2016 E.C Work Shhet Chapter 2-3 Discrate

WOLAYITA SODDO UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF NATURAL AND COMPUTATIONAL SCIENCE

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS
Discrete Mathematics and combinatory work sheet II
1. If the committee of three persons to be randomly chosen from a group of 4 men and 2
women then find the probability that exactly one member of the committee is a women.
2. If three light bulbs are chosen at random from 10 bulbs then find
a) The probability that all are deffective
b) The probability that non is deffective
c) The probability that exactly one isl deffective
d) The probability that atleast two are non- deffective
3. Find the probability of getting a sum of 5 or 7 in toss of two dice.
4. In tossing a coin three times, find the probability of getting;
a) At most one head C) At most two tails
b) At least one head D) Exactly three heads
5. From a box which contains five black pens and three red pens what is the probability to
draw at least two black pens if three pens are drawn at random?
6. If A and B are two events such that ( ) ( ̅) ( ) Show that
A and B are i) independent ii) not exclusive.

7. A dice thrown. Consider two events * + * +. Prove that the
events A and B are
a) not independent b) not mutually exclusive iii) exhaustive
8. A bag contains 5 green and 7 red balls. Two balls are drawn. Find the probability that
one is green and other is red.
9. Find the probability of distrbution of the number of green balls drwan when three balls
are drawn one by one without replacement from a bag containing three green and five
white balls.
10. A coin is tossed five times. What is the probability of getting at least three heads?
11. A problem in mathematics is given to three students whose chances of solving the
problem are . What is the probability that the problem is solved?
Work sheet on combinatory Page 1

12. A fire coin tossed four times. Find a) the sample space b) the probability they are all
heads if the first two tosses results in head.
13. Wheather records show that the probability of high barometric pressure is 0.82 and the
probability of rain and high barometric pressure is 0.20. What is the probability of rain
given high barometric pressure.
14. Let two fair dice be rolled. If the sum of 7 is obtained, find the probability that at least
one of the dice shows 2.
15. What is the probability of getting a sum of 5 or 7 in toss of two dice?
16. If ( ) ( ) and ( ) , then find ( )
17. In a single throw of two dice find the probability of having 8 or 11.
18. A and B are events such that ( ) ( ) ( ) Then find
( )
19. Three bags contains 6 reed, 4 black, 4 red, 6 black, 5 red, 5 black balls respectively.
One of the bags is selected at random and a ball is drawn from it, if the ball drawn is
red. Find the probability that it is drawn from the first bag.
20. Find the probability of getting 4 tails in 6 tosses of fair coin.
21.
22. A bag contains blue and red balls. Two balls are drawn randomly without replacement.
The probability of selecting a blue and then a red ball is 0.2. The probability of selecting
a blue ball in the first draw is 0.5. What is the probability of drawing a red ball, given
that the first ball drawn was blue?
23. A die is rolled thrice. What is the probability that the sum of the rolls is at least 5.
24. Find the number of ways of distributing 10 distinguishable books among 4
distinguishable shalves so that each shelf gets atleast 2 and atmost 7 books
25. Find a generating function for the number of ways to select balls from a pile three
green, three white, three blue and three red balls.
26. Find the generating function for the number of ways to selecting objects from n
objects with unlimited repetitions.
27. Find the order of the following recurence relation
a) ( ) ( ( )) ( ) c) ( ) . /
b) ( ) ( ) d) ( ) ( )

28. Obtain the linear recurence relation from the sequence defined by
a) ( ) ( ) ) ( ) ) ( ) ( ) ( )
29. Find the generating function of the following
a) 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, …. c) 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, …. e) 2, -2, 2, -2, ….
b) 1, 0, 1, 0, ….. d) 0, 1, -2, 4, -8, ….
30. Find the coefficients of in ) ( ) )( )
31. Determine the numeric function corresponding to each of the following generating
functions. a) ( ) b) ( ) c) ( ) ( )( )
32. Obtain the generating function of the numeric function of the following relations
a) b) ( ) c)
33. Solve the following recurence relation
) ( ) ( ) ( ) i)
b) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
c) ( ) ( ) ( ) j)
d) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
e) , ( ) ( )
f) k)
g) ( )
h) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
34. Find the particular solution of the recurence relation given by
a) e)
b) f) ( )
c) ( )( ) g) ( )
d) ( )
35. Show that is a particulr solution of the relation
36. Solve the recurrence relation using generating function method where
a)
b)

c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
37. Find the generating function for the number of non negative integral solution of
where
38. Find a generating function to count the number of integral solution to

if for each
39. Find the number of non -negative integral solution of
a) where
b) where
i) )
ii)
c)
d) where

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS time allowed 3:00 hrs
Discrete MATHEMATICS and combinatory final exam (50%)

Name: __________________________________ID.NO___________________
PART I:write true if the statement is correct and false if incorrect false (8 pts)
1. Tossing a coin is a random experiment.
2. Events A and B in the probability space S are said to be independent if the
occurrence of one of them dos not influence the occurrence of the other.

3. ( ) 2
r 0
r
x r is the generating function of the sequence ( )
4. If be events in a sample space S with P( B)  0 . The conditional

probability of A given B denoted by p A / B  and defined as
P( A  B)
P( A \ B)  .
P( B)
5. If ( ) ( ) ( ⁄ ) then, events A and B are
independent.
6. The recurrence relation an  6an1  12an2  8an3  0 for n  3
is non-homogeneous recurrence relation
7. Event A and B are said to be dependent event if and only if
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ).
8. an  c1 3n  c2  1 is solution of the recurrence relation
n
an  7an1  10an2  0 for n  3

Part II: Blank space write the most simplified answer on the space provide (18 pts.)
1. If a fair coin is tossed three times then which of the following is not true?
A) The probability of at least one head is ___________________
B) The probability of exactly one head is ____________________
C) The probability of a tail not showing at all is ____________________
D) The probability of exactly two heads is ________________________
2. How many different outcomes are possible from tossing 5 similar coins?

