TUGAS INSTRUMEN & ANALISIS DATA KELAUTAN

TINJAUAN PUSTAKA DASAR-DASAR PENGUKURAN PASANG SURUT

Dosen Pengampu: Dr. Eng. I Dewa Nyoman Nurweda Putra, S.Si.,M.Si.

Disusun Oleh:

Immanuela Cleine Celestine

NIM. 1913511044

Kelas B

Program Studi Ilmu Kelautan

Fakultas Kelautan dan Perikanan

Universitas Udayana

Jimbaran

2023
1.1 Tidal Measurement

Understanding tidal characteristics is crucial for a wide range of applications, as highlighted in

several journal articles. One article[1] emphasizes the importance of understanding the

spatiotemporal landscape dynamics and spread pathways of tidal channels for coastal wetland

management. Another article[2] explains that tides can play an important role in the mitigation of

pollution in water, as tidal waves help prevent the accumulation of silts and sediments. The

article also highlights the importance of tides in power generation, as the various characteristics

of tides can be utilized to generate electricity more efficiently than other sources.

Tidal currents in different regions have unique characteristics, and understanding them is

important for navigation, construction, and scientific research[3]. Another article[4] emphasizes

that changes in tidal properties have important implications for coastal communities, and it is

crucial to understand these changes. Spatial and temporal variability in tidal range is also

important to understand for coastal management and planning[5]. Finally, an article[6] reviews

comprehensively the nonastronomical changes in tidal properties, their driving mechanisms, and

future implications.

Tidal measurement is relevant in various fields, including commercial and recreational fishing,

coastal zone engineering projects, habitat restoration projects, and scientific research[7].

Engineers require accurate knowledge of tide and current conditions to monitor fluctuating tide

levels for projects involving the construction, demolition, or movement of large structures[7].

Ecologists focus on the tidal mixing of near-shore waters, where pollutants are removed and

nutrients are recirculated[7]. Tidal currents also move floating animals and plants to and from
breeding areas in estuaries to deeper waters[7]. Scientists use historical tide gauge data to

estimate global sea level rise since the industrial revolution, which is a powerful indicator of both

the trajectory and impact of anthropogenic climate change[8]. Tide gauges also capture a variety

of oceanic and geodetic phenomena at many time and space scales, such as tides, storm surge,

swell energy, and shelf waves, which are necessary for studying high-frequency coastal

processes[8]. Terrestrial tides are important for radio astronomy and calculating coordinates on a

global positioning system (GPS). Volcanologists study terrestrial tides because this movement in

the Earth's crust can sometimes trigger a volcanic eruption. Finally, scientists use satellite

magnetometers to derive tidal magnetic fields[10], and tide gauges are instruments that measure

coastal sea level relative to the land on which they are installed[10].

1.2 Tidal Characteristics

1.2.1 Definition and explanation of tidal phenomena

Tidal phenomena refer to the rise and fall of sea levels caused by the combined effects of the

gravitational forces exerted by the Moon and the Sun on the Earth[1][11]. The gravitational pull

of the Moon is the major tidal constituent, and the closer objects are, the greater the gravitational

force between them[1]. The Earth's rotation relative to the equilibrium ocean surface, which

bulges toward the Moon on one side and away from the Moon on the other side, causes the daily

tidal cycle[11]. The tidal forces due to the Moon and the Sun generate very long waves that

travel all around the ocean following the paths shown in co-tidal charts[11]. The time when the

crest of the wave reaches a port then gives the time of high water at the port[11]. Most tides are

semidiurnal, which means they take place twice a day[1]. High tide is when water advances to its

furthest extent onto the shoreline, while low tide is when it recedes to its furthest extent[12].
Tidal phenomena are important in various fields, including commercial and recreational fishing,

coastal zone engineering projects, habitat restoration projects, scientific research, radio

astronomy, and calculating coordinates on a global positioning system (GPS) [1][11][12][13].

1.2.2 Tidal constituents:

● Semidiurnal tides: Most areas experience two high tides and two low tides each day, with

approximately equal heights[14].

● Diurnal tides: Some areas, such as the Gulf of Mexico, have only one high tide and one

low tide each day[14][15].

● Mixed tides: These tides have two high tides and two low tides per day, but the heights of

each tide differ[14][15].

1.2.3 Tidal phases

● High tide: The point in the tidal cycle when water advances to its furthest extent onto the

shoreline[15].

● Low tide: The point in the tidal cycle when water recedes to its furthest extent[15].

● Flood tide: The period between low tide and high tide when water is rising.

● Ebb tide: The period between high tide and low tide when water is receding.

1.2.4 Tidal patterns:

● Spring tides: These tides have relatively large tidal ranges and occur when the Sun,

Moon, and Earth are aligned[15].

 ● Neap tides: These tides have relatively small tidal ranges and occur when the Sun, Moon,

and Earth form a right angle[15].

