O-Level History Revision Volume One

O-level History Revision
Through Questions and Answers

Volume One
BY
RODRECK MATSVERU
PUBLISHED ON 01 JUNE 2019

Dedication
I dedicate this little volume to all the O-level students studying history in 2019 and beyond
1 (a) Identify any five allied powers that took part in the First World War (5)
 Britain
 France
 Italy
 Japan
 Australia
 United States of America
 New Zealand
 Portugal
(b) Describe the Bosnian crisis of 1908 (12)
 In 1908, Austria-Hungary annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina.
 In doing this she blocked Serbia from her plan of creating a union of Slav nations.
 Serbia was frustrated and she decided to declare war on Austria Hungary.
 Russia offered Serbia support with Germany offering Austria Hungary support.
 Russia was in a critical situation, she had been defeated by Japan in the Russo-Japanese
War of 1904-5.
 In this war, the weaknesses of Russia were exposed.
 Russia was also in a dilemma because neither Britain nor France were willing to offer
Russia.
 With this situation at hand, Russia had no choice except to climb.
 Serbia was deeply hurt and she was left with a deep scar.
 This resulted in the Germany and Austria Hungary scoring a diplomatic success.
 Serbia resorted to the cause trouble among Serbs and Croats inside Austria Hungary.
 Russia also promised not to climb down in the future.
(c) How far did the Bosnian crisis contribute to the outbreak of First World War? (8)
 Bosnian crisis resulted in the increase in tension between Serbia and Austria Hungary.
 It also worsened tension between Russia and Austria Hungary.
 Serbia was now determined to cause trouble among Serbs and Croats inside Austria
Hungary
 However there other factors that were responsible for the outbreak of the First World
War.
 These were alliance system, Sarajevo incident and naval race.
 To a greater extent, the Bosnian crisis was responsible for the outbreak of the First World
War although they were other factors.
2(a) List three members of Triple Entente 1907 and two members of Dual Entente (5)
Triple Entente
 France
 Britain
 Russia
Dual Entente
 France
 Britain
(b)Describe the 1911 Panther Crisis (12)
 In 1911 the French forces occupied Fez the capital of Morocco responding to an uprising
that had taken place.
 The Moroccans were rebelling against the new Sultan imposed by the French in 1908.
 This did not go down well with Kaiser William II of Germany.
 He interpreted this as a sign of the France’s attempt to colonize Morocco again.
 Kaiser William II sent a gunboat called ‘panther’ to the port of Agadir.
 He threatened the port with guns demanding compensation for behavior of France
towards Morocco.
 In doing this, the trade of Britain and her colonies was disturbed and Britain had to
respond.
 Britain sent her own gunboats to the port of Agadir.
 They were clashes between the British and German troops that lasted for days.
 The clashes were intense that they nearly caused a collision.
 Germany withdrew after realizing that she was not prepared to fight the British.
 She was humiliated by being given a territory in Congo which was a face serving
compromise.
 She later accepted that the French should control Morocco as her protectorate.
 Germany saw that she was not yet strong to fight Britain.
(c)To what extend Panther Crisis contribute to the outbreak of the First World War (8)
 Panther crisis resulted in the outbreak of the First World War because it worsened tension
between France and Germany.
 Germany got time to prepare for a war as she realized that she was not ready to fight Britain.
 The relations of Britain and France were tightened.
 However other factors were responsible for the outbreak of the war, these were Alliance
System, Bosnian Crisis and Naval Race.
 Therefore, First and Second Moroccan crisis were responsible for the outbreak of the war
although there are other factors.
3 (a) Identify any five ethnic groups in the Balkans state (5)
 Croats
 Czech
 Serbs
 Greeks
 Bulgarians
 Romanians
(b) Describe the role played by the Russia and Austria Hungary in increasing tension in the
Balkans between 1907 and 1913 (12)
 In 1907, Russia and Austria Hungary were involved in a conflict 1908 when Austria
Hungary annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina.
 This conflict nearly resulted in a war between the two countries. Russia quickly climbed
down because she was not prepared to fight in a war.
 In 1914 another conflict arose. It was between Austria –Hungary and Serbia a major ally
of Russia.
 On the 28th of June 1914, Arch Duke Francis Ferdinand was shot dead by a Bosnian student
Gavrillo Princip.
 Gavrillo Princip used a gun provided by Anti – Austrian propaganda group called the Black
Hand Organisation.
 Arch Duke Francis Ferdinand was to become the next king of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
 Austria Hungary blamed Serbia for the murder.
 She sent an ultimatum which had three demands for Serbia.
 Serbia must clamp down on all anti Austrian groups operating in Serbia.
 Serbia must hunt and punish those responsible for the murder.
 Austrian officials to enter Serbia so as to see if the demands were met.
 Serbia accepted the two demands and rejected the third demand.
 Austria had done this deliberately; she was finding a way to eliminate Serbia as
independent state.
 Britain tried to solve the dispute through the use of diplomacy but Austria Hungary was
adamant.
 Kaiser William II’s war council had offered Austria- Hungary assurance of support against
Serbia.
 On the 28th of July Austria – Hungary declared war against Serbia and the next day the
Austrian troops bombed Belgrade the capital of Serbia.
 Russia mobilised its troops to assist Serbia, Germany advised Russia to climb down but it
fell on deaf ears.
 Germany then declared war on Russia.
 Germany then declared on war on France after she had refused to pledge neutrality.
 She then attacked Belgium as she had planned before.
 In doing this she violated the treaty of London of 1839.
 When the British complained about the matter the Chancellor of Germany by the time
responded by saying that the London Treaty of 1839 was just a piece of paper.
 Britain then responded by declaring war on Germany and the First World War broke out.
(c)To what extent was Russia responsible for the outbreak of the First World War (8)
 Russia had a war plan and this made war unavoidable.
 She was determined to support Serbia against Austria –Hungary hence Serbia developed
an attitude towards Austria –Hungary.
 She was the first country to mobilise for the war when Austria attacked Serbia, hence the
chances of peace became limited in the Austrian –Serbian dispute.
 However there were other countries that were responsible for the outbreak of the First
World War.
 These were Britain, France and Germany.
 To a lesser extent, Russia was responsible for the outbreak of the First World War because
other countries were responsible.
4 (a) List any five Europeans countries that took part in the First World War (5)
 Britain
 France
 Russia
 Bulgaria
 Germany
 Italy
 Australia
(b)Outline the causes of the First World War (12)
 The First World War was as a result of a number of reasons. The system of alliances
made great powers to have an impression that war was to come soon.
 It also worsened relations between Germany and France.
 Great powers such as France, Germany Russia were involved in competition of creating
powerful armies.
 They even chose to have their country people to suffer from at the expense of
construction of powerful armies.
 Germany and Britain were involved in a competition to build battle ships.
 Germany wanted to challenge the sea power status whilst Britain wanted to maintain her
status. In 1906 Britain introduced the HMS dreadnaught, which was heaviest and of its
own kind.
 Soon after that Germany also constructed similar dreadnaughts.
 The competition went on and on until the outbreak of the First World War.
 All the major powers had war plans in which they planned how they were going to
conduct. In 1905, France and Germany clashed over the control of Morocco.
 There was also a conflict between Austria Hungary and Serbia which nearly resulted in
the outbreak of the war.
 In 1911 the Balkan league attacked turkey and they won.
 The Balkan wars worsened hostility between Austria Hungary and Serbia.
 In 1914, Serbia and Austria Hungary were involved in another conflict. The conflict
resulted in the First World War.
(c)How far was Germany‘s foreign policy to blame for the outbreak of the First World
War (8)
 The foreign policy of Germany, was aggressive.
 It was provocative and it encourages war more than peace.
 It worsened between her and France as well as Britain.
 However other factors were responsible for the first world war, these were alliance
system, Moroccan crisis and militarism
 To a greater extent, Germany‘s foreign policy was to blame for the outbreak of the first
world war although they are other countries.
5(a) Name any five Balkan states that had become independent from Turkish rule by 1912
(5)
 Serbia
 Montenegro
 Greece
 Bulgaria
 Romania
(b)Outline interests of Austria Hungary and Serbia in the Balkans from 1900 to 1914 (12)
 Austria Hungary and Serbia always clashed on the control of the Balkans. Their clash of
interest over the Balkans resulted in the outbreak of the First World War.
 Serbia wanted to create the union of Slav nations an idea that she had a backing from
Russia who called herself a father of Slav nations.
 While Serbia had this plan the majority of the Balkans were under the control of turkey
who was an ally of Austria Hungary.
 The contention reached its peak in 1908, when Austria Hungary annexed Bosnia and
Herzegovina. The annexation provoked Serbia to declare a war on Austria Hungary.
 Serbia had a backing from Russia whilst Austria Hungary was backed by Germany.
Russia withdrew from the Serbia’s campaign after realizing that she was not prepared to
fight in this war. Her allies Britain and France did not her support.
 Serbia had no choice but to accept defeat and Austria scored a diplomatic success
(winning without going to a war). Serbia became determined to cause trouble among
Serbs and Croats inside Austria Hungary.
 In 1911 Serbia and her fellow Balkan league members attacked turkey accusing her of
persecuting Christians in Macedonia. The campaign was successful and turkey
surrendered. Serbia and her friends met in London and shared the gains to their fight with
the help of great powers, Austria Hungary included. In the process of the sharing of
territories Austria Hungary insisted that an independent state should be created called
Albania. This was an attempt by Austria Hungary to prevent Serbia from getting access
to the sea.
 In 1914 a Bosnian student who was a member of an anti-Austrian group assassinated the
next king of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The assassination resulted in the outbreak of the
First World War.
(c)To what extent did clashes between Serbia and Austria Hungary over Balkans between
1900 and 1914 contribute to the outbreak of the First World War? (8)
 The clashes increased tension among that great powers in Europe.
 The clashes divided Europe into war fronts.
 They also encouraged war between nations.
 However other factors were responsible for the outbreak of the first world war, these
were alliance system, naval race and militarism
 Therefore, the clashes between Serbia and Austria Hungary led to the outbreak of the first
world war to greater extend
6(a) Name any five members of the central powers during the First World War (5)
 Germany
 Austria
 Hungary
 Bulgaria
 Turkey
(b)Describe the political and economic results of the First World War (12)
 Defeated powers like Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria and Turkey were forced to sign treaties.
 The map of Europe was redrawn and the old empires collapsed that is Austro- Hungarian
Empire, Russian Empire and the Turkish Empire.
 Tsar Nicholas and his government were removed from power by the Bolshevik revolution.
 Kaiser William II was removed from power and republican government was formed.
 The union between Austria and Hungary were forbidden and so was the union between
Germany and Austria.
 Nations outside Europe got their independence for example the Indians got their
independence from Britain.
 There was rise of dictatorship in Europe that is Fascism in Italy, Nazism in Germany and
Communism in Russia.
 New states were created that is Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia.
 Japan and USA became the most influential nations in world affairs.
 In Southern Africa, nationalist parties and movements emerged.
Economic Effects
 Trade between European countries and the world were adversely affected.
 Nations outside Europe like USA and Japan became the most powerful economies in the
world.
 America made a lot of money having loaned Europe money and the money was being
repaid back.
 America made a lot of money by selling her goods to Europe as Europeans had closed their
industries in the war.
 Japan and America got new markets in Africa and Asia which were previously dominated
by the British products.
 There was inflation, unemployment and increased cost of living.
 European powers had to pay debts incurred during the war.
 The industry had closed.
 There was the rise of trade unions in Europe.
 There was technological advancement, there was mass production of goods that is more
cars, bicycles, utensils, furniture
 Communication services improved for example the advent of television and radio
 New drugs came with new surgery methods.
(c)Did the people of Europe benefit from this war economically explain your answer?
 Europe benefited because there was technological advancement after the First World
War.
 New medicines were developed after the war.
 There was development of television and radio.
 However there were demerits of the war to Europe because there was inflation, low
industrial production and the rise of the cost of living.
 To a lesser extend Europe benefited from this war because they were other factors.
7(a) State any five countries that fought against Germany and her allies during the First
World War (5)
 Britain
 France
 Italy
 Portugal
 Japan
 New Zealand
 Australia
(b)Describe Germany’s plan for the attack on France during World War 1(12)
 The Schlieffen Plan was a German war plan which was devised by General Alfred Count
von Schlieffen in 1905.
 Schlieffen was the chief of the General Staff in Germany.
 The plan was based on the assumption that Germany was to fight war on two fronts against
France and against Russia simultaneously.
 It was based on the use of railways to move troops.
 According to this plan Germany would invade France via Belgium / Holland and
Luxembourg.
 The Germans were to march through Belgium within two weeks.
 The plan aimed at swift victory against France in the West.
 France was to be defeated within six weeks.
 France was to be defeated before Russia mobilised her troops.
 The Germans also aimed at capturing Paris and encirclement of French armies as well as
attacking Alsace-Lorraine before Russian mobilisation was complete.
 After defeating France, German soldiers were to be transferred to the East to fight Russia.
 This was meant to avoid fighting war on two fronts at the same time.
 The Germans were to defeat Russia within six months.
 The German forces were to occupy the Channel ports in order to prevent the landing of
British reinforcements.
 When war broke out in 1914, Germany moved quickly to implement the Schlieffen plan.
 Troops moved swiftly through Belgium.
 The Germans however met resistance from the Belgians and the British Expeditionary
Forces [BEF].
 The Germans were held for 3 weeks in Belgium.
 This delayed the German strike against France.
 The British came in to strengthen French defences a little earlier than Germans anticipated.
 As a result some German forces withdrew to fight the Russians in the East.
 The Germans were temporarily stopped by allied counter attacks thereby disturbing the
speed and timetable.
 The French army was sent to deal with German invasion instead of invading Alsace-
Lorraine.
 Germany thus made changes to the plan.
 Germany sent forces through a shorter route East of Paris instead of West.
 The French and British checked German troops at the River Marne and were pushed back
to river Aisne.
 The end result was that Germans were not able to penetrate into the West of Paris and the
Schlieffen plan collapsed. The German High Command lost contact with the operation.
 Germans retreated 60km and dug trenches.
(c)To what extent was the plan successful?

