Chapter 3

Common Digital Components

♠Integrated circuit
♠Decoder, multiplexer and registers
♠Binary counter
♠Memory units

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 Digital Components
♣ High level digital circuit designs are normally made using
collections of logic gates referred to as components, rather than
using individual logic gates

♣To understand the organization and design of digital

computers, it is very important to be familiar with the
various digital components widely used.

♣Digital components means digital circuits, and digital

circuits
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 Integrated Circuit(IC)

♣Complex digital circuits are constructed with

integrated circuits.
♣IC is a small silicon semiconductor crystal, called
a chip, containing the electronic components for
the digital gates.
♣The various gates are interconnected inside the
chip to form the required circuit.

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 Integrated Circuit(IC)…
♣The chip is mounted in a ceramic or plastic
container and the connections are welded to the
external pins to form an IC.
♣The number of pins of IC vary from 10 to
several thousand.
♣Each pin is identified by a unique number
printed on its body.

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 Categories of Integrated Circuits
1. SSI(Small Scale Integration Device)
It contains several independent gates in a single package.
The inputs and outputs of gates are connected directly to
the pins in the package.
The number of gates is usually less than 10.
2. MSI(Medium Scale Integration Device)
It contains 10 to 200 gates in a single package.
They perform elementary digital functions such as
decoders, adders, registers.
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Categories of Integrated
Circuits…
3. LSI(Large Scale Integration Device)
It contains gates between 200 to few thousand in a single package.
They include digital systems such as processors, memory chips etc.
4. VLSI(Very Large Scale Integration Device)
It contains thousands of gates within a single package such
as microcomputer chip.
5. ULSI(Ultra Large Scale Integration Device)
It contains hundred of thousands of gates within a single
package such as superior computer processor microchips
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Decoder, multiplexer and registers
What is Decoder?
♣ A decoder is a combinational circuit that converts binary
information from n coded inputs to 2^n outputs.
♣Commercial decoders include one or more enable (E)
inputs to control the operation of circuit.
♣The decoder is enabled when E is equal to 1 and disabled
when E is equal to 0.
♣Used to implement Boolean functions.

Decoder-8
Q7
EN Q6
Q5
Q4
S2 Q3
S1 Q2
S0 Q1
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There are various types of decoders which are as follows:

2 to 4 line decoder:

• In the 2 to 4 line decoder, there is a total of three inputs, i.e.,

A0, and A1 and E and four outputs, i.e., Y0, Y1, Y2, and Y3.

• For each combination of inputs, when the enable 'E' is set to

1, one of these four outputs will be 1.

• The block diagram and the truth table of the 2 to 4 line

decoder are given below.
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3 to 8 line decoder:
• The 3 to 8 line decoder is also known as Binary to Octal Decoder.

• In a 3 to 8 line decoder, there is a total of eight outputs, i.e., Y 0, Y1,

Y2, Y3, Y4, Y5, Y6, and Y7 and three inputs, i.e., A0, A1, and A2.

• This circuit has an enable input 'E'.

• Just like 2 to 4 line decoder, when enable 'E' is set to 1, one of these
four outputs will be 1.

• The block diagram of the 3 to 8 line encoder are given below.

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 Applications of decoder

• It is used in code conversion. i.e analog to digital conversion

in the analog decoder
• The decoder is used as address decoders in CPU memory
location identification.
• It is also be used in electronic circuits to convert instruction
into CPU control signals.
• It used to create simple other digital logics like half adders and
full adders and some other digital design also
• Microprocessor selecting different I/O devices.
• Microprocessor memory system selecting different banks of
memory.
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Decoder, multiplexer and registers…

Multiplexer
A multiplexer is a combinational circuit that
receives binary information from one of the
2^n input lines and directs it to a single
output line.
Simply, the multiplexer(Mux) is a multi-input
and single-output combinational circuit .

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There are various types of the multiplexer which are as
follows:
• 2×1 Multiplexer:
In 2×1 multiplexer, there are only two inputs, i.e., A 0 and A1,
1 selection line, i.e., S0 and single outputs, i.e., Y

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4×1 Multiplexer:
• In the 4×1 multiplexer, there is a total of four inputs, i.e.,
A0, A1, A2, and A3, 2 selection lines, i.e., S0 and S1 and
single output, i.e., Y.
• On the basis of the combination of inputs that are present at
the selection lines S0 and S1, one of these 4 inputs are
connected to the output.

