Name:

Course Name: Teacher Name :

Life Science
Module : 3, Activity : Exercise 14

Date:Wednesday April 28th

Bibliography:

Leishmaniasis. (2020, 2 marzo). Who.

https://www.who.int/es/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/leishmaniasis
TY, S. (2018, 24 septiembre). Leishmania. parasites.
http://parasite.org.au/para-site/text/leishmania-text.html

La enfermedad de Chagas (tripanosomiasis americana). (2021, 1 abril). Who.

https://www.who.int/es/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/chagas-disease-(american-tryp
anosomiasis)#:%7E:text=La%20enfermedad%20de%20Chagas%2C%20tambi%C3
%A9n,de%20la%20enfermedad%20de%20Chagas.
CDC - Chagas Disease - Biology. (2019, 5 agosto). Cdc.
https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/chagas/biology.html#:%7E:text=The%20protozoan%
20parasite%2C%20Trypanosoma%20cruzi,by%20blood%2Dsucking%20triatomine
%20bugs.

Infección por Naegleria - Síntomas y causas - Mayo Clinic. (2020, 7 noviembre).

mayo clinic.
https://www.mayoclinic.org/es-es/diseases-conditions/naegleria-infection/symptoms-
causes/syc-20375470
Naegleria fowleri. (2020, 4 septiembre). stanford.
https://web.stanford.edu/group/parasites/ParaSites2010/Katherine_Fero/FeroNaegl
eriafowleri.htm

C, H. (2018, 19 marzo). Amebiasis (disentería amebiana). healthy.

https://www.health.ny.gov/es/diseases/communicable/amebiasis/fact_sheet.htm#:%
7E:text=La%20amebiasis%20es%20una%20enfermedad,el%20Estado%20de%20
Nueva%20York.
Amebiasis. (2020, 7 septiembre). Medlineplus.
https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000298.htm
Giardiasis. (2019, 15 mayo). stanfordchildens.
https://www.stanfordchildrens.org/es/topic/default?id=giardiasis-85-P03719
Giardia | Parasites | CDC. (2020, 6 agosto). Cdc.
https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/giardia/index.html#:%7E:text=Parasites%20%2D%20
Giardia,-Related%20Pages&text=Giardia%20is%20a%20tiny%20parasite,if%20you
%20swallow%20Giardia%20germs.

Cadenas alimenticias y redes tróficas (artículo). (2020, 3 febrero). Khan Academy.

https://es.khanacademy.org/science/ap-biology/ecology-ap/energy-flow-through-eco
systems/a/food-chains-food-webs
National Geographic Society. (2012, 9 octubre). Food Chain.
https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/food-chain/

Todas las partes de una seta. (2019, 29 agosto). Fungiturismo.

http://www.fungiturismo.com/todas-partes-de-seta

Tovar, P. (2020, 16 diciembre). Partes del hongo y sus características. Lifeder.

https://www.lifeder.com/partes-hongo/

Gomez, V. (2020, 18 diciembre). Penicillium chrysogenum: características,

morfología, hábitat. Lifeder. https://www.lifeder.com/penicillium-chrysogenum/

Penicillium chrysogenum. (2019, 30 abril). NaturaLista.

https://www.naturalista.mx/taxa/383409-Penicillium-chrysogenum

Penicillium chrysogenum (aka P. notatum), the natural source for the wonder drug
penicillin, the first antibiotic. Tom Volk’s Fungus of the Month for November 2003.
(2018, 3 septiembre). botany. https://botit.botany.wisc.edu/toms_fungi/nov2003.html

Do You Know the History of Antibiotics? (2019, 25 octubre). ThoughtCo.

https://www.thoughtco.com/history-of-penicillin-1992304
Search for images from reliable sources and put them on the report

The parts of the fungus can be divided into the external and internal Fungi

are the eukaryotic organisms that comprise the Kingdom Fungi. They are

living beings formed by cells that are covered by a protective wall, as well as

plants (although of different composition), but that lack photosynthetic

capacity (they are heterotrophs) and store glycogen, as well as animal cells.

Hyphae :The hyphae are generally branched and may be septate or

non-septate. Those hyphae that do not have septa, partitions or internal

transverse walls, are coenocytic, since the same cytosol houses multiple

nuclei.Hyphae always grow apically, that is, at one end, and their cell walls

are tubular and extremely thin. They can be colorless, hyaline, or very colorful

like red, green, yellow, orange, or black.