3. Find the characteristic polynomial for the recurrence relation
an  6an1  12an2  8an3  5an4  0 for n  3
4. What is the solution of the recurrence relation
an  an 1  2an  2 With and ?
5. If a coin tossed five times. What is the probability of getting at least three
heads?
6. The recurrence relation an  6an1  12an2  8an3  3n  2 for n  3
Part III: Choose the correct answer and write on space provided (9 pts)
1. The homogeneous solution of the recurrence relation of
an  6an1  12an2  8an3  0 for n  3 is
A) A  Bn  cn 2 2 C) A  Bn  cn 2 
n
E) NONE
B) A  Bn  cn 2  2 D) A  B  Cn 2
n n
2. A and B are events such that ( ) ( ) ( ) Then

( ) equals to A) B) C) D) E) NONE
3. The particular solution of the recurrence relation an 2  4an  n  1 is
A) B) C) D) E) None
4. an  is a solution of the recurrence relation an  8an1  16an2  0 if a n is
equal to A) 4 n B) n4 n C) 4n D) n 2 4 n E) NONE
5. What is the probability of getting a sum of 5 or 7 in toss of two dice?
A) B) ) C) ) D) ) E) )
6. If ( ) ( ) and ( ) , then ( ) is equal
to A) 0.3 (B) 0.24 (C) 0.96 (D) 0.48 E) NONE
Part III: Work out show all the necessarily steps clearly and neatly. (15 pts)
1. Find the particular solution of the recurence relation
2. Solve the recurrence relation an  7an1  12an2  0 for n  2 subject to the

initial values using generating function method a0  2 and a1  5 .
3. Solve the recurrence relation using characteristic root method
an  7an 1  10an  2  0 for n  2 a0  1 and a1 2

4. Three bags contains 6 reed, 4 black, 4 red, 6 black, 5 red, 5 black balls
respectively. One of the bag is selected at random and a ball is drawn from
it, if the ball drawn is red. Find the probability that it is drawn from the first
bag.
5. Find the probability of getting 4 tails in 6 tosses of fair coin.
ANSWER SHEET
NAME ____________________________________D.N0_______________ DEPARTMENT___________
PART I TRUE/FALSE PART II BLANK SPCE PART III MULTIPLE CHOOSE
1. ___________________ 1._________________ 1. _________________
2. _________________ A. ___________ 2. _________________
3. ___________________ B. ________________ 3. _________________
4. ___________________ C. _________________ 4. _________________
5. ___________________ D. _________________ 5. ________________
6. ___________________ 2. _________________ 6. ________________
7. ___________________ 3. _________________
8. ___________________ 4. _________________
9. ___________________ 5. _________________
6. _________________

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS time allowed 2:00 hrs.
Discrete MATHEMATICS and combinatory (Math 294) final exam (40%)
Name ______________________________id.no ___________ section___

PART I: write true if the statement is correct and false if incorrect false on the answer sheet only (10 pts)

9. ( ) 2
r 0
r
x r is the generating function of the sequence ( )
10. If be events in a sample space S with P( B)  0 . The conditional probability of A
given B denoted by p A / B  and defined as (

( )
) .
( )
11. If A and B are any two events, then ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

12. The probability of the complement event A' of A is ( )
13. The probability of an impossible event is non-zero.
14. The recurrence relation an  6an1  12an2  8an3  2 for n  3

15. Let A and B be two independent events. Then ( ) ( ) ( )
16. an  c1 3n  c2  1n is solution of the recurrence relation an  7an1  10an2  0 for n  3
17. The recurrence relation an  5an1  6an2 for n  2 has distinct real roots
18. If we toss a coin twice then, the probability of occurring at least two head is .
Part II: blank space write the most simplified answer on the answer sheet only (12 pts.)
8. If we toss a coin three times, what is the probability of at least two heads?
9. How many different outcomes are possible from tossing 5 similar coins?
10.Find the characteristic polynomial for the recurrence relation
an  6an1  12an2  8an3  5an4  0 for n  3
11.What is the general solution of the recurrence relation

an  an 1  2an  2 With and ?
12.How many solution are there to where

Part III: Choose the correct answer and write on space provided (15 pts)
7. If ( ) ( ) and ( ) , then ( ) is equal to
A) 0.24 (B) 0.3 (C) 0.48 (D) 0.96 E) NONE
8. The homogeneous solution of the recurrence relation of an  5an1  6an2  0 for n  2
is
C) c1 3  c2 2 C) c1 3  c2  2 E) NONE
n n n n
D) c1  3  c2  4 D) c1  3  c2  2
n n n n
9. The general solution of the recurrence relation an  4an1  an2  is

B)  A  Bn 2n B) A 2n  B 2 C) A  Bn  cn 2 2 D) None
n n

10.If A and B are two events such that ( ) ( ) ( ) then
( ) equals to A) B) C) D) E) NONE
11. A and B are events such that ( ) ( ) ( )
Then ( ) equals to A) B) C) D) E) NONE

12. an  is a solution of the recurrence relation an  8an1  16an2  0 if a n is equal to A)
A 2  B B) A2  B C) A2  B 1
n n n n
D) A 2  B 1
n n
E) NONE
13. You are given that A and B are two events such that ( ) , ( ) and
( ) then, P(A) equals to A) B) C) D)
14. If a fair coin is tossed three times then which of the following is not true?
E) The probability of at least one head is
F) The probability of exactly one head is
G) The probability of a tail not showing at all is
H) The probability of exactly two heads is
I) None of the above

15. A bag contains 3 white and 4 black balls. If two balls are drawn at random, the probability that
one of them is white and the other is black is
A) B) C) D) E) None of the above
16. From a box which contains five black pens and three red pens what is the probability to draw at
least two black pens if three pens are drawn at random?
A) B) C) D) E) None of the above
Part III: Work out show all the necessarily steps clearly and neatly.

1. Two dice are thrown together. Let A be the event „getting 6 on the first die
and B be the event getting 2 on the second die then show that the events A
and B independent.
2. Find the general solution and particular solution of the recurrence relation
an2  4an  r 2  r  1 for n  2 using any method
3. Solve the recurrence relation using generating function method
an  7an 1  10an  2  0 for n  2 .
1. The terms of the expression ( ) is __________________