 The plan was successful because the Germany troops managed to attack France through
Belgium.
 They almost captured Paris.
 However the plan was a failure because the attack of Belgium invited Britain into the war
which was a dis advantage to Germany.
 When Germany declared war on France Russia declared war on Germany hence
Germany was fighting war on two fronts.
 The Germany troops were exhausted and delayed in Belgium as a result of the resistance
 To a lesser extend the attack was a success because they were other factors.
8(a) Identify any five new weapons used during the First World War (5)
 Torpedoes
 Machine guns
 Zeppelins
 Poison gas
 Tanks
 Bombs
 Riffles
(b)Describe the events which led to the failure of Schlieffen plan (12)
 Germany troops had advanced to capture Paris.
 They were 20 miles away from Paris.
 The Germany troops were tired, exhausted and they did not have adequate supplies.
 The Frenchmen showed the highest level of patriotism, they used every form of transport
to defend their nation.
 Germany troops were repulsed to river Asaine.
 The battle was important because Germany’s plan to advance to Paris.
 The Germany soldiers were forced to retreat.
 This was the first step in the defeat of Germany.
 This made Germany to fight war on two fronts.
 Something that she was not prepared to do.
(c)How important was the role played by Belgium in the failure of Schlieffen plan
 Belgium delayed the Germany troops while giving France time to prepare for her
defense.
 Belgian resistance exhausted the Germany troops.
 Belgium made Germany troops to overstretch their resources and she managed to block
German supply lines for war materials.
 However there other factors that led to the defeat of Germany, these were the battle of
Verdun, the American entry into the war and battle of Somme.
 To a greater extent, Belgium contributed to the defeat of Germany although they were
other factors.
9(a) Name any five battles that were fought during the First World War between central
and allied powers from 1914 to 1917 (5)
 The battle of Somme
 The battle of Verdun
 The battle of Marne
 The battle of Jutland
 The battle of Tannerberg and Masurian lakes
 The battle of Ypres
 The battle Caporetto
(b)Describe the American involvement in the First World War (12)
 American entered the First World War after being provoked by Germany activities. They
were many reasons why America entered the First World War. America entered the First
World War as a result of many reasons.
 The policy of unrestricted submarine campaign by the Germans made America to join the
war on the side of allied powers. This resulted in the sinking of British passenger ship
Lusitania which carried 1118 passengers, 118 of the passengers hence America entered to
protect her citizens.
 In 1917, USA leant that Germany was seeking Mexican help in an event there is a war
between Mexico and USA. The letter sent by telegram of Germany ambassador to Mexico
Alfred Zimmermann. In the letter was promised economic assistance if she helps the
Germanys.
 America discovered had been sabotaging American weapon making industries, plants and
materials. It is believed that Germany had agents disrupting United States communication
systems.
 America had sympathy with allied powers. She perceived them as better custodians of
democracy than the central powers.
 Britain had appealed to the American public in a more appealing manner than the
Germanys.
 American people feared losing their money which they have loaned to the allied powers.
Therefore, America assisted allied powers so as to recover her money if the allies win the
war.
 America had condemned Germany as an aggressor; she condemned Germany’s attack of
Belgium made Americans to support allied powers.
 USA claimed that they were entering into the war to fight to make the world safe for peace.
USA was influenced by the belief that allied powers represented peace and democracy
hence they came to serve democracy.
(c)To what extent did the American involvement in the First World War contribute to the
defeat of the central powers? (7)
 It boosted the morale of allied powers.
 It managed to outcompete and to render the submarine campaign ineffective.
 It left German troops her allies weakened
 However they were other factors that led to the defeat of central powers, these were the
lack of unity, the battle of Verdun and the battle of Somme
 To a greater extent, American involvement in the First World War led to the defeat of
central powers.
10(a) List any five countries that fought against Germany and her allies during the First
World War (5)
 Britain
 France
 Italy
 Japan
 Australia
 Portugal
(b)Describe the German U boat campaign during the First World War (12)
 A submarine is a special type of a ship that moves under water.
 The Germans aimed at cutting the British supply lines by sinking her merchant and neutral
ships in the Atlantic
 Germany wanted to control the seas
 In May 1915, the Germans sunk the British ship, Lusitania which was carrying vast
quantities of arms and ammunition and also soldiers
 The sinking of Lusitania had important or rather disastrous results as out of almost 2 000
people dead, 128 were Americans
 In March 1916, the Germans sunk another British ship called Sussex which had some
Americans
 The submarine warfare created food shortages in Britain as 430 ships had been lost by
April 1917
 To reduce loses in the sea, the British introduced a convoy system
 A convoy was a larger number of merchant ships sailing together, so that they could be
protect by escorting warships
 The convoy system reduce losses by a wide margin
 The submarine campaign was vital in that it sucked in America who brought fresh
soldiers, better weapons and new ideas on how to win the war
(c)How did sea power lead to allied victory?
 The allies enabled British trade to flourish while the war was going on.
 The allies were able to blockade the supply lines for central powers.
 Germany made a mistake of conducting unrestricted submarine campaign which brought
America in the First World War.
 However they were other factors which led to the success of the allies these were
American entry into the First World War, the failure by Germany to capture Paris in 1914
and Verdun in 1916.
 To a greater extent, the sea power led to the success of allies in the First World War,
although they were other factors.
11(a) List any five of Wilson’s fourteen points
 Abolition of secret diplomacy
 Free navigation of all nations in war and peace.
 All round reduction of armaments.
 Removal of economic barriers between states.
 Impartial of adjustments of colonial claims in the interests of population concerned.
 Evacuation of Russian territory.
 Restoration of Belgium.
 Liberation of France and restoration of Alsace and Loraine.
 Readjustment of Italian frontiers along lines of nationality.
 Self-government of the peoples of Austria – Hungary.
 Rumania, Serbia and Montenegro to be evacuated and Serbia are given access to be sea.
 Self-government to the non-Turkish people of the Turkish Empire and permanent opening
of the Dardanelles.
 An independent Poland with secure access to the sea.
 A general association of nations of nations to preserve peace – the League of Nations.
(b)Describe the views of the big three at Paris Peace Conference

