WORLD ENGLISHES

Origin of the English Language

The foundation of the English language can be traced back in the 5th and 6th century, where the
Germanic tribes called Jutes, Angles and Saxons have migrated from Germany and Denmark to British
Isles and brought their dialect called the Anglo-Saxon. This dialect has become the foundation of the Old
English language.
The Norman Conquest of 1066 has brought huge amounts of French vocabularies into English,
after these French-speaking Normandy people have invaded the Great Britain. The Greek and Latin
language has started to enter it in the 15th century, which also shaped and influenced the linguistic features
of the English language. The Modern English was established in 16th-17th century.

World Englishes
 The term used to describe all the different varieties of English language that exist worldwide.
 Refers to the differences of English that emerge as it is used in various context across the world.

The English language;

- Is spoken by 1.5 billion people
- Is An official language to 67 countries
- Is estimated to be having 1,022,000 words
- Has 160 unique accents and varieties

Initially, the emergence of the English language can be dated back from the expansion of the British
Empire in the 17th century. Their drive for colonization has brought the Modern English to different parts
of the globe: North America, Caribbean, Australia, South Africa, New Zealand, Malaysia, Singapore, and
Vietnam. As time grows, the use of the English language to these countries has also proliferated. In
contact with the local languages, a new, increasingly stable and localized varieties of English with
properties and functions of their own also started to emerge.
English has become the lingua franca. It has widely been used as a language of formal and other
interactions in very many countries, the tool for globalization and the default choice for transnational
communication.

AMERICAN ENGLISH (AmE)

 The name given to the set of English varieties that exist across North America.
 Uses “rhotic” accent (pronounces the /r/ sound)

Two Distinct Accents of American English

1. Southern Accent- a distinct American accent typically used in the state of Texas and Atlantic
coasts. One of the unique distinctions of the Southern accent is the Dipthongs. Dipthongs are
sounds formed by the combination of two vowels in a single syllable.
 Example:
have - /hæ(ə)v/ (he-uhv)
dog - /dɒg/ (dawg)

Standard English:
I can’t believe you guys have a dog.
Southern accent:
I can’t believe y’all hæ(ə)v a dɒg.

2. Californian Accent- an accent used in wide parts of the state of California, US. There are two
major linguistic traits you will find that make the California accent stand out from other parts of
the US. These are the cot-cauught mergers, and mary-marry-merry mergers.
o In the California accent, there is often no distinction between the words, “cot” and
“caught.” They both sound like /cͻt/ or the vowel in “hot”. In places like the Midwest and
New York, there is a clear difference between these words.
o In the California accent, you are likely to hear all three of these words pronounced
exactly the same: Mary, marry and merry.
The vowel will all sound like the vowel in “red” /rεd/. Mary /mεry/, marry /mεry/ and
merry /mεry/. Someone from the eastern United States, however, will make a different
vowel sound for each of these.

BRITISH ENGLISH (BrE)

- A term used to distinguish the form of English language used in the British Isles from forms used
elsewhere.
- Uses Queen’s English – the standard form of the language called Received Pronunciation.
Cockney Accent - is the accent spoken in the East-End of London.
Ex. Do what? - /dʉ wɒʔ/
Get out of it! - /geʔ ɑːʔ əv ɪʔ/

AUSTRALIAN ENGLISH (AuE)

- Australian English is the official language of Australia, having originally deviated from British
English in the 18th century, after the founding of the Colony of New South Wales.
- It has been recognized as being distinctive from British English for almost 200 years and emerged
as European settlers from Britain, Ireland and Germany mixed with one another.
 ENGLISHES IN ASIA: THE PHILIPPINE AND INDIAN ENGLISH

INDIAN ENGLISH (IndE)

- is speech or writing in English that shows the influence of the languages and culture of India.
Also called English in India.
- Indian English (IndE) is one of the oldest regional varieties of the English language.
- Phrases like "doing the needful", "pass out", and "out of station" have unique denotations to
Indian English.
PHILIPPINE ENGLISH (PhE)
- a legitimate nativized variety of English in the Philippines. It is the language used by Filipinos in
controlling domains such as science and technology, the judiciary, the legislature, bureaucracy,
higher education, scholarly discourse, and the like.
- Using transitive verbs intransitively is one of the unique distinctions of the Philippine English:

"I cannot afford."

"Did you enjoy?"
"I don't like."

THE GLOBAL IMPACT OF THE WORLD ENGLISHES

English is what propels the global community, business, science, and opportunities across
societies. It allows humanity to speak in one language and understand one another better than ever before.
In an interconnected world, English impacts every aspect of our lives. It shaped the economy as we know
it today, it gave the global politics new face and made borders irrelevant. From culture, through science,
up to education and even shopping – English is responsible for the shape of our modern reality. Its impact
is permanent and is most likely to grow as humanity gets further in the process of globalization.

LANGUAGE VS. DIALECT

Language - is the method of human communication, either spoken or written, consisting of the use of
words in a structured and conventional way.
Spoken Language - is a form of communication in which people uses the mouth to create
recognizable sounds. These sounds come from a large vocabulary of sequences of sounds with
agreed-upon meanings. These sequences of sounds are called words, and each represents one or
more objects or concepts. A shared grammar and syntax allow the speaker to form these words
into statements which listeners will be able to understand.
Written Language - refers to a language that is written down and used for recording events,
ideas, and feelings. Accessing and exploiting the written word requires two key language skills:
writing and reading. Without these two, especially reading, it becomes almost impossible to
understand what has been written even though most words will be understood aurally.

Dialect - Dialect is a particular form of a language which is peculiar to a specific region or social group.
Dialects are often just spoken, and has cultural variations associated within the language it belongs to.
 Standard Dialect - A term in linguistics for a part of a language traditionally equated with the
language itself and seen as the product of such ‘refining’ forces as use at a royal court, by the
middle classes, and in literature, printing, publishing, and education.
Non-standard Dialect – also known as vernacular dialect. It is a dialect or language variety that
has not historically benefited from the institutional support or sanction that a standard dialect has.
Like any dialect, a nonstandard dialect has an internally coherent system of grammar.

Mutual Intelligibility - Mutual Intelligibility is a situation in which two or more speakers of a language
(or of closely related languages) can understand each other. Mutual Intelligibility is a continuum (that is,
a gradient concept), marked by degrees of intelligibility, not by sharp divisions.

REFERENCES:
https://blog.lingoda.com/en/california-accent/
https://blog.lingoda.com/en/a-guide-to-australian-english/
https://proofed.com/writing-tips/english-dialects-what-is-indian-english/
https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/philippine-
english
https://www.translateday.com/impact-english-language-in-our-society/
https://www.languagehumanities.org/what-is-a-written-language.htm
https://qqeng.net/newsletter/philippine-english-is-legitimate-claims-oxford-english-dictionary-editor/
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tu_m5diSk4k&list=PPSV