2. Among any 13 people, at least______________ people have the same birth month.
3. Suppose that (or more) objects are put into boxes. Then some box contains at least
________________ objects.
4. Find the number of solutions does the equation x1  x2  x3  11 have, where x1 , x 2 and x 3
are nonnegative integers?
5. How many integers between 1 and 10000 are divisible by none of and
6. Two dice are thrown simultaneously. Find the probability of getting :
(i) The same number on both dice,
(ii) An even number as the sum,
(iii) A prime number as the sum,
(iv) A multiple of ‘3’ as the sum,
(v) A total of at least 0,
(vi) A doublet of even numbers,
(vii) A multiple of ‘2’ on one dice and a multiple of ‘3’ on the other dice.
Sol.: Here:
S = { (1,1), (1,2)…, (1,6), (2,1), (2,2), … (2,6), (3,1), (3,2)… (3,6), ..,(5,1), (5,2), … (5,6), (6,1,), (6,2), -…- (6,6) }
|S|= 6 x 6 = 36
(i) Let E1 = Event of getting same number on both side: = { (1,1), (2,2), (3,3), (4,4), (5,5), (6,6) }; |E1| = 6
P(E1) = |E1|/|S| = 6/36 = 1/6
(ii) Let E2 = Event of getting an even number as the sum.
E2 = { (1,1), (1,3), (1,5), (2,2), (2,4), (2,6), (3,1), (3,3), (3,5), (4,2), (4,4), (4,6), (5,1), (5,5), (6,2), (6,4), (6,6) }
|E2|= 18 hence P(E2) = |E2|/|S| = 18/36 = 1/2
(iii) Let E3 = Event of getting a prime number as the sum..
E3 = { (1,1), (1,2), (1,4), (1,6), (2,1), (2,3), (2,5), (3,2), (3,4), (4,1), (4,3), (5,2), (5,6), (6,1), (6,5),}
|E3|= 15 P(E2) = |E3| / |S| = 15/36 = 5/12
(iv) Let E4 = Event of getting a multiple of „3‟ as the sum.
E4 = { (1,2), (1,5), (2,1), (2,4), (3,3), (3,6), (4,2), (4,5), (5,1), (5,4),(6,3), (6,6),}
|E4|= 12 P(E4) = |E4|/|S| = 12/36 = 1/3
(v) Let E5 = Event of getting a total of at least 10. E5 = { (4,6), (5,5), (5,6), (6,4), (6,5), (6,6), }
|E5|= 6 P(E5) = |E5|/|S| = 6/36 = 1/6
(vi) Let E6 = Event of getting a doublet of even numbers. E6 = { (2,2), (4,4), (6,6), }
|E6|= 3 P(E6) = |E6|/ |S| = 3/36 = 1/12
(vii) Let E7 = Even of getting a multiple of „2” on one dice and a multiple of „3‟ on the other dice.
E7 = { (2,3), (2,6), (4,3), (4,6), (6,3), (3,2), (3,4), (3,6), (6,2), (6,4) } |E7|= 11 P(E7) = |E7| / |S| = 11/36|E3|= 15

P(E2) = |E3| / |S| = 15/36 = 5/12
7. Find the number of rearrangements of the letters in the word CARRIER?

8. Find the number of rearrangements of the letters in the word DISTINCT?
9. How many positive integers less than 100 is not a factor of and 5?
10. In the expansion
a) ( ) what is the coeffecient of ?
b) ( ( ) ) what is the coeffecient of ?
c) what is the cconstant term from expanssion of . / and . / ?
d) . ( ) / what is the coeffecient of ?

e) ( ) what is the coeffcient of ?
11. Find the fifth and seventh term in the expression ( ) .
12. What is the fourth term for the expanssion . / ?
13. Find out the member of the binomial expanssion . / not containing x ?
14. Find the term of the expanssion ( ) .
16. A box contains many identical blue, green, and white marbles. Find the ordinary generating
function corrosponding to the problem of finding the number of ways of choosing r marbles
from the box such that the sample does not have morthan 2 red, morthan 3 blue, morthan 4
white and morthan 5 green.
17. In multiple-choice question paper of 20 question the answers can be A , B, C, or D.how many
different ways are there of answering the question paper?
18. Find n if
a) ( ) b) ( ) ( ) c) ( ) ( )
d) ( ) e) ( ) ( )
19. Among 720 people at least how many people have the same birth months?
20. How many students must be in a class to guarantee that at least two students receive the
same score on the final exam, if the exam graded on a class from 0 to 100 points?
21. For all integers n and r with show that ( ) ( ) (
).
22. Show that ( ) ( ) ( ).
23. In a group of 50 students 24 like cold drinks and 36 like hot drinks and each student likes at
least one of the two drinks. How many like both coffee and tea?
24. In how many ways can we choose a committee of 5 people from 11 people?
25. Determine the number of positive integers less than 1000 which are divisible by neither 7 nor
5.
26. How many natural numbers are not divisible by any of 2, 3?

Chapter 2:
Elementary probability theory
2.1 Introduction
 Sample Space and events
In our everyday life we very often deal with the situations whose outcome cannot forecast. We
call such situations random experiments.
 Random experiment
Random experiment is an experiment which can be repeated any number of times under the same
conditions, but does not give unique results i.e. for each trial the result will not be known in
advance.
Example: 2.2.1
If we toss a coin it is impossible to forecast whether the head will come up or tail. Thus tossing a
coin is a random experiment.
 Sample space
The set S of all possible outcomes of a given random experiment is called a sample space. Every
element of the sample space S is called a sample point.
Example: 2.2.2
When a coin is tossed, there are two sample points Head (H) and Tail (T). Then the sample space
is S= {H, T} and S  2 .
Example: 2.2.3
An urn contains 4 balls of different colors. The colors are red, yellow, black and white. Two
balls are simultaneously taken out of the urn. Describe the sample space of this experiment.
Solution:

The sample space is S= {RY, RB, RW, YB, YW, BW} where R, Y, B and W stand for red, yellow,
black and white colors respectively.
 Events
Any subset of sample space S is called an event.
Note:
The entire sample space S and the empty set  are events since they are subsets of S.  is
sometimes is called the impossible event.
Since an event is a set, we can combine events to form new events using the various set
operations.
i) A  B is the event that occurs if and only if A occurs or B occurs (or both).
ii) A  B is the event that occurs if and only if A occurs and B occurs.
iii) A' , the complement of A, is the event that occurs if and only if A does not occur.
Two events A and B are called mutually exclusive if they are disjoint, i.e., if A  B   . In other
words, A and B are mutually exclusive if and only if the cannot occur simultaneously.
Example 2.2.4
1. When we toss a coin, either head or tail can be up, but both cannot be up at a time, hence
the outcome of getting a head (H) and tail (T) are mutually exclusive events.
2. When we throw a die the outcome of getting 1, 2, 3,…, 6 are mutually exclusive events.
 The probability of an event
In this section, we will restrict ourselves to experiment that have finitely many, equally likely
outcomes.
2.2 Definitions of probability
 Mathematically definitions of probability
The probability of an event E, which is a subset of a finite sample space S of equally outcomes, is
E
denoted by P(E ) is defined as P( E ) 
S
Example: 2.3.1
If at least one child in a family of three children is a boy, what is the probability that all three
are boys?
Solution:

The sample space is S= {BBB, BBG, BGB, GBB, GGB, GBG, BGG} where B represents a boy
and G represents a girl.
Hence S  7 and since E is the event that all the three are boys, E  1 .
E 1
Therefore P( E )  P( BBB )   .
S 7
Activity: 2.2
In tossing 3 coins at a time, find the probability of getting
a) at most one head
b) at least one head
c) exactly 2 heads.
 Statistical or empirical definitions of probability
m
If in n trials, an event E happen m times, then P( E )  lim ( ) i.e. the limit of the number of times
n n
E occurs divided by the number of times the experiment is performed.

