WC Unit 5

EC3501/Wireless Communication UNIT-5
WIRELESS NETWORKING
Syllabus
Introduction: Difference Between Wireless and Fixed Telephone Networks, The Public
Switched Telephone Network(PSTN), Development of Wireless Networks: First Generation
Wireless Networks, Second Generation Wireless Networks, Third Generation Wireless
Networks, Fixed Network Transmission Hierarchy, Traffic Routing in Wireless Networks:
Circuit Switching, Packet Switching. Personal Communication Services/
Networks(PCS/PCNs): Packet Vs Circuit Switching for PCN, Cellular Packet- Switched
Architecture- Packet Reservation Multiple Access(PRMA)- Network Databases: Distributed
Database for Mobility Management- Universal Mobile Telecommunication Systems(UMTS).
Difference between wireless and fixed telephone networks

• In Wireless Networks, the data transmission rate is comparatively low, so it provides less
speed.
• In Fixed Networks, the rate of data transmission is high, so it provides high speed.
• Latency is high in Wireless Networks, which finally results in more delay.
Fixed Telephone Network Wireless Telephone Network
The transmitter and receiver is fixed at one transmitter and receiver communicate via EM
place. Information is carried over cables(fiber radio waves. They are not always fixed at one
optic/copper) and fixed place but can move also.
links(microwave/satellite)
Takes time for changing the fixed telephone It does not take time and can be done in small
services. interval of time.
A telephone Central office takes care of MSCs take care of cellular telephone
millions of landline telephone connections. connections based on air traffic capacity.
Less overhead data needed. More overhead data needed as geographical

location keeps changing.
Network configurations are virtually static Network configurations are dynamic and will
and need programming at Local exchange obtain subscriber information when it moves
Adhi College Of Engineering And Technology 1

when subscriber changes its location from one from one location area or routing area to the
area to the other area. other areas.
No harse channel conditions usually Random channel conditions can also be

observed with this type of network. observed with this type of network. The
system is designed to take care of this channel
conditions.
Block Diagram of Cellular System
Mobile Switching Center MSC

• The MSC performs the switching of calls between the mobile and other fixed or mobile
network users.
• As well as the management of mobile services such as registration, authentication,
location updating, handovers, and call routing to a roaming subscriber.
Common Air Interface (CAI)

• The Common Air Interface is the radio communications interface shared by the portable,
mobile, and base station equipment.
• The CAI allows these radios to send and receive digital information over a narrow band
radio channel.

Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN)

• PSTN, is the world's collection of interconnected voice-oriented public telephone
networks.
• PSTN is the traditional circuit-switched telephone network. PSTN comprises all the
switched telephone networks around the world that are operated by local, national or
international carriers.
• These networks provide the infrastructure and services for public telecommunication.
How does PSTN work?
• A public switched telephone network is a combination of telephone networks used
worldwide.
• Including telephone lines, fiber optic cables, switching centers, cellular networks,
satellites and cable systems.
• A PSTN lets users make landline telephone calls to one another.
Components of PSTN network
• The modern PSTN still has sufficiently of copper wire in it, but it also includes fiber optic
cables, cellular networks, communication satellites, and undersea cables.
• These transmission media have much more bandwidth available and can accommodate
much more than just voice communications.
Advantages of PSTN
• The PSTN was never intended to support any other type of traffic, it handles telephony
very well.
• Key virtues of PSTN include original quality, nearly 100%.
• Highly private and secure connections, and
• The ability to scale and support large volumes of traffic.
Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN)

• The phones themselves are known by several names, such as
• PSTN,
• Landlines,
• Plain Old Telephone Service (POTS), or Fixed-line
Telephones.

