4.

14 Level Rods 95

8.5

6
8.7

8
8.9

9
9.1

2
d d 9.3

4
e 0
2 e 9.5

f
4
6
8
6
10 9.7

8
9.9

X
0.1

2
0.3

4
0.5

6
h⬘ 0.7

0
8
b 2 0.9

1
4
6
8
10 1.1

c g c 2
b b 1.3

4
1.5

6
1.7

8
1.9

h 2
2.1

2
2.3

4
2.5

6
2.7

8
2.9

a a 3
3.1

2
3.3

Figure 4.18
(a) Philadelphia
rod (front).
(a) (b) (c) (b) Philadelphia
rod (rear).
(c) Double-faced
leveling rod with
metric graduations.
(d) Lenker
(d) direct-reading rod.