 Axiomatic definitions of probability
Let S be a sample space. Let  be the collections of all subsets of S. Then the functions
P :   [0,1] is called a probability functions if
i) P( E)  0 for all E  
ii) P(S)=1
 
iii) P( Ei )   P( Ei ) whenever, E1 , E 2 ,… are disjoint events which is to say that
i 1 i 1
Ei  E j   whenever i  j .
 Theorems on probabilities
Theorem 2.3.3
Prove the probability of an impossible event is zero, i.e. P( )  0
Proof:
Impossible event contains no sample point. The sample space S and the impossible event  are
mutually exclusive events.
Thus, S    S
 P(S   )  P(S )

 P(S )  P( )  P(S )  P( )  0 . This completes the proof.
Theorem: 2.3.4
The probability of the complement event A' of A is P( A' )  1  P( A)
Proof
Clearly A and A' are disjoint events. Thus P( A  A' )  P( A)  P( A' )

Now A  A'  S  P( A  A' )  P(S )
 P( A)  P( A' )  1 since, P(S )  1
 P( A' )  1  P( A)
This completes the proof.
2.3 Additions theorem of probability
If A and B are any two events, then P( A  B)  P( A)  P( B)  P( A  B)
Proof:
Consider the following Venn diagram given bellow
Clearly A and A'  B are disjoint sets and their unions is A  B

Now A  B  A  ( A'  B)
 P( A'  B)  P( B)  P( A  B) ….(1)
Putting in (1): P( A  B)  P( A)  P( B)  P( A  B) Hence, this completes the proof.

Example: 2.3.7
A card is taken from a pack of cards. Find the probability that it is either spade or an ace.
Solution:
Let A and B denote the events of drawing a spade card and an ace card, respectively, so that
13 4 1
P( A)  , P( B)  , P( A  B)  . Therefore the probability that the card drawn is either
52 52 52
a spade or an ace is given by P( A  B)  P( A)  P( B)  P( A  B)
13 4 1 4
   
52 52 52 13
Exercise 2

e) The probability that all are deffective
f) The probability that non is deffective
g) The probability that exactly one isl deffective
h) The probability that atleast two are non- deffective
A and B are
i) independent ii) not exclusive.
events A and B are
b) not independent b) not mutually exclusive iii) exhaustive
white balls.
50. Wheather records show that the probability of high barometric pressure is 0.82 and the
probability of rain and high barometric pressure is 0.20. What is the probability of rain
given high barometric pressure.
53. A bag contains blue and red balls. Two balls are drawn randomly without replacement.
The probability of selecting a blue and then a red ball is 0.2. The probability of selecting
a blue ball in the first draw is 0.5. What is the probability of drawing a red ball, given
that the first ball drawn was blue?
distinguishable shalves so that each shelf gets atleast 2 and atmost 7 books.
56. From 30 tickets with the first 30 natural number one is drawn at random.Find the
probability of that is a multiple of 3 or 7.
57. Two dices are thrown. Find the probabilty of getting an odd number on one and a
multiple of three on other.

58. A bag contains 5 green and 7 red balls. Two are drawn. Find the probabilty that one
green and the other is red.
59. If at least one child in a family of three children is a boy, what is the probability that all
three are boys?
Theorem: Any linear combination of solutions of a homogeneous recurrence linear relation is

also a solution. In solving the first order homogeneous recurrence linear relation
Example:
1. Find the solution to with = 9; = 10; = 32.
2. Solve these recurrence relations together with the initial conditions given.
a)
b)
Discrete Mathematics and Combinatory work sheet I
27. Find the number of rearrangements of the letters in the word CARRIER?
28. Find the number of rearrangements of the letters in the word DISTINCT?
29. How many positive integers less than 100 is not a factor of and 5?
30. In the expansion
f) ( ) what is the coeffecient of ?
g) ( ( ) ) what is the coeffecient of ?
h) what is the cconstant term from expanssion of . / and . / ?
i) . ( ) / what is the coeffecient of ?

j) ( ) what is the coeffcient of ?
31. Find the fifth and seventh term in the expression ( ) .
32. What is the fourth term for the expanssion . / ?
33. Find out the member of the binomial expanssion . / not containing x ?
36. A box contains many identical blue, green, and white marbles. Find the ordinary generating
function corrosponding to the problem of finding the number of ways of choosing r marbles
from the box such that the sample does not have morthan 2 red, morthan 3 blue, morthan 4
white and morthan 5 green.
37. In multiple-choice question paper of 20 question the answers can be A , B, C, or D.how many
different ways are there of answering the question paper?

38. Find n if
a) ( ) b) ( ) ( ) c) ( ) ( )
d) ( ) e) ( ) ( )
39. Among 720 people at least how many people have the same birth months?
40. How many students must be in a class to guarantee that at least two students receive the
same score on the final exam, if the exam graded on a class from 0 to 100 points?
41. For all integers n and r with show that ( ) ( ) ( ).
42. Show that ( ) ( ) ( ).
43. In a group of 50 students 24 like cold drinks and 36 like hot drinks and each student likes at
least one of the two drinks. How many like both coffee and tea?
45. Determine the number of positive integers less than 1000 which are divisible by neither 7 nor
5.
47. A committee of 5 persons is to be selected randomly from a group of 5 men and 10 women.
(a) Find the probability that the committee consists of 2 men and 3 women.
(b) Find the probability that the committee consists of all women.
48. In a certain college town, 25% of the students failed mathematics (M), 15% failed chemistry
(C), and 10% failed both mathematics and chemistry. A student is selected at random.
(a) If he failed chemistry, find the probability that he also failed mathematics.
(b) If he failed mathematics, find the probability that he also failed chemistry.
(c) Find the probability that he failed mathematics or chemistry.
(d) Find the probability that he failed neither mathematics nor chemistry.
49. Box A contains five red marbles and three blue marbles, and box B contains three red and
two blue. A marble is drawn at random from each box.
(a) Find the probability p that both marbles are red.
(b) Find the probability p that one is red and one is blue.
50. The probability that A hits a target is and the probability that B hits a target is
They both fire at the target. Find the probability that:
(a) A does not hit the target; (c) one of them hits the target;
(b) both hit the target; (d) neither hits the target.
51. A class has 12 boys and 4 girls. Suppose three students are selected at random from the
class. Find the probability p that they are all boys.
52. A pair of fair dice is thrown. Given that the two numbers appearing are different, find the
probability p that:
(a) the sum is 6; (b) an one appears; (c) the sum is 4 or less.
53. A pair of fair dice is thrown. Find the probability that the sum is 10 or greater if:
(a) 5 appears on the first die; (b) 5 appears on at least one die.
54. Suppose A and B are events with P(A) = 0.6, P(B) = 0.3, and P(A ∩ B) = 0.2. Find the
probability that: (a) A does not occur; (c) A or B occurs; (b) B does not occur;
(d) Neither A nor B occurs.
55. A sample space S consists of four elements; that is, * + under which of the
following functions does S become a probability space?
a) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
b) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

c) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
d) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
56. A box contains two white socks and two blue socks. Two socks are drawn at random. Find
the probability p they are a match (the same color).
57. A pair of dice is tossed. (See Example 7.2.) Find the number of elements in each event:
(a) A = {two numbers are equal} (c) C = {5 appears on the first die}
(b) B = {sum is 10 or more} (d) D = {5 appears on at least one die}
58. A single card is drawn from an ordinary deck of 52 cards. Find the probability p that the
card is a:
(a) face card ( jack, queen or king); (c) face card and a heart;
(b) heart; (d) face card or a heart.
59. In a country with 100 million people 100 thousand of them have disease X. A test designed to
detect the disease has a 99% probability of detecting it when administered to a person who
has it, but it also has a 5% probability of giving a false positive when given to a person who
does not have it. A person is given the test and it comes out positive. What is the probability
that that person has the disease?
Part I Matching
A B
1. The set of possible outcomes of an experiment A) sample space
2. A subset of the sample space of an experiment B) event
3. The sum of the probabilities of the outcomes in E C) probability of an event E
4. An experiment with two possible outcomes D) Bernoulli trial
5. Events E and F such that ( ) ( ) ( ) E) independent events
6. The sum of the probabilities of the outcomes in E F) probability of an event E
7. A function that assigns a real number to each possible
experiment outcome of an G) random variable
8. the assignment of equal probabilities to the elements
of a finite set H) uniform distribution
Part ii blank space
1. Conditional probability of an event E given an event F= __________________
2. probabilistic method: a technique for proving the existence of objects in a set with
certain properties that proceeds by assigning probabilities to objects and showing that
the probability that an object has these properties is positive
3. standard deviation of a random variable X: the square root of the variance of X, that is,
( ) √ ( )
4. variance of a random variable X: the weighted average of the square of the difference
between the value of X and its expected value E(X), with weights given by the probability
of outcomes, that is, ( ) ∑ ( ( ) ( )) ( )
1. Find the coefficients of in the expansion of ( )

2. Write the 5th term of the binomial expansion ( )
3. What is the cconstant term from expanssion of . / ?
A) 160 B) 64 C) 20 D) 8 E) NONE

4. The coefficients of x 3 y 3 in the expression of 3x  y  is
6
A)450 B) -540 C) 405 D) -405 E) -450 F) NONE

5. A total of 1232 students have taken a course in Spanish, 879 have taken a course in
French, and 114 have taken a course in Russian. Further, 103 have taken courses in both
Spanish and French, 23 have taken courses in both Spanish and Russian, and 14 have
taken courses in both French and Russian. If 2092 students have taken at least one of
Spanish, French, and Russian, how many students have taken a course in all three
languages?
6. Suppose that there are 1807 freshmen at your school. Of these, 453 are taking a course in
computer science, 567 are taking a course in mathematics, and 299 are taking courses in
both computer science and mathematics. How many are not taking a course either in
computer science or in mathematics?
B) How many positive integers not exceeding 1000 are divisible by 7 or 11?
C) How many solutions does have, where , , and are
nonnegative integers with and
D) How many different solutions in non-negative integers x1, x2, and x3, does the
following equation have?
7. How many different solutions in non-negative integers x1, x2, and x3, does the
following equation have?
Solution: We have to place 11 “pebbles” into three different “bins”, x1, x2, and x3.
This is equivalent to choosing an 11-comb-w.r. from a set of size 3, so the answer is
( ) ( )
Part I: write true or false on the space provided.
1. Permutation is selection of ordered objects.
2. ( ) 0.
3. C (8,3)  P(8,5)
( )
4. ( )
5. C (8,3)  P(8,2)
6. Combination is un ordered arrangements of objects.
7. Six children can be arranged themselves in a circular in 720 ways.
8. ( ) ( ).
Part II: Fill the following blank space with the most simplified answers
1. Find the number of rearrangements of the letters in the word CARRIER

2. In how many ways can four books be arranged on a shelf?
3. How many permutations of the letters ABCDEFGH contain the string ABC?

( )
4. If = then find the value of
( )
5. Find the coefficients of in the expansion of ( )

6. If ( ) then find the value of
7. Write the 5th term of the binomial expansion ( ) .
8. If P(n,2)  110 , then find the value of
Part iII : choose the correct answer and write on the space provided

A) 462 B) 264 C) 5440 D) 464 E) 554 F) NONE
The coefficients of x y in the expression of 3x  y  is
3 3 6
2.
A) 450 B) -540 C) 405 D) -405 E) -450 F) NONE
3. Among 200 people there are at least __________people who were born in the same month.
A) 12 B) 14 C) 17 D) 5 E) 9 F) NONE
A) 666 B) 134 C) 166 D) 500 E) 333 F) NONE
5. How many positive integers 100 are multiples of either 2 or 5?
A ) 50 B) 20 C) 10 D) 60 E) 30 F) NONE
6. Determine the number of positive integers less than 1000 which are divisible by neither 7
nor 5.
A) 868 B) 686 C) 668 D) 886 E) NONE
7. The number of rearrangements of the letters in the word DISTINCT is
A) 10,800 B) 10,080 C) 10,0080 D) 10,8000 E) NONE
8. What is the cconstant term from expanssion of . / ?
A) 160 B) 64 C) 20 D) 8 E) NONE
Parts IV: show all the necessary steps clearly and neatly.
1. Find the number of non-negative integral solution to the equation
where .
2. Find the value of r if ( ) ( )
3. Show that for all integers n and r with, then,
( ) ( ) ( )
WOLIATA SODO UNIVERSITY
COLLAGE OF NATURAL AND COMPUTATIONAL SCIENCE
DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS (Assignment III)

Discrete Mathematics and Combinatorics (Math294)
Name: _______________________________________id.no.______________section____
1. For all integers show that ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