Refer : https://www.javatpoint.com/multiplexer-digital-electronics
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 Applications of Multiplexer
1. Telephone Network
• In a telephone network, the multiple audio signals are
brought into a single line and transmitted with the
implementation of a Mux.
2. Computer System of a Satellite Transmission
• Mux is used for the data signals to be transmitted from
spacecraft or computer system of a satellite to the earth by
means of GPS.
3. Communication System
• A Mux is implemented in this system to increase
efficiency. Using a single transmission line, various types
of data (audio, video, etc.) are transmitted at the same
instant.
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Decoder, multiplexer and registers…

Advantages:
It reduces number of wires.
It reduces circuit complexity and cost.
It simplifies logic design.
We can implement many combinational circuits using
MUX.
It does not need k-maps and simplification.

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 Memory units
♣A Memory Unit is a collection of storage cells together
with associated circuits needed to transfer information in
and out of storage.
Word
♣The memory stores binary information(1's and 0's) in
groups of bits called words.
♣A word in memory is an entity of bits that move in and out
of storage as a unit.
♣A memory word is a group of 1's and 0's and may represent
a number, an instruction code, one or more alphanumeric
characters, or any other binary coded information.

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 Memory units…
Byte
♣A group of eight bits is called a byte. Most
computer memories use words whose number of
bits is a multiple of 8.
♣Thus a 16-bit word contains two bytes, and a 32-bit
word is made up of 4 bytes.
♣The capacity of memories in commercial
computers is usually stated as the total number of
bytes that can be stored.
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Internal Structure of a Memory Unit

♣The internal structure of a memory unit is

specified by the number of words it contains
and the number of bits in each word.
♣Special input lines called address lines select
one particular word. Each word in memory is
assigned an identification number, called
an address, staring from 0 and continuing with
1, 2, 3, up to 2k - 1 where k is the number of
address lines.

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Internal Structure of a Memory Unit…
♣The selection of a specific word inside the
memory is done by applying the k-bit binary
address to the address lines.
♣A decoder inside the memory accepts this address
and opens the paths needed to select the bits of the
specified word.

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Internal Structure of a Memory Unit…

♣Computer memories may range from 1024 words, requiring

an address of 10 bits, to 232 words, requiring 32 address bits.
It is customary to refer to the number of words(or bytes) in a
memory with one of the letters:
♣K(Kilo) is equal to 210
♣M(Mega) is equal to 220
♣G(Giga) is equal to 230
♣Two major types of memories are used in computer
systems: Random Access Memory(RAM) and Read Only
Memory(ROM).
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REGISTERS

♣Register is a very fast computer memory, used to

store data/instruction in-execution.

♣A Register is a group of flip-flops with each

flip-flop capable of storing one bit of
information.

♣An n-bit register has a group of n flip-flops and is

capable of storing binary information of n-bits.
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 REGISTERS…

Following are some commonly used registers:

1.Accumulator: This is the most common register, used to
store data taken out from the memory.
2.General Purpose Registers: This is used to store data
intermediate results during program execution. It can be
accessed via assembly programming.
3.Special Purpose Registers: Users do not access these
registers. These registers are for Computer system,

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REGISTERS…

• MAR: Memory Address Register are those registers that

holds the address for memory unit.
• MBR: Memory Buffer Register stores instruction and data
received from the memory and sent from the memory.
• PC: Program Counter points to the next instruction to be
executed.
• IR: Instruction Register holds the instruction to be executed.

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 Binary counter
A counter is a device which can count any
particular event on the basis of how many times the
particular event(s) is occurred.
A binary counter is a hardware circuit that is made
out of a series of flip flops.
The output of one flip flop is sent to the input of the
next flip flop in the series.
A binary counter can be either asynchronous or
synchronous , depending on how the flip flops are
connected together.
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• In synchronous counter, the clock input across all the flip
flops use the same source and create the same clock signal
at the same time.

• In computing or telecommunication the operation timing

by sending pulse only when the previous operation is
completed rather than sending it in regular intervals

• In case of Asynchronous counter, changing state bits are

provided as the clock signal to the subsequent flip flops.

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End of ch-3

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