Georges Clemenceau
 He and the French wanted revenge against the Germans.

 They wanted Germany to compensation for all they had suffered and guarantees for future
security.
 He wanted a state to be created between Germany and France which would act as a buffer
zone or protective zone.
 He wanted Germany to lose Upper Silesia, Danzig and East Prussia.
 He wanted Germany to be crippled politically, economically and militarily.
 He wanted to blockade Germany so that would not be a threat to Germany.
Woodrow Wilson
 He did not want Germany to be severely punished because she did not want Germany to
revenge. He wanted the people to rule themselves as nationalistic feeling had caused the
First World War.
 He believed that Germany should be treated with leniency.
 He proposed the fourteen points which were to be used in the negotiations for the peace
settlement.
 He wanted to see cooperation among European powers in order to achieve peace.
Lloyd George
 He did not want Germany to seek revenge in the near future.

 He feared the spread of communism in Europe which he considered devious.
 He wanted Germany to recover so that they can resume trade.
 He believed that Germany should be left strong so as to be bulwark against communism.
 Lloyd George was aware that if the demands of the French were met there was going to be
a disaster.
(c)To what extent were Wilson‘s fourteen points applied at this conference
 The fourteen points of Wilson were applied at the peace conference because Alsace and
Loraine were given back to France.
 Slav were nations were united and ruled themselves something that was in the fourteen.
 Some countries like Danzig, Poland became independent states that is the principle of
self-determination was applied.
 However some countries especially Germany speaking were left under foreign rule.
 The border issues were not resolved.
 Germany was severely punished and disarmament was not equally adopted.
 Therefore the fourteen points of Woodrow Wilson were applied to a lesser extent,
because they were other factors.
12(a) State any five treaties that were signed by defeated powers
 Treaty of Versailles –Germany
 Treaty of Sevres –Turkey
 Treaty of Trianon –Hungary
 Treaty of St Germain –Austria
 Treaty of Neuilly -Bulgaria
(b)Describe the terms of the Treaty of St Germain and the Treaty of Trianon
The Treaty of St Germain
 The treaty was signed by Austria in 1919.

 Austria and Hungary were separated as a result of this treaty.
 Austria was reduced to a small country of eight million German speaking people. She lost
four fifths of her population and three quarters of her territory.
 Austria’s South Tyrol with over 400 000 Germans went to Italy.
 Istria, Trentino with about 400 000 Yugoslavs went to Italy.
 Bohemia and Moravia were given to Czechoslovakia; these two territories were rich and
wealthy. There were more than 3 and half million Germany speaking people.
 Galicia was returned to Poland.
 Bukovina went to Rumania.
 Bosnia, Herzegovina, Slovenia, Dalmatia and Montenegro went to the newly created
Yugoslavia.
 The union between Austria and Germany was forbidden.
 Austria was to pay reparations
 Her army was reduced to 300 000 soldiers.
 Conscription was banned.
 Most of her industry went to Czechoslovakia and they were serious economic problems
in Austria.
Treaty of Trianon with Hungary 1920
 The treaty was signed in 1920 due to political uncertainties.

 Hungary lost Slovakia and Ruthenia to Czechoslovakia.
 Croatia and Slovenia to Yugoslavia.
 Transylvania and Barat went to Rumania.
 Hungary’s army was limited and was forced to pay reparations.
 The population was reduced from 20 to 8 million people.
 Magyars and Germans were left under Hungary.
(c)To what extent were the terms of St Germain fair to Austria Hungary?
 The terms of the treaty were fair because Austria because she had contributed to the
outbreak of war.
 Separating Austria and Hungary ensured self-determination for the both countries
 Disarmament was meant to prevent future aggression.
 However the terms were not fair because Austria was not given chance to defend herself.
 The military terms left Austria vulnerable to attack
 Reparations resulted in economic troubles in Austria.
 To a lesser extent the terms of St Germain were fair to Austria because they were other
factors.
14(a) Name any five territories that Germany lost after the First World War
 Alsace
 Loraine
 Rhine
 Saar coal fields
 Bohemia
 Poland
(b)Describe the territorial terms of the Versailles treaty 1919
 A number of territories were taken from Germany, Alsace and Loraine was returned to
France.
 The Rhineland was to be occupied with the allied troops for 15 years to safeguard the
security of France.
 Saar coalfields were to be controlled by the League of Nations and the coal was to be
enjoyed by France and Belgium as compensation for war damages. The future of the Saar
coalfields was to be decided by a plebiscite.
 Poland became an independent state and regained much territory from Germany.
 Poland was given a strip of Prussian territory and Polish Corridor and she got access to
the sea.
 Danzig, a city with majority of Germany speaking people was made a free city.
 Poland received the coalfields of Upper Silesia after a plebiscite in.
 West Prussia and Posen went to Poland.’
 Eupen, Morsenet and Malmedy on the Belgian front were transferred to Belgium.
 Northern Schleswig went to Denmark.
 Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia and Finland became independent states, they were formerly
controlled by Russia.
 Memel was given to Lithuania.
(c)Were the Germans justified in condemning the Treaty of Versailles? Explain your
answer
 Germans were not justified in condemning the treaty because the terms were fair to
Germany because she had imposed a harsh treaty on Russia.
 They were fair because they wanted to apply the principle of self-determination.
 This was also meant to discourage other countries from disturbing world peace.
 However, she had the right to condemn the treaty because the terms were not fair to
Germany because a lot of Germans were left under foreign rule.
 Germany was left surrounded by weak nations hence; she was open to attack.
 Whilst Germany lost colonies, Britain and France empires grew leaving Germany with an
option to revenge.
 To greater extent , Germans had the right to condemn the treaty although they were other
factors
16(a) Name five territories lost by Germany in Europe through the treaty of Versailles
 Danzig
 Alsace
 Loraine
 Saar
 West Prussia
 Posen
(b)Outline the Reparations and Military terms of the Versailles treaty of 1919
 Germany forces were reduced to 100 000 volunteer soldiers. Conscription was banned.
 The soldiers were expected to serve for 12 years so that they will not get experience.
 She was forbidden to have armoured cars and to produce heavy artillery.
 She was not allowed to have an air force; the airbase at Heligoland was banned.
 The navy was reduced to 15 000 men, she was forced to surrender all her navy and guns.
 Germany was not allowed to have submarines and she was only allowed to have six second
hand battleships, six cruisers, twelve destroyers and twelve torpedoes.
 Rhineland was demilitarised; all Germany fortification in this area was forbidden.
Reparations
 Germany was to pay compensation for the damages of the war.