2. For all integers show that ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
3. Assume that in the collage with 1000 students, 200 students are taking a course in
mathematics, 300 students are taking a course in physics, and 50 students are taking both.
How many students are taking at least one of those courses?
4. Find the number non -negative integral solution to the equation
5. Find the number of integers between 1 and 250 both inclusive that are not divisible by any
of the integers and
6. Determine the number of integer solutions of the equation where
and
7. Find the number of integers between 1 and 250 both inclusive that are not divisible by any of
integers 2, 5, 3 and 7.
8. Determine the number of integral solution of the equation , where
a.
b.
WOLIATA SODO UNIVERSITY

COLLAGE OF NATURAL AND COMPUTATIONAL SCIENCE
DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS (Assignment ii)

Discrete Mathematics and Combinatorics (Math294)
Name: _______________________________________id.no.______________section____
1. Suppose a student is selected at random from 100 students where 30 are taking
mathematics, 20 are taking chemistry, and 10 are taking mathematics and chemistry.
Find the probability p that the student is taking mathematics or chemistry.
2. A box contains 5 black, 7 red and 6 green balls. Three balls are drawn from this box one
after the other without replacement. What is the probability that the three balls are
a. all black balls b) of different colors c) two black and one green black.
3. An event can happen in 999 ways. For a trial in this event to have a probability of 99%.
Find the number of favourable events.
4. A fair coin is tossed 6 times; call heads a success. Find
a) The probability that exactly two heads occurs (i.e., k = 2).
b) The probability of getting at least four heads (i.e., k = 4, 5 or 6).
c) The probability of getting no heads (i.e., all failures).
5. A die is cast 6 times. Find the probability that each throw will return a prime number.
6. Form a group of 20 players, a keeper is chosen. If 5 of the players are keepers, what is the
probability that the player chosen will be a keeper?
7. Find the probability of getting a sum different from 10 or 12 after rolling two dice.
8. I draw 5 cards from a well-shuffled deck. What is the probability that all cards are hearts?
9. Assume that a die is loaded so that the probability of obtaining n point is proportional to
n. Find the probability of getting an odd number when rolling that die.
10. Find the probability of obtaining a sum of 10 after rolling two fair dice. Find the
probability of that event if we know that at least one of the dice shows 5 points.
11. Let A and B be independent events with ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( | ) ( ) ( | )
12. From a well-shuffled pack of 52 cards, four cards are selected at random. Then find the
probability of drawing exactly 2 spades and exactly 2 aces.
13. Let three fair coins be tossed. Let
A=* + * + * + Of
the pairs of events, ( ) ( ) ( ) which are independent and which are
dependent? (justify)

EXAMPLE Suppose a student is selected at random from 100 students where 30 are taking
mathematics, 20 are taking chemistry, and 10 are taking mathematics and chemistry. Find the
probability p that the student is taking mathematics or chemistry.
Let M = {students taking mathematics} and C = {students taking chemistry}. Since the space is
equiprobable, P(M) = 30/100= 3/10 , P(C) = 20/100= 1/5 , P(Mand C) = P(M ∩ C) = 10/100=
1/10
Thus, by the Addition Principle (Theorem 7.4), p = P(Mor C) = P(M C) = P(M) + P(C) −
P(M ∩ C) = 3/10+ 1/5− 1/10= 2/5
Example: Assume that a die is loaded so that the probability of obtaining n point is proportional
to n. Find the probability of getting an odd number when rolling that die.
Answer: First we must find the probability function P(n) (n = 1, 2, . . . , 6). We are told that P(n)
is proportional to n, hence P(n) = kn. Since P(S) = 1 we have P(1)+P(2)+· · · P(6) = 1, i.e.,
k·1+k·2+ · · · + k · 6 = 21k = 1, so k = 1/21 and P(n) = n/21. Next we want to find the
probability of E = {2, 4, 6}, i.e. P(E) = P(2)+P(4)+P(6) = 2/21+/421+/621=/12/21
Example: Find the probability of getting a sum different from 10 or 12 after rolling two dice.
Answer: We can get 10 in 3 different ways: 4+6, 5+5, 6+4, so P(10) = 3/36. Similarly we get
that P(12) = 1/36. Since they are mutually exclusive events, the probability of getting 10
or 12 is P(10)+P(12) = 3/36+1/36 = 4/36 = 1/9. So the probability of not getting 10 or 12 is
1 − 1/9 = 8/9.
Example: Find the probability of obtaining a sum of 10 after rolling two fair dice. Find the
probability of that event if we know that at least one of the dice shows 5 points.
Answer: We call E = “obtaining sum 10” and F = “at least one of the dice shows 5 points”. The
number of possible outcomes is 6 × 6 = 36. The event “obtaining a sum 10” is E = {(4, 6), (5,
5), (6, 4)}, so |E| = 3. Hence the probability is P(E) = |E|/|S| = 3/36 = 1/12. Now, if we know
that at least one of the dice shows 5 points then the sample space shrinks to F = {(1, 5), (2, 5),
(3, 5), (4, 5), (5, 5), (6, 5), (5, 1), (5, 2), (5, 3), (5, 4), (5, 6)} , so |F| = 11, and the ways to obtain
a sum 10 are E \ F = {(5, 5)}, |E \ F| = 1, so the probability is P(E | F) = P(E \ F)/P(F) = 1/11.

Work sheet on discrete mathematics
1. In any given set of 13 people at least two of them have their birthday during the same month.
2. Assume 100 people. Can you tell something about the number of people born in the same
month. Yes. There exists a month in which at least ,100 / 12- = ,8.3- = 9 people were
born.
3. The 2-permutations of set { , , } are: , , , , , . The number of 2-permutations
of this 3-element set is ( , ) = (3,2) = 3 (3 2 + 1) = 6.
800
4. In a group of 800 people, there are at least0366 = 31 people with the same birthday.
5. How many positive integers _ 100 are multiples of either 2 or 5? Let A be the set of
multiples of 2 and B be the set of multiples of 5. Then , - = 50, , - = 20, and
, - = 10 (since this is the number of multiples of 10). By the inclusion-exclusion
principle, we have 50 + 20 10 = 60 multiples of either 2 or 5.
6. How many three digit numbers can be formed with the digits 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, if the digits can be
repeated?.
7. In how many different ways can 5 cakes, of the same type or different, be
8. 12 young ladies and 15 young gentlemen participate at a dancing soirée. In how many ways
can four dancing pairs be chosen?
9. Using 10 roses and 8 Bedding Dahlias, bunches are made that contain 2 roses and 3 Bedding
Dahlias. How many bunches of this kind can be formed?
10. How many three digit numbers can be formed with the digits 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, if the digits can be
repeated?
11. How many 5 digit numbers can be formed with digits 0 and 1?
12. In how many ways can four books be arranged on a shelf?
13. A passenger train has ten wagons. In how many ways can the wagons be arranged to form the
train?
14. In how many ways can 7 students be placed in 7 desks so that all the desks are occupied?
15. How many phone numbers of six digits can be dialed:
1) The digit participates in the phone number only once;
2) The digit participates more than once?
(The telephone number can also start with 0.)
16. The volleyball team is made out of 6 athletes. How many volleyball teams can a coach make
having 10 athletes at his disposal?.
17. Determine which term do not contain in the development of the binomial:
1
0(1 + ) .1 + /1
18. Determine the fourth term of the development of Newton’s binomial:

Discrete MATHEMATICS and combinatory work sheet II
women then find the probability that exactly one member of the committee is a
women.
i) The probability that all are deffective
j) The probability that non is deffective
k) The probability that exactly one isl deffective
l) The probability that atleast two are non- deffective
63. If A and B are two events such that ( ) (̅ ) ( ) Show
that A and B are i) independent ii) not exclusive.

events A and B are
c) not independent b) not mutually exclusive iii) exhaustive
66. Find the probability of distrbution of the number of green balls drwan when three
balls are drawn one by one without replacement from a bag containing three green
and five white balls.
70. Wheather records show that the probability of high barometric pressure is 0.82 and
the probability of rain and high barometric pressure is 0.20. What is the probability of
rain given high barometric pressure.

73. A bag contains blue and red balls. Two balls are drawn randomly without
replacement. The probability of selecting a blue and then a red ball is 0.2. The
probability of selecting a blue ball in the first draw is 0.5. What is the probability of
drawing a red ball, given that the first ball drawn was blue?
distinguishable shalves so that each shelf gets atleast 2 and atmost 7 books
76. Find a generating function for the number of ways to select balls from a pile
three green, three white, three blue and three red balls.
77. Find the generating function for the number of ways to selecting objects from n
objects with unlimited repetitions.
78. Find the order of the following recurence relation
c) ( ) ( ( )) ( ) c) ( ) . /
d) ( ) ( ) d) ( ) ( )
79. Obtain the linear recurence relation from the sequence defined by
b) ( ) ( ) ) ( ) ) ( ) ( ) ( )
80. Find the generating function of the following
c) 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, …. c) 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, …. e) 2, -2, 2, -2, ….
d) 1, 0, 1, 0, ….. d) 0, 1, -2, 4, -8, ….
81. Find the coefficients of in ) ( ) )( )

82. Determine the numeric function corresponding to each of the following generating
functions.
a) ( ) b) ( ) c) ( ) ( )( )
83. Obtain the generating function of the numeric function of the following relations
i) b) ( ) c)
84. Solve the following recurence relation

) ( ) ( ) ( ) i)
j) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
k) ( ) ( ) ( ) j)
l) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
m) , ( ) ( )
n) k)
o) ( )
p) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
85. Find the particular solution of the recurence relation given by
e) e)
f) f) ( )
g) ( )( ) g) ( )
h) ( )
86. Show that is a particulr solution of the relation
87. Solve the recurrence relation using generating function method where
i)
j)
k)
l)
m)
n)
o)
p)
88. Find the generating function for the number of non negative integral solution of
where
89. Find a generating function to count the number of integral solution to

if for each
90. Find the number of non -negative integral solution of

e) where
f) where i)
iii) )
g)
h) where

1.

2.

Chapter 2:
Elementary probability theory
2.1 Introduction
 Sample Space and events
In our everyday life we very often deal with the situations whose outcome cannot forecast. We
call such situations random experiments.
 Random experiment
Random experiment is an experiment which can be repeated any number of times under the same
conditions, but does not give unique results i.e. for each trial the result will not be known in
advance.
Example: 2.2.1
If we toss a coin it is impossible to forecast whether the head will come up or tail. Thus tossing a
coin is a random experiment.
 Sample space
The set S of all possible outcomes of a given random experiment is called a sample space. Every
element of the sample space S is called a sample point.
Example: 2.2.2
When a coin is tossed, there are two sample points Head (H) and Tail (T). Then the sample space
is S= {H, T} and S  2 .
Example: 2.2.3
An urn contains 4 balls of different colors. The colors are red, yellow, black and white. Two
balls are simultaneously taken out of the urn. Describe the sample space of this experiment.
Solution:
The sample space is S= {RY, RB, RW, YB, YW, BW} where R, Y, B and W stand for red, yellow,
black and white colors respectively.
 Events
Any subset of sample space S is called an event.
Note:
The entire sample space S and the empty set  are events since they are subsets of S.  is
sometimes is called the impossible event.

Since an event is a set, we can combine events to form new events using the various set
operations.
i) A  B is the event that occurs if and only if A occurs or B occurs

(or both).
ii) A  B is the event that occurs if and only if A occurs and B

occurs.
iii) A' , the complement of A, is the event that occurs if and only if A
does not occur.
Two events A and B are called mutually exclusive if they are disjoint, i.e., if A  B   . In other
words, A and B are mutually exclusive if and only if the cannot occur simultaneously.
Example 2.2.4
3. When we toss a coin, either head or tail can be up, but both cannot be up at a time, hence
the outcome of getting a head (H) and tail (T) are mutually exclusive events.
4. When we throw a die the outcome of getting 1, 2, 3,…, 6 are mutually exclusive events.
 The probability of an event
In this section, we will restrict ourselves to experiment that have finitely many, equally likely
outcomes.
2.2 Definitions of probability
 Mathematically definitions of probability
The probability of an event E, which is a subset of a finite sample space S of equally outcomes, is
E
denoted by P(E ) is defined as P( E ) 
S
Example: 2.3.1
If at least one child in a family of three children is a boy, what is the probability that all three
are boys?
Solution:
The sample space is S= {BBB, BBG, BGB, GBB, GGB, GBG, BGG} where B represents a boy
and G represents a girl.
Hence S  7 and since E is the event that all the three are boys, E  1 .

E 1
Therefore P( E )  P( BBB )   .
S 7
Activity: 2.2
In tossing 3 coins at a time, find the probability of getting
d) at most one head
e) at least one head
f) exactly 2 heads.
 Statistical or empirical definitions of probability
m
If in n trials, an event E happen m times, then P( E )  lim ( ) i.e. the limit of the number of times
n n
E occurs divided by the number of times the experiment is performed.