• PSTN, is the world's collection of interconnected voice-oriented public telephone

networks.
• PSTN is the traditional circuit-switched telephone network.
• PSTN comprises all the switched telephone networks.
• These networks provide the infrastructure and services for public telecommunication.
Local landline telephone network
Telephone Network
• Telephone Network is used to provide voice communication.
• Telephone Network uses Circuit Switching.
• Originally, the entire network was referred to as a plain old telephone system (POTS)
which uses analog signals.
Landline Telephone Network Working

• The caller picks up a phone, hears a dial tone and dials a phone number.
• Once the call is received, the phone works to convert sound waves (your voice) into
electrical signals that can be transmitted to a terminal via cables.
• The electrical signals are then sent by the terminal to the central office or local exchange.
Tandem Switch
• A tandem switch is an intermediate switch or connection between an originating
telephone call or location and the final destination of the call.
• Tandem Switching Provider (TSP) Any Interexchange Carrier, end user, or other access
provider that provides tandem switching functions.

Advantages of PSTN
• The PSTN was never intended to support any other type of traffic, it handles telephony
very well.
• Key virtues of PSTN include original quality, nearly 100%.
• Highly private and secure connections, and
• The ability to scale and support large volumes of traffic.
DEVELOPMENT OF WIRELESS NETWORK

• The first professional wireless network was developed under the brand ALOHA net in
1969 at the University of Hawaii and became operational in June 1971.
• The first commercial wireless network was the WaveLAN product family, developed by
NCR in 1986.
Wireless Network Communication

• A wireless network is a grouping, or network, of multiple devices where data is sent and
received over radio frequencies.
• Wireless networks differ from wired networks, which require each end of a data
connection to be physically connected by a cable.
Examples of wireless networks

• Mobile phone networks.
• Wireless sensor networks.
• Satellite communication networks.
• Terrestrial microwave networks.
Principles of Wireless Network

• Wireless communication takes place over free space over RF (Radio Frequency), where
one device (transmitter) sends a signal to another device (receiver).
• Two devices (transmitter and receiver) must use the same frequency (or channel) to
communicate with each other.

FIRST GENERATION OF WIRELESS NETWORKS

• 1G is the first generation wireless telephone technology Cell phones.
• They were analog cell phones and were introduced in 1980.
• In 1979, the first cellular system in the world became operational by Nippon Telephone
and Telegraph (NTT) in Tokyo, Japan.
• 1G is the first generation of wireless cellular technology. 1G supports voice only calls.
• 1G is analog technology, and the phones using it had poor battery life and voice quality,
little security, and were prone to dropped calls.
• The maximum speed of 1G technology is 2.4 Kbps.
Most popular 1G system

• Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS)
• Nordic Mobile Phone System (NMTS)
• Total Access Communication System (TACS)
• European Total Access Communication System (ETACS)
Features (Technology) of the 1G system
• Frequency 800 MHz and 900 MHz
• Bandwidth: 10 MHz
• Technology: Analog switching
• Modulation: Frequency Modulation (FM)
• Mode of service: voice only
• Access technique: Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)
Disadvantages of 1G system
• Poor voice quality due to interference
• Poor battery life
• Large-sized mobile phones (not convenient to carry)
• Less security
• A limited number of users and cell coverage
• Roaming was not possible between similar systems

AMPS Architecture
Cellular System Infrastructure

SECOND GENERATION OF WIRELESS NETWORKS

Second Generation
• Second generation (2G) mobile phones switched from analog system of 1G to digital
system.
• It was commercially launched in 1991 as GSM standard in Finland.
• As with 1G phones, 2G phones didn't have any worldwide standardizations.
• 2G systems were also known as personal communications services (PCM).
• 2G is the second generation of cellular networks, based on the Global System for Mobile
Communication (GSM).
• 2G introduced cellular services like SMS, multimedia messaging, and digitally encrypted
voice conversations
• This standard was capable of supporting up to 14.4 to 64kbps (maximum) data rate,
which is sufficient for SMS and email services.
• Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) systems developed by Qualcomm were also
introduced and implemented in the mid-1990s.
• CDMA has more features than GSM regarding spectral efficiency, number of users, and
data rate.
Example of 2G Network
• The term 2G refers to the second generation of mobile networks.
• The GSM has set a certain threshold for technologies to get the label 2G.
• Examples are: GSM (2G), GPRS (2.5G) and EDGE (2.75G).
Features of The 2G System