 The amount to be paid was said to be 6.6 million pounds however the amount was later
reduced to 2.2 million pounds
(c)Did the Germans have good reasons for condemning the non-territorial terms? Explain
your answer
 The non-territorial terms were fair to Germany because the weapons were responsible for
Germany’s misbehaviour which led to the outbreak of the war.
 The terms were fair because Germany would be discouraged from causing trouble again
in the future.
 The terms were aimed encouraging peace and stability.
 However, the terms were not fair because Germany was left vulnerable (open to attack).
 The terms were dictated to Germany and she was not given a chance to defend herself.
 Germany was not the only country responsible for the outbreak of the First World War.
 Reparations caused economic problems in Germany.
 To a greater extent non-territorial terms were fair to Germany although they were other
factors.
17(a) List any five members of the League of Nations up to 1934

 Britain
 France
 Italy
 Japan
 Russia
 China
(b)Describe the Corfu incident
 There was a dispute between Albania and Greece over a border.
 Mussolini’s army general Tenlin was murdered whistling investigating the matter. It gave
Greece an order to investigate the matter and handover the culprits.
 Greece however did not comply with Italy’s demand.
 Italy then occupied the Greek islands of Corfu. Greece appealed to the League of Nations
and Mussolini was condemned.
 Mussolini defied the league’s order to move out of the islands.
 He only moved out of the islands after Greece had paid 50 billion liras as compensation.
(c)How successfully was the League of Nations in dealing with Corfu Incident?
 The league was successful because it managed to mediate on the conflict.
 The League of Nations condemned Mussolini for his aggression
 It also investigated the conflict when it broke out
 However it failed to take action which ended the aggression of Mussolini
 Mussolini managed to come out after 50 billion lira compensation was paid to her.
 To a lesser extent the league of nations was successful in dealing the conflict of the Corfu
incident
18(a) State any five functions of the international labour organisation
 To improve the working conditions of workers throughout the world
 To limit working hours
 To prevent child labour
 To improve wages
 Issue guidelines on safety measures at work places
 Make member states sign conventions to improve working conditions
 Condemn unfair labour practices
(b)Describe the aims and the work of the following agencies of League of Nations
Refugees Commission
 It dealt with the welfare of the refugees.

 Its first commissioner was Dr Fridtjof Nansen, a Norwegian explorer.
 Its function was to find homes for the white Russians who had fled the Bolshevik
revolution.
 Repatriation of over a million Greeks from Turkey.
 Guaranteeing stateless people passports.
 Organising famine relief in Russia.
 Repatriation of 400 000 prisoners to their homes.
The Health Commission
 The committee dealt with dangerous diseases.

 It educated people on health issues and sanitation.
 It also collected information throughout the world on diseases, drugs and standards of
nutrition.
 It dealt with the outbreak of cholera and typhoid just after the First World War.
 It also started with a global campaign to deal with malaria and to exterminate mosquitoes.
 The campaign reduces the cases of malaria and yellow fever in the two decades after the
First World War.
 It also educated people against using harmful and addictive drugs.
Disarmament commission
 The commission dealt with disarmament.
 Naval powers agreed to reduce numbers of warships in 1921
 No other agreements were reached
 However, other states did not disarm e.g. France was rearming
(c)How successful was the League of Nations in promoting disarmament in Europe
 Naval powers agreed to reduce numbers of warships in 1921
 No other agreements were reached
 However, other states did not disarm e.g. France was rearming
 Germany wanted modest rearmament and major powers to reduce arms levels.
 The process of disarmament was done in an unfair manner
19(a) Name any five leaders involved in the formation of the League of Nations
 Woodrow Wilson
 Lloyd George
 Gorges Clemenceau
 Vittorio Orlando
(b)Describe the successes of the League of Nations in the 1920s
 The league dealt with a border dispute involving Finland and Sweden over Auland islands.
 The two countries were prepared to fight but the league mediated and the Auland islands
were given to Finland on condition that they were demilitarised.
 There was dispute between Poland and Lithuania over Vilna. Poland took Vilna which was
the capital of Lithuania and refused to give it back or to allow a plebiscite to be held.
 The league decided that Poland should keep it.
 Poland and Russia were involved in a dispute over the border that was created by the British
Foreign Secretary Lord Curzon.
 The poles attacked the Russians but they were pushed back to Warsaw however the poles
were given military assistance when they had appealed to the League of Nations.
 The Russians were then defeated with the peace treaty signed in 1921 called Treaty of Riga.
 There was another dispute between Germany and Poland over Upper Silesia which had
many German speaking people.
 The League of Nations suggested that a plebiscite should be held to decide the future of
the region.
 The industrial region voted for Germany and the rural population voted for poles, the
league then divided the regions based on the votes.
 The league failed to deal with Mussolini who had defied its order to move out of the Corfu
Islands of the Greeks after a dispute with them.
 Mussolini only moved out after he was paid fifty billion lira as compensation by Greece.
 This was after General Tenlin of Italy was murdered whilst investigating a border dispute
between Greece and Albania.
 The Greeks were then given an ultimatum to deal with the matter in which they did not
respond.
 In 1925 the troops of Greece attacked Bulgaria in a border dispute. In the dispute many
Greek soldiers were killed, Bulgaria appealed to the League of Nations.
 The league condemned Greece’s action and ordered her to pay compensation which she
agreed to.
 There was the Mosul dispute between Iraq and Turkey.
 Mosul was rich in oil and it was under Britain after the First World War. Britain wanted it
to be under Iraq.
 The league arbitrated Mosul was given to Iraq.
 The League of Nations tried to address the issue of disarmament in 1925.
 It set up a commission in the same year.
 Germany and Russia were invited to take part.
 In 1927 France and USA signed an agreement to denounce war as a way of settling political
disputes.
 The French Foreign Minister Frank Kellogg and the USA foreign Aristide Briand.
 The pact was however useless as there was no means to punish aggressors.
 A disarmament conference was held in 1933 where sixty nations met to discuss the
disarmament draft proposals.
 Germany demanded equality of arms with France and Britain, France was adamant about
the matter.
 The debate went on and on until Germany and its leader decided to pull out of the
conference and the League of Nations itself.
(c)How successful was the League of Nations’ international labour organisation between
1920 and 1926
 It recommended a system of international standards in all work related matters
 Created the eight hour working day
 Maternity protection for women workers
 Abolition of child labour
 Helped in the adoption of equal pay and benefit for work of equal value
 Helped in crafting safety laws at the work place
 However, the use of child labour continued
 ILO of LON had no mechanism to forces desire for change on governments and employers
 Wages continued to be low for most workers
 Some employees were still not allowed to form trade unions.
20(a) Identify any five leaders involved in the formation of the League of Nations between
1920 and 1926
 Britain
 South Africa
 France
 Japan
 Italy
 Serbia
 China
 United States of America (USA)
(b)Describe the failures of the League of Nations in the 1930s

 Failed to effect disarmament e.g. Germany began re-armament in 1933.
 Italy withdrew from the LON in 1931 after invading Manchuria in 1931.
 Failed to stop Italian invasion of Abyssinia in 1935.
 Failed to stop Germany’s acts of aggression in the Rhineland, Austria, Czechoslovakia and
Poland resulting in the outbreak of the Second World War
 Mussolini’s views also helped to shed more light on why the league failed. “The league is
alright when sparrows quarrel. It fails when eagles fall out.”
 Against the background of the above judgments’, the following reasons can be advanced
to explain its failure.
 It had limited funds as there was no provision for this in the constitution of the league.
 The assembly met once a year and this was not sufficient to deal with problems.
 The league had no army to enforce its decisions i.e. lacked military power.
 It lacked great powers e.g. the USA which deprived the league of a powerful member
whose presence would have been of great psychological and financial benefit.
 The unanimity clause meant that each member had veto power over any decision, be it
major or minor.
 The league was closely tied with the treaty of Versailles and therefore was viewed as the
victors club.
 In addition, it had to defend a peace settlement which was far from perfect.
 Some of its provisions were bound to cause trouble e.g. the inclusion of Germans in Poland
and Czechoslovakia and the disappointment of Italy at her gains after WW1.
 It was too Eurocentric i.e. although it had a worldwide membership; it appeared to be too
much centered on Europe.
 Other vital powers were not involved e.g. Germany was not allowed to join until 1926 and
the USSR (Russia) only became a member in 1934 when Germany left.
 It also depended too much on the good will and good faith of its members.
To what extent was the failure of the League of Nations due to its structural organisation?
 The unanimity clause meant that each member had veto power over any decision, be it
major or minor.
 The league was closely tied with the treaty of Versailles and therefore was viewed as the
victors club.
 In addition, it had to defend a peace settlement which was far from perfect.
 However, there were other factors which contributed to its failure.
 The rise of dictators e.g. Hitler in Germany and Mussolini in Italy
 Failure of disarmament.
 Disagreements between Britain and France
 Absence of the USA, one of the League’s key architects
21(a) Name any five specialized commissions the League of Nations
 Mandates Commissions
 Refugees Commissions
 Minorities Commission
 Disarmament Commission
 Health Commission
(b)Outline the success of the League of Nations up to 1939
 It was more successful in socio-economic than in political activities
 Solved border dispute between Greece and Bulgaria
 It forced Serbia troops to withdraw from Albania in 1921
 Solved the dispute between Italy and Greece over Corfu
 Solved the dispute between Albania and Yugoslavia
 Austria was given loans and developed her industries
 The LON settled the dispute between Sweden and Finland over Aaland Island in 1920
 Supervised settlement in Greece of over one million Greek refugees from Asia Minor and
Eastern Thrace
 Dealt with the frontier dispute between Hungary and Czechoslovakia
 The LON administered the city of Danzig
 Dealt with world problems on drugs, finance, transport and communications, refugees and
conditions of work.
 Settled dispute between Turkey and Iraq over Mosul which was given to Iraq.
 Settled the dispute between Germany and Poland over Upper Silesia which was partitioned
between the two.
 Successfully dealt with the outbreak of cholera in war- torn Europe.
 It made recommendations for the improvement of working conditions which were
adopted by many governments
 Also, work was done to stop the trafficking of dangerous drugs and slaves.
(c)Did the constitutional weaknesses of the league lead to its failure? Explain your answer
 Other vital powers were not involved e.g. Germany was not allowed to join until 1926 and
the USSR (Russia) only became a member in 1934 when Germany left.
 It also depended too much on the good will and good faith of its members.
 However, there were other factors which contributed to its failure.
 The rise of dictators e.g. Hitler in Germany and Mussolini in Italy
 Failure of disarmament.
 Disagreements between Britain and France
 Absence of the USA, one of the League’s key architects
22(a) List any five disputes that the League of Nations dealt with it 1920s
 Dispute between Germany and Poland
 Dispute between Poland and Russia
 Dispute between Sweden and Finland
 Dispute between Turkey and Iraq
 Corfu Incident
(b)Describe the difficulties faced by the League of Nations in maintaining peace and order
in the 1930s
 Failed to effect disarmament e.g. Germany began re-armament in 1933.
 Italy withdrew from the LON in 1931 after invading Manchuria in 1931.
 Failed to stop Italian invasion of Abyssinia in 1935.
 Failed to stop Germany’s acts of aggression in the Rhineland, Austria, Czechoslovakia and
Poland resulting in the outbreak of the Second World War
 Mussolini’s views also helped to shed more light on why the league failed. “The league is
alright when sparrows quarrel. It fails when eagles fall out.”
 Against the background of the above judgments’, the following reasons can be advanced
to explain its failure.
(c)How successful was the League of Nations in maintaining peace during this period
 It was successful in preparing the league budget
 It admitted new members into the league e .g Germany in 1926
 Succeeded in the appointment of the Secretary General
 Debated issues concerning world peace
 Met once a year , failure to debate matters fully hence referring issues to the council
 However, it failed to stop the withdrawal of members like Germany and Italy