1.2.5 Factors influencing tidal characteristics:

● Moon: The gravitational pull of the Moon is the major tidal constituent, causing the daily

tidal cycle[14][16].

● Sun: The Sun's gravitational force also affects the tides, although to a lesser extent than

the Moon.

● Topography: The shape of the ocean basin can influence whether tides are more

semidiurnal, more diurnal, or a mixture of the two[15].

● Other variables: The angle of the Moon, the angle of the Sun, and other factors can

contribute to the differences in tidal heights and patterns[15].

1.3 Measuring Instruments for Tidal Measurement:

Tidal gauges are instruments used to measure the height of the ocean's surface relative to a fixed

point on land[16]. These measurements are important for understanding sea level changes and

predicting the impact of sea level rise on coastal communities[17]. There are several types of

tidal gauges, including acoustic, pressure, radar, and float gauges[18]. Each type has its own

advantages and disadvantages.

Acoustic gauges use sound waves to measure the distance between the gauge and the ocean's

surface. They are highly accurate and can measure sea level changes to within a few millimeters.

However, they are expensive and require a power source[18].

Pressure gauges measure the pressure of the water column above the gauge. They are relatively

inexpensive and require little maintenance. However, they are less accurate than acoustic gauges

and can be affected by changes in atmospheric pressure[18].

Radar gauges use radar waves to measure the distance between the gauge and the ocean's

surface. They are highly accurate and can measure sea level changes to within a few millimeters.

However, they are expensive and require a power source[18].

Float gauges use a float that is attached to a fixed point on land. As the ocean's surface rises and

falls, the float moves up and down, allowing the height of the ocean's surface to be measured.

They are relatively inexpensive and require little maintenance. However, they are less accurate

than other types of gauges and can be affected by waves and currents[18].

Recent advancements in tidal measurement technology include the use of satellite altimetry,

which can measure sea level changes over large areas of the ocean. This technology has greatly

improved our understanding of global sea level rise[17]. Another recent advancement is the

development of autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) that can collect data on ocean currents

and temperature, which can be used to improve tidal predictions[19].

1.4 Tidal Data Collection and Analysis:

Data collection methods for tidal measurement can vary depending on the location and purpose

of the study. One common method is the use of tide gauges, which measure the height of the

water surface relative to a fixed point on land[1]. Other methods include acoustic Doppler
current profilers (ADCPs), which measure water velocity and direction, and remote sensing

techniques such as satellite altimetry[21]. Data processing and quality control are important steps

in ensuring the accuracy of tidal data. One technique for processing tidal data is least squares

analysis, which can handle random data and is commonly used in tidal analysis[21]. Quality

control measures can include checking for outliers and correcting for instrument drift[23]. Tidal

data analysis techniques can include harmonic analysis, which decomposes tidal data into its

constituent frequencies, and spectral analysis, which can identify non-tidal signals such as storm

surges[20]. Visualization of tidal data can be done using graphs and maps, which can help to

identify patterns and trends in the data[20]. Case studies on tidal data analysis can provide

insights into the practical applications of these techniques. For example, a recent study used

theory-based artificial intelligence techniques to analyze tidal data for disaster management in

Taehwa River, South Korea[20]. Another study investigated the elastic and anelastic response of

the crust and upper mantle across Alaska to mass loading by ocean tides[22].

1.5 Wind Measurement and Its Relationship with Tidal Data:

Wind measurement is crucial for understanding tidal processes as it provides valuable

information about the driving forces behind tides and their interactions with the atmosphere.

Wind measurement instruments, such as anemometers and wind vanes, are used to collect data

on wind speed and direction. Anemometers are the most common tools for measuring wind

speed and can be found in various designs, including cup, propeller, and sonic

anemometers[24][25][26]. Wind vanes, on the other hand, are used to determine wind direction

and often feature unique and artistic designs[25].

The impact of wind on tidal currents and sea level is significant. Wind stress, which is the force

exerted by the wind on the water surface, can drive oceanic circulation and influence tidal

currents[27]. The drag coefficient, a measure of the resistance of the water surface to the wind, is

also affected by wind speed and plays a role in determining the magnitude of the wind-driven

currents[27]. Additionally, wind can cause variations in sea level through the process of wind

setup, where the wind pushes water towards the coast, and wind setdown, where the wind blows

water away from the coast[27].

Analyzing wind data alongside tidal data can provide insights into the complex interactions

between the atmosphere and the ocean. One method for analyzing wind data is to calculate the

wind stress, which is the product of the drag coefficient and the square of the wind speed[27].

This can help researchers understand the driving forces behind tidal currents and their variability.

Another approach is to use numerical models, such as the Simulating Waves Nearshore (SWAN)

model, which can simulate the effects of wind on wave and current patterns[27]. By integrating

wind data into tidal analysis, scientists can gain a more comprehensive understanding of the

processes shaping our coastal environments.

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