• The digital system (switching)
• SMS services are possible
• Roaming is possible, Enhanced security
• Encrypted voice transmission
• First internet at a lower data rate
Disadvantages of the 2G system
• Low data rate

• Limited mobility
• Less features on mobile devices
• Limited number of users and
• hardware capability
2.5G and 2.75G system
• In order to support higher data rates, General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) was
introduced and successfully deployed.
• GPRS was capable of data rates up to 171kbps (maximum).
• EDGE – Enhanced Data GSM Evolution was also developed to improve the data rate for
GSM networks.
• EDGE was capable of supporting up to 473.6kbps (maximum).
• CDMA2000 was also introduced to support higher data rates for CDMA networks.
GSM ARCHITECTURE
Architecture of GSM Communication
• The GSM network architecture consists of different elements including Base Station
Subsystem BSS, Network & Switching Subsystem NSS, Operation & Support Subsystem
as well as elements including- MSC, AuC, HLR, VLR, etc.
• AUC - Authentication Center
• HLR – Home Location Register
• VLR – Visitor Location Register
• AUC - Integrated Services Digital Network
• OMC - Operation and Maintenance Center
GSM architecture and its types

• The GSM architecture consists of three major interconnected subsystems,
• Base Station Subsystem (BSS),
• Network Switching Subsystem (NSS) and
• Operational Support Subsystem (OSS).

Base Station Subsystem (BSS)

• It is also known as radio subsystem, provides and manages radio transmission paths
between the mobile station and the Mobile Switching Centre (MSC).
• BSS also manages interface between the mobile station and all other subsystems of GSM.
• The base station subsystem (BSS) is the section of a traditional cellular telephone network
which is responsible for handling traffic and signaling between a mobile phone and the
network switching subsystem.
Network switching subsystem (NSS)
• Network switching subsystem (NSS) (or GSM core network) is the component of a GSM
system that carries out call out and mobility management functions.
• NSS in GSM stands for Network Switching Centre which mainly represents the circuit-
switched mobile core network and consists of,
MSC, HLR, VLR, AuC and EIR.
Major Function in NSS

• The most important responsibilities of the NSS are call establishment, call control and
routing of calls between different fixed and mobile switching centers and other networks.
Operation Support Subsystem (OSS)
• OSS (Operational Support Systems) is responsible for running communication networks.
• Software, hardware, integrations of systems.
• Business operations all come under OSS architecture.

• The operations and maintenance center (OMC) is connected to all equipment in the
switching system and to the BSC.
• The implementation of OMC is called the operation and support system (OSS)
Function of OSS
• The OSS is the functional entity from which the network operator monitors and controls
the system.
• The purpose of OSS is to offer the customer cost-effective support for centralized,
regional, and local operational and maintenance activities that are required for a GSM
network.
Uses of OSS
• An operational support system (OSS) is a set of programs that helps a communications
service provider,
• Monitor,
• Control,
• Analyze And
• Manage A Telephone or Computer Network.
Frequency of GSM
• These networks, which are still used today, operate according to the GSM standard.
• They employ radio frequencies in the range of 900 MHz and 1800 MHz.
Advantages of GSM
• With GSM technology, we can have a low-cost mobile set and base stations.
• It improves spectrum efficiency.
• The data or voice signals are of high quality in GSM.
• The GSM is compatible with ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network)
Features of GSM
• Ability to support multiple handheld devices.
• Spectral / frequency efficiency.
• Low powered handheld devices.
• Ease of accessing network.

THIRD GENERATION OF WIRELESS NETWORKS

Third Generation
• The first 3G services were available in 1998.
• It provides high speed transmission having data transfer rate more than 0.2Mbps.
• Global roaming services are available for both voice and data. It offers advanced
multimedia access like playing music, viewing videos, television services etc.
Third Generation Wireless Standards
1. UTRA (Universal Terrestrial Radio Access),
2. GPRS (General Packet Radio Service), and
3. EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution).
3G – Architecture
3G technology in wireless communication
• 3G technologies make use of TDMA and CDMA. 3G (Third Generation Technology)
technologies make use of value added services like mobile television, GPS (global
positioning system) and video conferencing.
• The basic feature of 3G Technology (Third Generation Technology) is fast data transfer
rates.
3G (3rd Generation)
• The Internet system was improved.
• Better system and capacity.
• Offers high-speed wireless internet.