In a fungus, there can be three types of hyphae:

Somatic hyphae
Stoloniferous, if they grow with an inclination parallel to the substrate.
Rhizobia, if they work in fixing the fungus to the substrate.
Sporangiophores, if they are the ones that support spore-producing
sporangia.

Haustorial hyphae :They have only been observed in parasitic fungi, who use
them to absorb nutrients from the interior of the cells of their hosts.
Reproductive hyphae :These are those that participate in sexual

reproduction, such as the ascogenous hyphae (which generates the meiotic

asci of the ascomycetes) and the basidiogens (which generates the basidia

or exogenous spores of the basidiomycetes).

Mycelium : the hyphae are "organized" in a complex tangle or network that is

called the mycelium. The same fungus can have one or more types of

mycelia, which form as it undergoes the phases of its life cycle.As a

vegetative portion, the mycelium of a fungus can also function in its asexual

reproduction by fragmentation, for the production and dispersal of new

clonal individuals.

Fruiting body

The fruiting body is the structure that comes to mind easily when we imagine

a mushroom in the wild without much effort. This structure is made up of

different parts:

Stem :Also called "stipe" or "foot", the stem is made up of hyphae derived

from vegetative growth and is responsible for supporting the cap or crown of

the fruiting body.

Volva or basal cup :It is a membrane that covers the fruiting body when it is

just beginning to grow. When the fruiting body grows and fully develops, the
remains of the membrane remain at the base of the stem. It is only present in

some types of fungi.

Stem ring :It is observed in some species of fungi and it is the rest of another

membrane different from the volva that is responsible for protecting the

spores when they are immature. It is generally observed in a few species of

fungi.

Foils and lamellae : Also called cells and cells, they correspond to the place

where the morphogenesis of the basidiospores occurs. Sterile hyphae called

"cystidia '' are interspersed with the basidiospores. The lamellae are found

under the cap, forming the union between it and the stem.

Hat, pileus or pileus :At the bottom of this are the laminae and lamellae (the

hymenium) and, therefore, the basidiospores. It is the most striking part of the

fruiting body of the "higher" fungi and consists of the "aerial" end of the fruiting

body.This structure is believed to be an adaptation of fungi to achieve

greater dispersal of their spores. Hats can vary in colors, shapes, sizes,

composition, and hardness.

Hymenium: It is the fertile area of ​the mushroom, as well as the most

important part, since spores are generated in it. The hymenium is made up of

lamellae, basidia, spores and, if present, the veil.

Veil: This fragile membrane is located in the lower part of the hat, protecting

the hymenium while the basidia are generating spores. Therefore, the

mushrooms with a closed hat that keep the veil intact, are not yet ripe. That

is, they are tender and less flavorful. Similarly, a mushroom will be considered

mature when its hymenium has generated all its spores. In this case, the

mushroom will open the hat and the veil will tear, forming a ring that will hang

from the top of the foot.

Lamellae: Each seta has hundreds of lamellae in the hymenium, all

surrounded by innumerable basidia. The color of the lamellae varies

according to the species. In the case of cultivated mushrooms, in the first 24

hours it has a pinkish color, which will change towards gray and brown tones

as the days go by. Normally, fresh mushrooms are sold within 3-5 days of

being harvested, but their rapid oxidation means that they reach the

consumer with yellowish cuticles and brown lamellae. Although consumers

prefer white and pinkish mushrooms, the properties of the mushroom remain

the same despite the color change. This process is inevitable, since the

mushrooms begin to oxidize from the moment they are removed from the

crop, thus losing part of their water but gaining flavor in return, since they are

somewhat more mature than the day they were harvested.

Basidia: These microscopic structures surround each of the lamellae of the

hymenium of the mushrooms, acting as a stem cell. Four sexed spores or

basidiospores usually originate from the tip of each basidium, although in the

case of the mushroom there are only two (bisporus). Its color ranges from

white to brown, going through pinkish tones.

Spores: The basis of the hymenium of basidiomycete mushrooms generate

thousands of sexed spores or basidiospores. When they are ready to disperse,

the mushroom opens the hat, tearing the veil and initiating the expansion of

the spores, which will eventually generate new fung.