23(a) State any five social problems that Italy faced between 1918 and 1922
 Hunger and starvation.
 Unemployment
 The south was primitive and poor.
 High illiteracy (78) %.
 Rampant corruption.
 Prostitution.
 Domestic Violence.
(b)Describe Mussolini domestic policy from 1922 to 1939

 Mussolini established dictatorship in Italy.
 He banned all opposition political parties. He made Italy a one party state.
 He ruled by decree [command] starting from 1926.
 Mussolini was opposed to democracy. In 1928 he banned voting and members of
parliament were to be chosen by the Fascist Grand Council which was headed by
Mussolini.
 Mussolini made Italy a totalitarian state. All aspects of life were controlled by the state.
 In 1927 Mussolini formed a secret police called OVRA. OVRA hunted for opponents in
public places like cinemas, funerals, wedding ceremonies, beer halls and playing grounds.
OVRA was thus meant to silence enmity.
 In 1929 Mussolini bridged the gap between the church and the state through the Lateran
Treaty. Through this treaty, Italy recognised the Vatican City in Rome as a sovereign state.
Roman Catholic Church was made a state religion. Religious education was surrendered to
the church. In return, the Pope gave his blessing to Fascist dictatorship.
 All opponents were killed or exiled on the Lipuri Islands in the Mediterranean. For
example, Giacomo Matteotti was murdered after accusing the Fascists of corruption and
violence.
 Mussolini was a male chauvinist. He looked down upon women. For him, women were to
be good at home where they were encouraged to bear as many children as possible, about
12 children per family on average.
 Mussolini inaugurated the battle for births. People were encouraged to bear many children.
He imposed a tax on childless marriages and bachelors. He gave incentives to women so
that they bear many children. Divorce was forbidden.
 There was education for all and this was free education. School teachers were to take an
oath of allegiance to Mussolini and his Fascist regime. In 1931 the same was required of
University lecturers. They were to promise that they would teach according to the Fascist
principles. In schools pupils were encouraged to criticise their teachers and were taught to
repeat the Ten Commandments of Fascism, including’ Mussolini is always right’. There
was indoctrination of children. Teaching was to be Fascist and justify the ethics of violence,
obedience and intellectual uniformity. Teachers had to wear uniforms. New textbooks were
written toconform with Fascism.
 There was strict censorship. Anti-Fascist newspapers and magazines were either banned
or had their editors replaced by Fascist supporters.
 Elected town councils and mayors were abolished and towns were run by officials
appointed from Rome.
 Trade unions were banned and their offices were closed. The trade unions had been built
mainly under communist and socialist leadership. This was followed by the establishment
of a system of ‘Corporations’ in which workers, employers and the state were represented.
The corporations were to settle all matters relating to conditions of work. The ministry of
Corporations was introduced to supervise these corporations. The aim of this was to make
both workers and employers support the interests of the state before their own.
 Lockouts of workers by employers were forbidden.
 Mussolini created employment in Italy.
 He did so through launching a number of public works such as draining marshes like
Pontine Marshes near Rome, electrification, construction of roads, railway lines, bridges,
railway stations, dams and sports stadiums.
 He also created employment through launching industries which manufactured air craft,
motor vehicles and weapons for his foreign ventures.
 In 1926 Mussolini inaugurated the battle of wheat. He encouraged farmers to concentrate
on wheat production aimed at self-sufficiency which he claimed to have been achieved in
1932.
 Iron, silk and steel production increased.
 Mussolini inaugurated the battle of lira. The currency was revalued.
 Hydro power electricity was doubled.
 Industry was encouraged with government subsidies.
(c) How successful was Mussolini‘s domestic policy in dealing with social problems faced by
Italy during this period
 Dictatorship ensured peace and stability in Italy.

 The Lateran treaty ended a long misunderstanding between the Roman Catholic Church
and the state.
 The banning of strikes, lockouts and demonstrations promoted a peaceful environment
which was vital for economic development.
 Dictatorship promoted a sense of nationalism.
 The Ovra (secret police) was effectively used to suppress opposition thereby ensuring
peace and order.
 However, civil and political rights were suppressed, so people lived in perpetual fear and
could no longer freely express themselves.
 A lot of property and life was lost due to violence.
 Workers were heavily exploited under a corporate state.
 Parliament was turned into a farce because the Prime Minister could rule by decree i.e. new
laws did not need to be discussed in Parliament.
24(a) State any five political problems faced by Weimar republic

 The government was attacked by right and left wing parties.
 The government was accused of signing the Versailles treaty.
 It faced several political threats that are the Kapp Putsch, the Spartacist and the Bavarian
revolt in 1919.
 Hitler plotted a coup to remove the government from power but he failed resulting in his
arrest.
(b)Outline the factors that rise of Hitler to power from 1919 to 1933
 In 1920, Hitler joined Germany Workers Party (NAZI).
 He became the leader in 1921.
 In 1921, the Storm Troopers (SS) was created as a private army to fight Hitler’s opponents.
 In 1923, Hitler attempted to get power by force through the aborted Munich Putsch or Beer
hall Putsch.
 In November 1923, Hitler marched to municipal buildings with 600 of his members, taking
advantage of economic difficulties in Germany.
 The attempt failed and he was arrested.
 Hitler was sentenced to five years in prison but was released after 9months because the
authorities had a lot of sympathy with his aims.
 While in prison, Hitler wrote his famous book, Mein Kampf (My Struggle) spelling out
NAZI ideology.
 The Munich Putsch was a failure but it made him realize that force alone could not bring
him to power.
 Hitler began to reach out to people through propaganda and participation in elections.
 In the 1924 polls, NAZI party got 14 seats in the Reichstag (Germany Parliament).
 Between 1926 and 1929, Nazi support went down because the Germany economy was
doing well under Chancellor Stresemann.
 In 1928, the NAZI’s got 12 seats.
 The Great Depression of 1929 increased support for the NAZI’s and in the 1930 polls they
got 107 seats becoming the largest second party in Reichstag.
 In 1932 polls, Hitler challenged President Hindenburg.
 In 1934, President Hindenburg died and Hitler became Chancellor and President i.e. the
Fuhrer.
(c)To what extent did economic factors help Hitler to gain power?
 The high rate of unemployment provided Hitler’s party to have recruits and supporters. It
said by 1932 there were about six million supporters. Hitler promised to serve all the
group and working classes by improving the economy.
 The Nazi party got support of wealthy and landowners. These people feared the spread of
Communism hence they poured out financial resources for the Nazi party.
 Germany got the support of middle class who believe that the Nazi will not bring the
inflation of 1923 which ruined the economy.
 However the qualities of Hitler were very important to bring about his rise to power. His
persistence and being single minded towards his objectives made him to appear as a
dynamic man of the moment. He became the modern leader with the modern ideas.
25(a) Identify five aims of Mussolini domestic policy