 Axiomatic definitions of probability
Let S be a sample space. Let  be the collections of all subsets of S. Then the functions
P :   [0,1] is called a probability functions if
i) P( E)  0 for all E  
ii) P(S)=1
 
iii) P( Ei )   P( Ei ) whenever, E1 , E 2 ,… are disjoint events which is to say that
i 1 i 1
Ei  E j   whenever i  j .
 Theorems on probabilities
Theorem 2.3.3
Prove the probability of an impossible event is zero, i.e. P( )  0
Proof:
Impossible event contains no sample point. The sample space S and the impossible event  are
mutually exclusive events.
Thus, S    S
 P(S   )  P(S )
 P(S )  P( )  P(S )  P( )  0 . This completes the proof.
Theorem: 2.3.4
The probability of the complement event A' of A is P( A' )  1  P( A)

Proof
Clearly A and A' are disjoint events. Thus P( A  A' )  P( A)  P( A' )

Now A  A'  S  P( A  A' )  P(S )
 P( A)  P( A' )  1 since, P(S )  1
 P( A' )  1  P( A)
This completes the proof.
2.3 Additions theorem of probability
If A and B are any two events, then P( A  B)  P( A)  P( B)  P( A  B)
Proof:
Consider the following Venn diagram given bellow
Clearly A and A'  B are disjoint sets and their unions is A  B

Now A  B  A  ( A'  B)
 P( A'  B)  P( B)  P( A  B) ….(1)
Putting in (1): P( A  B)  P( A)  P( B)  P( A  B) Hence, this completes the proof.

Example: 2.3.7
A card is taken from a pack of cards. Find the probability that it is either spade or an ace.
Solution:
Let A and B denote the events of drawing a spade card and an ace card, respectively, so that
13 4 1
P( A)  , P( B)  , P( A  B)  . Therefore the probability that the card drawn is either
52 52 52
a spade or an ace is given by P( A  B)  P( A)  P( B)  P( A  B)
13 4 1 4
   
52 52 52 13
Exercise 2

m) The probability that all are deffective
n) The probability that non is deffective
o) The probability that exactly one isl deffective
p) The probability that atleast two are non- deffective
A and B are i) independent ii) not exclusive.
events A and B are
d) not independent b) not mutually exclusive iii) exhaustive
white balls.
100. A fire coin tossed four times. Find a) the sample space b) the probability they are
all heads if the first two tosses results in head.
101. Wheather records show that the probability of high barometric pressure is 0.82
and the probability of rain and high barometric pressure is 0.20. What is the
probability of rain given high barometric pressure.
102. Let two fair dice be rolled. If the sum of 7 is obtained, find the probability that at
least one of the dice shows 2.
104. A bag contains blue and red balls. Two balls are drawn randomly without
replacement. The probability of selecting a blue and then a red ball is 0.2. The
probability of selecting a blue ball in the first draw is 0.5. What is the probability of
drawing a red ball, given that the first ball drawn was blue?
distinguishable shalves so that each shelf gets atleast 2 and atmost 7 books.
107. From 30 tickets with the first 30 natural number one is drawn at random.Find the
probability of that is a multiple of 3 or 7.
108. Two dices are thrown. Find the probabilty of getting an odd number on one and a
multiple of three on other.
109. A bag contains 5 green and 7 red balls. Two are drawn. Find the probabilty that
one green and the other is red.

110. If at least one child in a family of three children is a boy, what is the probability
that all three are boys?


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WOLAYITA SODDO UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF NATURAL AND COMPUTATIONAL SCIENCE

A and B are i) independent ii) not exclusive.

Work sheet on combinatory Page 1

Work sheet on combinatory Page 2

35. Show that is a particulr solution of the relation

Work sheet on combinatory Page 3

38. Find a generating function to count the number of integral solution to

Work sheet on combinatory Page 4

Discrete MATHEMATICS and combinatory final exam (50%)

4. If be events in a sample space S with P( B)  0 . The conditional

an  7an1  10an2  0 for n  3

Work sheet on combinatory Page 5

2. A and B are events such that ( ) ( ) ( ) Then

2. Solve the recurrence relation an  7an1  12an2  0 for n  2 subject to the

Work sheet on combinatory Page 6

Work sheet on combinatory Page 7

COLLEGE OF NATURAL AND COMPUTATIONAL SCIENCE

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS time allowed 2:00 hrs.

Discrete MATHEMATICS and combinatory (Math 294) final exam (40%)

Name ______________________________id.no ___________ section___

10. If be events in a sample space S with P( B)  0 . The conditional probability of A

given B denoted by p A / B  and defined as (

11. If A and B are any two events, then ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

is non-homogeneous recurrence relation

11.What is the general solution of the recurrence relation

12.How many solution are there to where

9. The general solution of the recurrence relation an  4an1  an2  is

Work sheet on combinatory Page 10

Then ( ) equals to A) B) C) D) E) NONE

F) The probability of exactly one head is

G) The probability of a tail not showing at all is

H) The probability of exactly two heads is

I) None of the above

Work sheet on combinatory Page 11

1. The terms of the expression ( ) is __________________

Work sheet on combinatory Page 12

7. Find the number of rearrangements of the letters in the word CARRIER?

d) . ( ) / what is the coeffecient of ?

Work sheet on combinatory Page 13

Work sheet on combinatory Page 14

Work sheet on combinatory Page 15

E occurs divided by the number of times the experiment is performed.

Work sheet on combinatory Page 16

Clearly A and A' are disjoint events. Thus P( A  A' )  P( A)  P( A' )

Clearly A and A'  B are disjoint sets and their unions is A  B

Putting in (1): P( A  B)  P( A)  P( B)  P( A  B) Hence, this completes the proof.

Work sheet on combinatory Page 17

Work sheet on combinatory Page 18

Theorem: Any linear combination of solutions of a homogeneous recurrence linear relation is

Discrete Mathematics and Combinatory work sheet I

i) . ( ) / what is the coeffecient of ?

Work sheet on combinatory Page 19

Work sheet on combinatory Page 20

1. Find the coefficients of in the expansion of ( )

Work sheet on combinatory Page 21

A)450 B) -540 C) 405 D) -405 E) -450 F) NONE

1. Find the number of rearrangements of the letters in the word CARRIER

Work sheet on combinatory Page 22

5. Find the coefficients of in the expansion of ( )

1. In how many ways can we choose a committee of 5 people from 11 people?

WOLIATA SODO UNIVERSITY

COLLAGE OF NATURAL AND COMPUTATIONAL SCIENCE

Name ______________________id.no _ section_