• The connection used was UMTS and WCMA.

• Speed: - 2mbps.
Specifications for 3G
• Universal Mobile Telecommunications Systems (UMTS). The technologies include in it
are −
• Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA)
• General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)
• Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE)
Areas of Application
• Wireless voice telephony
• Fixed wireless Internet access
• Mobile Internet access, Video calls
• Mobile TV technologies, Video conferencing
• Global Positioning System (GPS)
• Location-based services
Features of The 3G System

• Higher data rate, Video calling
• Enhanced security, more users, and coverage
• Mobile app support
• Multimedia message support
• Location tracking and maps
• Better web browsing
Disadvantages of 3G systems
• Expensive spectrum licenses
• Costly infrastructure, equipment, and implementation
• Higher bandwidth requirements
• Costly mobile devices
• Compatibility with older generation 2G systems and frequency bands.

TRAFFIC ROUTING IN WIRELESS NETWORKS

Introduction
• The amount of traffic capacity required in a wireless network is highly dependent upon
the type of traffic carried.
• Some traffic may have an urgent delivery schedule while some may have no need to be
sent in real-time.
Routing
• The basic idea used for mobile routing on the internet and cellular network is for the
mobile hosts to tell the host at the home location.
• This host, which acts on behalf of the mobile host called a home agent.
• Once it knows where the mobile host currently located, it can forward packets so that
they are delivered.
Traffic Routing
• Routing is the process of selecting a path for traffic in a network or between or across
multiple networks.
• Broadly, routing is performed in many types of networks, including circuit-switched
networks, such as the public switched telephone network (PSTN).
Types of Routing
• Static Routing
• Default Routing
• Dynamic Routing
Process of Routing
• Routing is the process of selecting and defining paths for IP-packet traffic within or
between networks as well as the process of managing network traffic overall.
Uses of Routing
• Routing helps minimize network failure by managing data traffic so that a network can
use as much of its capacity as possible without creating congestion.
• Routing helps minimize network failure by managing data traffic so that a network can
use as much of its capacity as possible without creating congestion.

Routing services are provided by the following networks,

1. Connection Oriented Services
2. Connectionless Services
Connection Oriented Services
• Connection-Oriented Service is basically a technique that is typically used to transport
and send data at session layer.
The data streams or packets are transferred or delivered to receiver in a similar order in which
they have seen transferred by sender.
Definition
• Packets are transmitted to the receiver in the same order the sender has sent them.
• It uses a handshake method that creates a connection between the user and sender for
transmitting the data over the network.
• Hence it is also known as a reliable network service.
Example of connection-oriented service
• TCP is an example of a connection-oriented protocol.
• It requires a logical connection to be established between the two processes before data
is exchanged.
Characteristics
• There is a network guarantee in connection oriented service.
• All packets can be delivered in order without loss or duplication of data.
• All the data follows in a single path.
Advantages
• Congestions are less frequent.
• Sequencing of data packets is guaranteed.
• Problems related to duplicate data packets are improved.
• Suitable for long connection.

Connection-less Oriented Services

• A Connectionless Service is technique that is used in data communications to send or
transfer data at Transport Layer of Open System Interconnection model.
• This service does not require session connection among sender or source and receiver or
destination.
Definition
• The term connectionless describes a type of communication service that enables data to
be transferred between network endpoints.
• The sending endpoint does not try to establish a dedicated, end-to-end connection.
Examples
• User Datagram Protocol (UDP),
• Internet Protocol (IP), and
• Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)
Advantages
• It has low overhead.
• It enables to broadcast and multicast messages,
• It is simpler.
• It does not require any time for circuit setup.
• Communication is not disturbed.
Disadvantages
• It is not a reliable connection.
• It does not guarantee that there will not be a loss of packets, wrong delivery.
• Each data packet requires longer data fields.
• They are disposed to to network congestions.

