1.

Do you agree if other groups report their measurements up to three decimal places using the
ruler? Why?
No. Other groups used standard measuring rulers that only had an interval of 1
millimeter as the smallest unit, which meant they could only report their measurements up to
one decimal place using the centimeter unit; otherwise, the reported measurements wouldn't
be precise, potentially leading to deceptive reports and unreliable conclusions. However, if the
ruler they used was capable of measuring accurately to three decimal places and the experiment
demanded such precision, then it was appropriate since it was also more widely accepted. In
fact, the more decimal places obtained using an appropriate device, the more precise the
measurements would be.

2. Do different objects of the same volume always have the same density? Explain your answer.
Different objects of the same volume do not always have the same density. Density is a
property that depends on both mass and volume (Day & Carpi, 2017). Therefore, even if two
objects have the same volume, their densities can differ if their masses are different. This can
occur due to variations in the composition, compactness, or structure of the materials making up
the objects. In addition, the one that has a greater mass when two objects have the same
volume will have a higher density (Lesson 3.1: What Is Density?, 2023).

3. Based on your results, would you consider density as an intensive or extensive property? Give
your reasons.
Density is considered an intensive property because it remains constant regardless of
the amount of substance present. In the experiment, when two pieces of mossy zinc were added
to the water, the computed value of density was 7.00 grams per mole, and when five pieces of
mossy zinc were added in the same container, the computed value was 6.80 grams per mole.
The two computed densities of the mossy zinc were not the same, but rather close to each
other; however, based on the definition of density, their densities should ideally be the same.
This discrepancy occurred because it was observed that the mossy zinc samples did not have
identical masses. Additionally, there is a possibility that the weighing scale did not provide
sufficiently accurate measurements, or that researchers made errors in recording the masses of
the mossy zinc samples. However, it is important to note that in the case of mossy zinc,
regardless of whether two or seven pieces were used, the density should remain constant
because intensive properties do not depend on the amount of the substance.

4. Will there be a change in the density of the substance if it is of different shape? Why?
Density, defined as mass per unit volume, remains the same as long as the mass and
volume of an object remain constant, regardless of its shape. This fundamental principle
underscores the independence of density from the shape of an object, as mass and volume are
the sole determinants of density. Whether an object is shaped like a cube, a sphere, or any other
form, its density remains unchanged (Aaron, 2024).

For instance, consider a block of iron and a sphere of iron. Despite their different shapes,
both objects are composed of the same material, resulting in the same mass per unit volume.
Therefore, if the block and the sphere possess equal mass and volume, they will exhibit identical
 densities, irrespective of their distinct shapes. This consistency arises from the fact that an
object's shape does not alter the amount of matter it contains (mass) or the space it occupies
(volume) (Aaron, 2024).

5. Give (3) possible sources of deviation in part A, B, C. Identify the type of error.
 Incorrect calculation, categorized as a systematic error, occurs when errors are made during the
calculation process that result in inaccurate data. For example, using the formula for volume of a
rectangular prism instead of the correct formula for volume of a cylinder when calculating the
density of a cylindrical object.
 Equipment malfunctioning, classified as a systematic error, occurs when the equipment used in
an experiment does not function correctly or is not properly calibrated. For example, if a
weighing balance used to measure masses is malfunctioning, it may consistently provide
incorrect readings. The mass of a rectangular prism might be 162.6 grams during the first
measurement, 162.8 grams during the second, and 162.4 grams during the third time of
weighing.
 Personal factors such as fatigue, distraction, or discomfort, which fall under gross errors, can
impact the accuracy and consistency of measurements. For example, if one of the researchers is
tired or distracted while taking measurements, such as determining the height and diameter of a
cylinder, it can lead to systematic errors in volume determination.

Aaron. (2024). How does the shape of an object affect its density? Tutorchase.com.
https://www.tutorchase.com/answers/igcse/physics/how-does-the-shape-of-an-object-affect-
its-density

Day, M. M., EdD, & Carpi, A., PhD. (2017, February 12). Density and buoyancy. Visionlearning.
https://www.visionlearning.com/en/library/general-science/3/density-and-buoyancy/37

Lesson 3.1: What is Density? (2023, December 8). American Chemical Society.
https://www.acs.org/middleschoolchemistry/lessonplans/chapter3/lesson1.html#:~:text=The
%20mass%20of%20atoms%2C%20their