 To create a very strong government
 To make Italy politically stable
 To create a strong economy
 To establish dictatorship in Italy
 To create a totalitarian state
 To do away with democracy
 To make Italy a great power once more
 To increase the population
 To make Italy self-sufficient [Autarky]
 To provide employment
 To establish friendly relations with the church
 To ban strikes
 To stop the spread of communism
 To ban trade unions
 To ban elections
 To revalue Italian currency
(b) Describe the political policies of Mussolini
 In 1922 Mussolini he became the leader of a government where it was made up of old
parties, liberals, popularists, nationalists and socialists.
 His party had few representatives in the government at this time.
 Mussolini decreed the Arcebow law where he proposed that the party with the largest vote
should have majority in the government. The law was forced through the parliament.
 Mussolini called out elections in 1924. The run up to elections was characterised by
violence. The Fascist party obtained 65% of the votes making it the largest Party in the
parliament in Italy.
 He murdered his opponents who would have criticised him. Giacomo Matteoti was
murdered after criticising Mussolini and his government in debate. He also wrote a book
titled Fascist Exposed. The book did not please Mussolini who then ordered the killing of
this opponent.
 The Fascist’s militia was recruited into a militia which would deal with the opponents of
Fascist’s ideologies.
 In 1925 Mussolini enforced strict censorship. Anti-fascists magazines and newspapers
were banned or its editors were replaced. Radios, films were controlled in the same way.
Freedom and expression disappeared. The media became a tool which the Fascists
instrument for advancing its propaganda.
 In December 1925, a decree was passed which made Mussolini the leader of the Fascist
Grand Council. He was no longer answerable to the parliament, only the king could dismiss
him. Mussolini became the supreme ruler of the state. Issues of parliament were now
decided upon by Mussolini.
 All the political parties were banned except the fascists. Critics of fascism were either sent
to concentration camps or to the exile. It became illegal to have or own a political party.
The right to choose political party of choice disappeared.
 Mussolini introduced a secret police called the OVRA. Its assignment was to arrest the
opponents of Mussolini. He also restored death penalty on serious offences. Between 1927
and 1940 the organisation sentenced 10 people to death.
 In 1927 Mussolini had the authority to appoint councillors, mayor and members of
parliament. He appointed those loyal to his doctrine only. All elections were banned.
Mussolini became the leader of Fascist Grand Council. He attained the title ILL DUCE
which means leader.
(c)How far did political problems in Italy enable Mussolini to seize power?
 The problems gave Mussolini a chance to criticize the government.
 During these problems Mussolini attracted support from industrialists and unemployed
youths
 During the peak of the economic problems the king and the majority began to see and
believe in the ideologies of Fascist party.
 However other factors were responsible for the rise of Mussolini to power. These are
political and social factors.
26(a) Identify five political groups in Italy between 1918 and 1922
 Popularists
 Catholics
 Fascists
 Socialists
 Liberals
 Communists
(b)Outline the political and economic problems that Italy faced between 1918 and 1922
 There was low industrial production in Italy.
 Low agricultural production
 Unemployment especially in the industrial North.
 A huge war debt
 Inflation, for example, a loaf of bread which cost 120 Lira before the war was by 1919
costing 600 Lira.
 Strikes were rampant
 There was lack of capital
 Shortage of food
 Lack of raw materials
 Closure of banks
 Decline in trade
 There were lockouts of workers by employees.
 High taxation
 Use of outdated machinery
Political problems
 The Italians were disappointed with the Paris Peace Settlement. This is because Italy had
not been given some promised territories like Albania, Fiume and some Aegean Islands.
 Weak governments / governments were unpopular.
 Political violence [Fascists frequently attacked socialists / communists].
 Too many political parties
 Unstable coalition governments
 Strikes and demonstrations were rampant.
 Clash between the Church and the State
 Inefficient and corrupt civil service.
 Fear of communism /Communist threat
(c)To what extent did the political problems contribute to the rise of Mussolini in 1922
 Unstable coalition governments
 Strikes and demonstrations were rampant.
 Clash between the Church and the State
 Inefficient and corrupt civil service.
 However, they were other factors these were economic and social factors.
 These wer unemployment which swept the whole country.
 Mussolini’s ability to use propaganda There was low industrial production in Italy.
 Low agricultural production
27(a) State any five problems faced by Italy after the First World War
 Strikes were rampant

 There was lack of capital
 Shortage of food
 Lack of raw materials
 Closure of banks
 Decline in trade
 There were lockouts of workers by employees.
 High taxation
 Use of outdated machinery
(b)Describe the steps taken by Mussolini to rise to power in Italy 1919-1922
 Between 1919 and 1920 Mussolini supported the seizure of factories by workers. He
however opposed them when they became unproductive.
 In 1921 he announced his support of the wealthy classes that is landowners and
industrialists.
 He suggested minimised the state interference in the operation of business. He was quoted
saying “land belongs to investing on it and not those working on it”.
 Mussolini attacked the socialists in which the black shirts started street fights on socialists
and their supporters.
 Mussolini was then viewed as the defender of private property resulting huge financial
support from the industrialists.
 The fascists were invited to participate in the elections by then Prime Minister Gilliot.
 The elections were characterised by violence from the black shirts. They gained 34 seats
in the parliament.
 Fascists were invited to form the government in the hope of taming them but they got worse
than before they were in the government.
 In 1921, the socialists refused to participate in the government due to the violence of the
‘black shirts’.
 In 1922 the socialist called for a strike but the government under Prime Minister failed to
deal with it losing control of the government. The fascists took it upon themselves and
crushed the strike. The Fascists were viewed as they stood as the defender of private
property from communist invaders.
 This incident increased the fan base of the black shirts as they became the nation’s messiah
(saviour).
 In 1922 Mussolini announced that he had dropped his republican part of his programme
and pledged the support of King Victor Emmanuel II who was the king by the time.
(c)To what extent did the use of violence assist Mussolini to rise to power?
 Violence forced opponents to support the Fascist movement to avert death and injury.
 Violence was one the several methods used to gain power.
 Force eventually prevailed over other methods in 1922
 However they were other factors that led to the rise of mutapa such as
 Use of propaganda
 Use of attractive parades
 Parliamentary methods like participating in elections
 A general atmosphere of disillusionment and frustration
 A weak economy and a weak government
28(a) Identify any five government posts held by Mussolini in Italy

 Prime Minister
 Minister of the Interior [Home Affairs]
 Minister of Foreign Affairs
 Minister of Corporations
 Minister of Army, Navy and Air force
 Commander in Chief of the Militia
 Head / President of the Fascist Grand Council
(b)Describe the measures taken by Mussolini to establish total control in Italy up to 1939
Mussolini.
public places like cinemas, funerals, wedding ceremonies, beer halls and playing
grounds. OVRA was thus meant to silence enmity.
violence.
written toconform with Fascism.
(c)Did the Italians benefit from these measures? Explain your answer?
 Banning trade unions brought about order and progress in industries.

