 Wh, with a PV
977.6 515.5 3419.6 1803.1 4023.0 2121.3 panel with the surface of 0.486 m2 and a tilt angle of 450. With
the considerations that an electric car consumes 15 kWh at 100
km, and the average distance travelled by car of a citizen from
TABLE VI
TOTAL EXTENDED ENERGY
Constanta is 4-8 km, it can be assumed that an energy of 1.5
kWh per 10 km is needed for the propulsion of an electric car
Ep+Ed Ep+Ed Ep1+E1d Ep1+E1d Ep2+E2d Ep2+E2d from home to the workplace and back home. With the
(Wh) at (Wh) at (Wh) at (Wh) at (Wh) at (Wh) extension of the surface of the PV panel used from 0.486 m2 to
450 00 450 00 450 at 00 1.7 m2 and 2 m2 can be admited that the solar energy obtained
979.74 517.64 3456.04 1839.54 4065.84 2164.14
during parking in a sunny day is enough for the propulsion of
an electric car from home to workplace on a roundtrip way.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The work has been funded by the Operational Programme
Human Capital of the Ministry of European Funds through the
Financial Agreement 51675/09.07.2019, SMIS code 125125.
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