2.Investigate about the penicillium notatum and describe the importance of

its discovery in the health of the human being

Penicillium chrysogenum or notatum is the fungus from which the best

performance of the antibiotic effect of the fungi of the genus Penicillium was

obtained, discovered by Alexander Fleming in 1928. It should be noted that

Fleming did not discover penicillin, but its effect. The discovery of penicillin is

due to Chain and Florey (1942)It is the best known penicillin-producing fungus

and can also produce some alkaloids such as roquefortine C, meleagrin and
chrisogin. On the other hand, other Penicillium species are beneficial to

humans. Cheeses such as Roquefort, Brie, Camembert, Stilton, etc. They are

created from their interaction with some Penicillium and are absolutely safe

to eat. Penicillin is produced by the fungus Penicillium chrysogenum, an

environmental mold.Penicillium is a large genus found almost everywhere,

and is commonly the most abundant genus of fungi in soils. The easy

proliferation of Penicillium in food is a problem. Some species produce toxins

and can make food inedible or even dangerous. The mycelium of the fungus,

a set of tubular filaments called hyphae, grows on the surface of fruits, bread,

cheeses and other foods. It is good practice to discard food that shows the

growth of any mold. It is frequently found in damp and moldy buildings where

it deteriorates different construction materials, among which the decoration

paper stands out (it grows well in the glue used to adhere to the walls). It

does not show a notable seasonal variation. The highest concentrations of

conidia in the air are reached in winter and spring (higher in urban areas

than in rural areas). Its optimum growth temperature is 23 Cº, but it grows

between 5 and 37 Cº. It is food for mites such as Acarus siro and Tyrophagus

putrescentiae. It can be found colonizing the airways of patients with

respiratory allergies and produce skin reactivity. Cases of otomycosis,

endophthalmitis, keratitis, skin infections, esophagitis, necrotizing pneumonias,

or disseminated infections have been reported in patients with [neoplasms]

or immunosuppression.The best known use of the species is the production of

penicillin. This antibiotic was first discovered by Alexander Fleming in 1928,

although he initially identified it as P. rubrum.Although there are other

Penicillium species capable of producing penicillin, P. chrysogenum is the

most common. Its preferential use in the pharmaceutical industry is due to its

high production of the antibiotic

3.Make a representation of the food chain and highlight the role of fungi.

Producers, also known as autotrophs, manufacture their own food. They

constitute the first level of any food chain. Autotrophs are usually plants or

single-celled organisms. Most of these autotrophs use a process called

photosynthesis to create "food" from sunlight, carbon dioxide and water.

The second level is formed by organisms that eat the producers. They are

called primary consumers or herbivores that eat plants, althoSecondary

consumers eat herbivores. they usually eat meat: they are carnivores.ugh

they can also be consumers of algae or bacteria.Tertiary consumers eat

secondary consumers and are carnivores that eat carnivores, such as eagles

or large fish.there may be more levels of consumers before a chain reaches

its top predator. Top predators, also called apex predators, eat other
consumers. Organisms that are all the way up the food chain are called top

predators.

Decomposers, such as fungi and bacteria, complete the food chain,

organisms that degrade dead organic matter and wastes, microorganisms

that live in the soil. The function of fungi is to decompose plant and animal

detritus, enriching the soil with inorganic compounds through the action of

enzymes that attack organic substances, they have the function is to

decompose dead organisms so that CO2 returns to the air and minerals to

the soil .They convert organic wastes, such as decomposing plants, into

inorganic materials, such as nutrient-rich soil. Decomposers complete the

cycle of life, returning nutrients to the soil or oceans for use by autotrophs.

Thus begins a whole new food chain.

Investigate the disease that can be caused by the following protists in the

human being.

Protist Disease

Leishmania tropica cause three distinct types of clinical

disease, cutaneous, mucocutaneous
and visceral. dry cutaneous,wet
cutaneous, oriental sore

Naegleria fowleri primary amebic meningoencephalitis

is a brain infection that causes
inflammation of the brain and
destruction of brain tissue.

Trypanosoma cruzi Chagas disease has two phases.

Initially, the acute phase lasts about
two months after infection. During this
acute phase a large number of
parasites circulate in the bloodstream,
but in most cases there are no
 symptoms or symptoms are mild and
non-specific and In the chronic phase,
the parasites remain hidden mainly in
the cardiac and digestive muscle.
Patients suffer cardiac disorders and
present neurological or mixed
digestive alterations.

Entamoeba histolytica Amebiasis, causing damage to the

intestine

Giardia lamblia Giardiasis , an infectious diarrheal

disease.