 Law and order was restored in Italy since brigands who terrorised the people in streets had
disappeared.
 A large number of people were employed through the public works.
 The battle of wheat made Italy self-sufficient in terms of food.
 There was provision of good accommodation through flat construction.
 There was improved transport for the people from one place to another.
 The draining of marshes led to the increase in agricultural land.
 The Italian nation which had been for long divided into two, the supporters of the state and
supporters of the Pope was united by Mussolini.
 The creation of employment improved the standard of living.
29(a) State any five factors that promoted the rise of Hitler to power in Nazi party
 People resented the unrest due to closure of factories.
 Unemployment led to discontent in Germany.
 The Weimar republic promoted theft and brigandage.
 Hunger and starvation also led to discontent.
 Inflation
 Nazi violence
 Oratory
(b)Outline the steps taken by Hitler to consolidate power in Germany between 1933 and
1939
 He passed the Enabling Law [1933] which made him a complete dictator.
 He forced Von Papen to resign.
 He created a totalitarian state.
 He banned all opposition political parties in Germany.
 He banned elections.
 He purged the civil service and all Jews and other suspected enemies were removed from
civil service.
 He abolished trade unions.
 Religion was put under state control.
 He banned strikes.
 He abolished the parliament.
 Education was put under Nazi control and children were indoctrinated.
 Teachers, lecturers and professors were closely watched.
 He created the Hitler’s Youth.
 He created the League of German maidens.
 He encouraged children to betray their parents to Gestapo.
 He introduced strict censorship on newspapers, radios, magazines and so on.
 There was intimidation of opponents, for example, killing them in public.
 He made use of spies to identify and report opponents.
 Propaganda was increased.
 He used the secret police [Gestapo] to hunt for enemies in public places.
 He used violent sermons.
 He made use of posters and rallies.
 He appointed Nazi leaders to top posts, for example, Goering.
 He appointed Nazi governors in all states.
 He embarked on the Night of the Long Knives [1934] where he killed enemies within the
party.
 He combined the post of president and chancellor to become the Fuhrer after the death of
president, Hindenburg.
 School text books were re-written to suit with Nazi ideology.
(c)Did Hitler succeeded in consolidating his power in Germany explain your answer
 He became a complete dictator.
 No one could oppose him.
 He remained in power for 12 years [1933-1945].
 Nazi was the only political party remaining. All opposition political parties were
successfully suppressed.
 Use of violence by Gestapo and SS enabled Germans to submit to Hitler’s demands.
 Jews, Hitler’s potential challengers were completely silenced, exiled or murdered.
 Communists were suppressed.
 However, his rule continued to be resisted by the Catholic Church, for example, Bonheoffer
and some members of the armed forces.
 Some young people did not join the Hitler Youth Movement.
 Some nationalists resisted his rule.
 Socialists and communists continued to exist.
 Opposition was driven underground and not completely eroded.
 It was not that people submitted to Hitler but, that people lived in fear.
 Not all communists were killed on the Night of the Long Knives.
 Hitler infringed on the human rights of the Germans.
30(a) Identify any five factors that led to the rise of Mussolini to power in Italy
 Mussolini’s violent sermons against the government received much sympathy.
 -Use of intimidations led to his rise to power.
 -Mussolini made conciliatory speeches about the Roman Catholics.
 -Personal abilities of Mussolini led to his rise.
 -The danger of a civil war made the king to invite Mussolini to become Prime Minister.
 -Use of attractive parades
(b)Describe the domestic policy domestic policies of Mussolini from 1922 to 1939
Mussolini.
public places like cinemas, funerals, wedding ceremonies, beer halls and playing grounds.
OVRA was thus meant to silence enmity.
violence.
written to conform with Fascism.
 Trade unions were banned and their offices were closed. The trade unions had been built
mainly under communist and socialist leadership. This was followed by the establishment
of a system of ‘Corporations’ in which workers, employers and the state were represented.
The corporations were to settle all matters relating to conditions of work. The ministry of
Corporations was introduced to supervise these corporations. The aim of this was to make
both workers and employers support the interests of the state before their own.
 Lockouts of workers by employers were forbidden.
 Mussolini created employment in Italy. He did so through launching a number of public
works such as draining marshes like Pontine Marshes near Rome, electrification,
construction of roads, railway lines, bridges, railway stations, dams and sports stadiums.
He also created employment through launching industries which manufactured air craft,
motor vehicles and weapons for his foreign ventures.
 In 1926 Mussolini inaugurated the battle of wheat. He encouraged farmers to concentrate
on wheat production aimed at self-sufficiency which he claimed to have been achieved in
1932.
 Iron, silk and steel production increased.
 Mussolini inaugurated the battle of lira. The currency was revalued.
 Hydro electricity was doubled.
 Industry was encouraged with government subsidies.
(c)How far did Mussolini‘s domestic policy strengthen his position up to 1939
 The policy was geared mainly at enhancing Fascist rule and Mussolini’s position in Italy
 From 1922 to 1923, Mussolini headed a coalition government as Prime Minister, Foreign
Minister and Home Affairs Minister.
 In 1923, he changed the Electoral law by passing the Acerbo law.
 Italy became a one party state and all opposition was removed
 Abolition of anti- fascist parties and trade unions meant that Mussolini assumed rule by
decree.
 The introduction of a corporate state under a fascist chair meant that Mussolini had control
over workers and employees.
 Mussolini ensure that certain groups were either favoured or appeased and this helped him
to maintain his hold on the Italian people.
 However, Mussolini’s domestic policy created fear among the Italians.
 Opposition was still there and it resulted in his death as we shall see later.
 Unemployment was still there e.g. after the Great Depression unemployment rose to
1,1million.
31(a) State any five features of Germany Nazi
 The Nazi party wanted to unite all German speaking people of Austria and Germany.
 They wanted to expand eastwards to gain space for the Aryan race.
 They wanted Germany to gain military might status. Conscription was therefore
necessary.
 The Nazi were against communism, they wanted it eliminated.
 They were racist and anti-Semitic. They did not want to live with the Jews and Slavs.
They wanted to treat them as slaves.
 They believed in an efficient organisation and the supremacy of the state over individual
interests was the answer to that.
(b)Describe Hitler‘s domestic policy from 1933 to 1939
 Hitler created employment in Germany, for example, through conscription.

 He introduced a number of public works like the construction of motorways, roads, bridges,
hospitals and so on.
 Rearmament programmes were put in place.
 Hitler introduced conscription and developed the German air force [Luftwaffe].
 Armament industries were incepted.
 Education was put under Nazi control and it became Nazi in orientation. Textbooks,
especially, history books were re-written to suit Nazi ideology. Children were
indoctrinated.
 Boys were to join Hitler’s Youth League at the age of 14.
 Girls were to join the League of German maidens and chanted slogans, like, ‘The Fuhrer
is always right’.
 Concentration camps were established for all those who opposed or tried to criticise the
Nazi government.
 Hitler made Germany self-sufficient through his Four Year Plans [Autarky].
 Hitler established Nazi dictatorship as he ruled by decree.
 He banned all opposition political parties in Germany and arrested opposition leaders. He
made Germany a one party state.
 In April 1933, the civil service came under Nazi control. Officials who were not politically
reliable or who could not prove they were of pure Aryan race [descent] were dismissed.
Judges were expected to obey party instructions. They were to ignore crimes committed by
Nazi agents.
 In 1934 Hitler combined the post of President and Chancellor and became the Fuhrer after
the death of President Hindenburg.
 There was no rule of law in Germany. Hitler himself was the law.
 Hitler banned trade unions in May 1933.Their offices were raided by the SA and the SS.
All German workers were to belong to the Nazi run German Labour Front. Trade unions
were banned because they consistently opposed the Nazi party.
 In 1933 Hitler passed the Enabling Act in March which made Germany completely under
his control and forced Von Papen to resign. This gave him power to govern without
consulting the parliament.
 Hitler banned elections in Germany.
 Hitler banned strikes in Germany.
 Hitler opposed democracy. In January 1934 the Parliament was dissolved and the Reich
was abolished.
 In 1934, Hitler embarked on the Night of the Long Knives where he was killing opponents
within the party, for example, Rohm and other SA leaders who were homo sexual.
 Joy organisations were formed and holidays were subsidised.
 All enemies were silenced, usually through the use of thugs, Gestapo and so on.
 Hitler formed his secret police called Gestapo which hunted for enemies in public places
like cinemas, beer halls, soccer fields, and wedding ceremonies under Himmler.
 Hitler created a totalitarian state.
 Children were encouraged to betray parents to Gestapo.
 Mass rallies were organised throughout the country and ‘Hail Hitler’ became the
compulsory German greeting.
 Hitler was a male chauvinist. He looked down upon women.
 There was strict censorship in Germany. The press, radios, newspapers and films were put
under strict censorship.
 There was elimination of opponents through purges and murders.
 Germany was made a police state.
 Propaganda was increased and Goebbels was appointed Minister of propaganda. This
worked to perpetrate and exaggerate the goodness of the Nazi government.
 Religion was put under state control.
 Hitler signed the Concordat with Roman Catholic Church which promised to keep out of
politics.
 Hitler adopted the policy of Anti-Semitism, a deliberate policy to exterminate the Jews.
 Local government was brought under the control of the Nazi.
 There was control of food prices.
(c) To what extent did the Germans benefit from Hitler‘s domestic policy
 Germans benefited because they filled up vacancies in employment left by the Jews, at
universities, in schools, in the Judiciary and so on.
 Germans took over enterprises and businesses abandoned by the Jews as a result of Hitler’s
policy.
 Nationalist feelings were satiated especially those of Germans who blamed everything on
Jews.
 However there are other groups that did not benefit from Hitler’s domestic polices because
Germany lost several skilled Jews such as teachers, doctors, lawyers and so on.
 Citizenship of some innocent Germans and other opportunities were lost as a result of the
Nuremberg laws.
 Families were separated.
32 (a) Identify any five political parties that existed in Germany between 1918 and 1933
 Nazi
 Communists
 Socialists
 Catholic
 Popularists
 Liberals
(b)Describe Hitler‘s treatment of the Jews
 Hitler was against Jews. He hated the Jews.
 Persecution of Jews was a policy with many Germans initially.
 Jews were members of the Semitic race [Semites].
 The Jews were used as a scapegoat for everything from Versailles onwards [depression,
unemployment, communism and so on].
 The anti-Jewish campaign was given legal status by the 1935 Nuremberg Laws.
 These laws deprived Jews of German citizenship.
 It forbade them to marry non-Jews.
 It ruled that a person with even one Jewish grandparent must be classified as a Jew.
 Jews were harassed in every possible way.
 Their property was attacked and burnt.
 Their shops were looted.
 Their homes were destroyed.
 A number of them were sent to concentration camps.
 They were not allowed to join formal schools and universities.
 Jews were not allowed to join the civil service.
 They were excluded from special public places like hotels.
 Jews were put into exile.
 The Jews were put into gas chambers.
 The Jews were blamed for the defeat of Germany in world war one.
 By 1939 about 6000000 Jews lost their lives in Germany.
(c)Did the Germans benefit from Hitler’s policy towards Jews?
 Germans filled up vacancies in employment left by the Jews, at universities, in schools, in

