Name: RESURRECCION RENCY S

Section: MES2A2
Subject: Auto118 Laboratory

DEFINITION OF THE FOLLOWING PID

AUTOMATIC CONTROL SYSTEMS USED ONBOARD SHIPS

The following PID automatic control systems are frequently based on Continuous or
Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) control rather than On-Off or Two Step Action.
ON AND OFF OR TWO STEP ACTION
A straightforward sort of control method known as "On-Off" or "Two Step Action" shifts
the control output between two fixed states (for example, fully on or totally off) based on a
threshold value of the error signal. Since it might result in unstable or oscillatory behavior,
especially if the system being controlled has a substantial amount of inertia or delay, this sort of
control is typically not appropriate for the majority of shipboard control applications.
PID control, on the other hand, is a more advanced technique that continually modifies
the control output based on the present error (the discrepancy between the desired setpoint and
the measured process variable), as well as the integral and derivative of the error over time. This
makes it possible to regulate complicated systems more precisely and steadily, and it is
frequently utilized in a range of shipboard applications, including steering, propulsion, and cargo
handling.
 PROPORTIONAL ACTION
Proportional action is a control action in which the control output of a system is directly
proportional to the difference between the desired setpoint and the measured process variable. In
other words, the control output is increased or decreased in proportion to the magnitude of the
error signal.
Proportional action is one of the three main components of a PID (Proportional-Integral-
Derivative) control algorithm, which is commonly used in automatic control systems. The
proportional gain (Kp) is a tuning parameter that determines how aggressively the control output
responds to changes in the error signal.
Proportional action alone can be effective in controlling certain processes, but it may not
be sufficient to eliminate steady-state errors or handle disturbances or non-linearities in the
system. Therefore, proportional action is typically combined with integral and derivative actions
in a PID controller to achieve more robust and precise control.

INTEGRAL OR RESET ACTION

Integral or reset action is a control action that is used in conjunction with proportional
and derivative actions in a PID (Proportional-Integral-Derivative) control algorithm to achieve
more precise and stable control of a system.
 Integral action is based on the concept of integrating the error signal over time. The
integral gain (Ki) determines how much the control output should be adjusted based on the
accumulated error over time. As the error signal persists, the integral term accumulates, resulting
in an increased control output that drives the process variable towards the setpoint.
The purpose of the integral action is to eliminate steady-state errors that may exist in the
system. For example, if the process variable is consistently below the setpoint, the integral action
will gradually increase the control output until the process variable reaches the desired setpoint.
However, excessive integral gain can lead to overshooting and oscillations, particularly in
systems with significant time delays or dead time. Therefore, it is important to properly tune the
integral gain to achieve optimal control performance.
In summary, integral or reset action is a key component of a PID control algorithm that
helps to eliminate steady-state errors and improve the stability and accuracy of control systems.

DERIVATIVE OR RATE ACTION

Derivative or rate action is a control action that is used in conjunction with proportional
and integral actions in a PID (Proportional-Integral-Derivative) control algorithm to achieve
more precise and stable control of a system.
 Derivative action is based on the concept of differentiating the error signal with respect to
time. The derivative gain (Kd) determines how much the control output should be adjusted based
on the rate of change of the error signal. When the error signal is changing rapidly, the derivative
term becomes more significant, resulting in a faster response from the controller.
The purpose of the derivative action is to anticipate and counteract sudden changes in the
process variable, which can lead to overshooting and instability in the system. By increasing the
control output in response to a rapidly changing error signal, the derivative action can help to
stabilize the process variable and reduce overshoot.
However, excessive derivative gain can amplify high-frequency noise in the system,
leading to instability and oscillations. Therefore, it is important to properly tune the derivative
gain to achieve optimal control performance.
In summary, derivative or rate action is a key component of a PID control algorithm that
helps to improve the stability and responsiveness of control systems by anticipating and
counteracting sudden changes in the process variable.

Onboard ships, automatic controllers are utilized to change one or more system
parameters. The controller's job is to keep the parameter at the desired value that the operator has
selected. The parameter might be lubricating oil temperature (for engine lube oil systems), boiler
fuel oil pressure, or jacket water temperature (for engine jacket water cooling systems).
Commonly employed in these situations are PID controllers. The automated indicating
controller's advantage is that it both controls and displays the parameter reading. To grasp the
fundamental idea behind PID controllers, refer to the illustration and explanation below. These
controllers are often placed close to the variable measurement point, negating the need for a
transmitter.