the Judiciary and so on.
 Germans took over enterprises and businesses abandoned by the Jews as a result of Hitler’s
policy.
 Nationalist feelings were satiated especially those of Germans who blamed everything on
Jews.
 However, Germany lost several skilled Jews such as teachers, doctors, lawyers and so on.
 Citizenship of some innocent Germans and other opportunities were lost as a result of the
Nuremberg laws.
 Families were separated.
33 (a) Give any five acts of aggression committed by Hitler in the 1930s
 Reunion with Austria
 Attack on Spanish civil
 Invasion of Czechoslovakia
 Invasion of Poland
 Rearmament of Germany
(b)Outline Hitler‘s foreign policy up to 1939
 Hitler’s foreign policy was the major cause of world war two of 1939 to 1945.
 In 1933 Hitler pulled Germany out of the Geneva Disarmament Conference.
 In 1933 Hitler withdrew Germany from the League of Nations.
 In 1933 Hitler violated the Treaty of Versailles by ordering German rearmament and the
creation of the German air force [Luftwaffe].
 In 1934 Hitler made a failed attempt to invade Austria. He was thwarted by Mussolini.
 In 1934 Hitler signed a Non-Aggression Pact with Poland. Poland was to remain neutral
when Germany was to attack Austria and Czechoslovakia.
 In 1935 Hitler signed a secret naval agreement with Britain. Germany was allowed to
rebuild her navy as long as it was maintained at about 35% the size of the British navy.
 In 1935 Hitler publicly announced German rearmament.
 In 1935 the Saar was reunified with Germany. 90% of the Saar landers voted for
reunification with Germany.
 In 1936 Hitler remilitarised the Rhineland.
 In 1936 Hitler and Mussolini entered into the Spanish Civil War on the side of General
Franco.
 In 1936 Hitler and Mussolini signed the Rome-Berlin Axis.
 In 1937 Hitler signed the Anti-Comintern Pact with Japan.
 In 1937 Hitler [Germany], Mussolini [Italy] and Tojo [Japan] signed the Rome-Berlin-
Tokyo Axis or Pact. This alliance became more powerful than the League itself.
 In 1938 Hitler annexed the Sudetenland from Czechoslovakia.
 In 1938 Hitler attended the Munich Conference.
 In 1938 Hitler invaded Austria and completed the Anschluss [Union of Austria and
Germany]
 In 1939 Hitler signed the Pact of Steel with Mussolini. They agreed to help each other
militarily.
 In 1939 Hitler seized Memel from Lithuania.
 In 1939 Hitler and Stalin [of Russia] signed the Molotov-Ribbentrop Treaty / Non-
aggression pact. Hitler had seen the danger of war breaking out in 1939 and Germany being
forced to fight on two fronts as what happened in the First World War. So the two countries
agreed not to resort to war against each other. They also agreed to invade Poland and
partition it between themselves. By this alliance and the invasion of Poland Germany
wanted to frighten Britain and France from coming to the aid of Poland. Also in the event
of a war between France and Germany, Russia would keep out of the war so that Germany
would defeat France.
 On 1 September 1939, Germany invaded Poland. Britain and France knocked into the
conflict on the side of Poland as they had promised. Hence the Second World War broke
out.
(c)How successful was Hitler in achieving his aims in foreign policy?
 Germany became a powerful state once more.
 There was creation of employment due to conscription, rearmament and invasions.
 Hitler created enough living space for the Germans by annexing states like Czechoslovakia,
Memel and other states.
 Security of the Germans was enhanced as a result of rearmament and conscription.
 German soldiers became experienced due to invasions.
 However, many German soldiers died during wars or invasions.
 German soldiers did not have time to rest because of endless campaigns.
 Both human and material resources were wasted.
 Hitler created more enemies than friends, for example, France, Britain, Poland and USA
which combined their forces against Germany during world war two.
34 (a) Identify any three axis powers and two members of the allied powers of the Second
World War
Axis powers
 Germany
 Italy
 Russia
 Japan
Allied powers
 Britain
 France
(b)Describe the Anschluss of 1938 and Munich conference 1938
 In 1938, Hitler announced the Anschluss i.e. Germany union with Austria.
 Hitler managed to reunite Austria and Germany in 1938 as Mussolini who had stopped him
before had become his ally.
 The attempt was successful.
 Mussolini supported Hitler he had also given him in the Abyssinian war.
 After the Anschluss of 1938, Hitler issued propaganda to the world about the persecution
of Nazi followers in Austria.
 He demanded that a pro-Nazi be made Chancellor, to which Austria refused.
 Nazi troops moved into Austria without resistance.
 Hitler announced that the two nations were one.
(c)To what extent did these events contribute to the outbreak of the Second World War?
 The Acts of Aggression committed by the dictators were the matchsticks that lit the bonfire.
 German’s invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939 culminated in various declarations of
war by nations in support of either party i.e. Germany or Poland.
 Further invasions of Denmark, Norway in April 1940, Holland, Belgium and France on 10
May 1940 left most nations without an option but to fight for their allies who had been
attacked by the dictators or who had the potential to be attacked.
 However other factors contributed to the outbreak of the Second World War, these were
the policy of appeasement by Britain, the failure and collapse of the League of Nations and
the great depression of 1929.
35(a) Identify five treaties / agreements signed by European powers in 1930s

 Non-aggression pact
 Stressa front agreement
 Rome berlin axis
 Anti Committern pact
 Secret naval agreement with the British
(b)Describe the acts of aggression committed in the 1930s Germany and Italy
 In 1935 Hitler publicly announced German rearmament.

 In 1935 the Saar was reunified with Germany. 90% of the Saar landers voted for
reunification with Germany.
 In 1936 Hitler remilitarised the Rhineland.
 In 1936 Hitler and Mussolini entered into the Spanish Civil War on the side of General
Franco.
 In 1936 Hitler and Mussolini signed the Rome-Berlin Axis.
 In 1937 Hitler signed the Anti-Committern Pact with Japan.
 In 1937 Hitler [Germany], Mussolini [Italy] and Tojo [Japan] signed the Rome-Berlin-
Tokyo Axis or Pact. This alliance became more powerful than the League itself.
 In 1938 Hitler annexed the Sudetenland from Czechoslovakia.
 In 1938 Hitler attended the Munich Conference.
 In 1938 Hitler invaded Austria and completed the Anschluss [Union of Austria and
Germany]
 In 1939 Hitler signed the Pact of Steel with Mussolini. They agreed to help each other
militarily.
 In 1939 Hitler seized Memel from Lithuania.
 In 1939 Hitler and Stalin [of Russia] signed the Molotov-Ribbentrop Treaty / Non-
aggression pact. Hitler had seen the danger of war breaking out in 1939 and Germany being
forced to fight on two fronts as what happened in the First World War. So the two countries
agreed not to resort to war against each other. They also agreed to invade Poland and
partition it between themselves. By this alliance and the invasion of Poland Germany
wanted to frighten Britain and France from coming to the aid of Poland. Also in the event
of a war between France and Germany, Russia would keep out of the war so that Germany
would defeat France.
 On 1 September 1939, Germany invaded Poland. Britain and France knocked into the
conflict on the side of Poland as they had promised. Hence the Second World War broke
out.
(c)Were these acts of aggression sufficient to cause World War 2? Explain your answer
 The acts were sufficient to bring the war, the invasion of Poland made the war
unavoidable
 The invasion of Albania by Hitler’s partner Mussolini made the outbreak of the war
possible.
 The signing of various term of treaties especially the non-aggression pact by Hitler and
Soviet Union.
 However, other factors contributed to the outbreak of the Second World War, they were
the collapse and weakness of the League of Nations, the policy of appeasement by Britain
and the great depression of 1929.
©Rodreck Matsveru 2019
(B.A Media Studies, ZOU Cand 2015-2020)

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PUBLISHED ON 01 JUNE 2019

(c)To what extent was the plan successful?

(b)Describe the views of the big three at Paris Peace Conference

 He and the French wanted revenge against the Germans.

 He did not want Germany to seek revenge in the near future.

 The treaty was signed by Austria in 1919.

 The treaty was signed in 1920 due to political uncertainties.

 Germany was to pay compensation for the damages of the war.

17(a) List any five members of the League of Nations up to 1934

 It dealt with the welfare of the refugees.

 The committee dealt with dangerous diseases.

(b)Describe the failures of the League of Nations in the 1930s

(b)Describe Mussolini domestic policy from 1922 to 1939

 Dictatorship ensured peace and stability in Italy.

24(a) State any five political problems faced by Weimar republic

25(a) Identify five aims of Mussolini domestic policy

 Strikes were rampant

28(a) Identify any five government posts held by Mussolini in Italy

 Banning trade unions brought about order and progress in industries.

31(a) State any five features of Germany Nazi

(b)Describe Hitler‘s domestic policy from 1933 to 1939

 Hitler created employment in Germany, for example, through conscription.

(c)Did the Germans benefit from Hitler’s policy towards Jews?

 Germans filled up vacancies in employment left by the Jews, at universities, in schools, in

35(a) Identify five treaties / agreements signed by European powers in 1930s

 In 1935 Hitler publicly announced German rearmament.

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