Connection Oriented Connectionless Services
It can generate an end to end connection It can transfer the data packets between
between the senders to the receiver before senders to the receiver without creating any
sending the data over the same or multiple connection.
networks.
It generates a virtual path between the It does not make any virtual connection or
sender and the receiver. path between the sender and the receiver.
It needed a higher bandwidth to transmit It requires low bandwidth to share the data
the data packets. packets.
It is a more dependable connection service It is not a dependent connection service
CIRCUIT SWITCHING
Definition
• Circuit switching is a type of network configuration in which a physical path is obtained
and dedicated.
• Connection between two endpoints in the network for the duration of a dedicated
connection.
Examples
• Analog telephone network.
• Optical mesh network.
• Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN)
Circuit switching has three phases
• Circuit Establishment,
• Transferring the Data
• Circuit Disconnect
Principle of Circuit Switching
• Circuit switching establishes a dedicated connection between the end parties.
• This dedicated connection cannot be used for transmitting any other data.
• Bandwidth requirement is high.
• There is underutilization of system resources.

Uses
• Continuous connections
• Dial-up network connections
• Optical circuit switching
Advantages
• Dedicated channel, Reliable
• Security, Quality
Disadvantages
• Limited use, Inefficient
• Inflexible, Higher cost
• Latency
PACKET SWITCHING
Definition
• Packet switching is a connectionless network switching technique.
• The message is divided and grouped into a number of units called packets.
• There is no need to establish a dedicated circuit for communication.
Concept
• In packet switching, users divide their data into smaller packets before sending them.
• The Internet is an example of a packet-switched network.
• Each packet has a packet header that contains the following:
• Packet type,
• Source address,
• Destination address, and
• Sequence number of the packet within the message.

Characteristics
• Processing delay - integrity checking, routing.
• Queuing delay, Transmission delay
• Propagation delay
Advantages
• Delay in delivery of packets is less.
• Switching devices don’t require massive storage.
• Data delivery can continue even if some parts of the network faces link failure.
• It allows simultaneous usage of the same channel by multiple users.
• It ensures better bandwidth usage.
Disadvantages
• Unsuitable for applications (high quality voice. calls).
• Packet switching high installation costs.
• They require complex protocols for delivery.
• Network problems may introduce errors in packets.
• Delay in delivery of packets or loss of packets.
PERSONAL COMMUNICATION SERVICES/ NETWORKS(PCS/PCNS)

Introduction
• Personal communication service (PCS) refers to advanced wireless communication
services such as cellular voice, wireless data, and messaging, which are offered separately
today.

Definition
• Personal Communications Services (PCS) A new generation of wireless-phone
technology that introduces a range of features and services outstanding those available
in analog- and digital-cellular phone systems.
• PCS provides the user with an all-in-one wireless phone, paging, messaging, and data
service.
Types of PCS
• PCS has three broad categories: narrowband, broadband and unlicensed.
• TDMA, CDMA and GSM, and 2G, 3G and 4G are some of the common technologies that
are used to deliver a PCS.
Features
• PCS systems are end-to-end digital in nature and are more secure than analog cellular
systems.
• PCS networks can be used for voice, fax, and data applications such as e-mail and file
transfers.
• PCS systems are generally circuit-switched.
Personal communications may be,
• Private Letters,
• Memos,
• Emails,
• Personal Interviews or Telephone Conversations.
Advanced Intelligent Network (AIN)
• The advanced intelligent network (AIN) is a combination of the signaling network,
interactive database nodes, and development tools.
• That allow for the processing of signaling messages to provide for advanced
telecommunications services.
Packet vs Circuit Switching for PCN
Introduction
The key difference between circuit switching and packet switching is that packet
switching is connectionless, whereas circuit switching is connection-oriented.

CELLULAR PACKET – SWITCHED ARCHITECTURE

Introduction
• A packet-switched network has a network core consisting of routers and control systems
• Interconnected by very high-bandwidth communication channels.
• A network architecture describes the protocol stack used for communication.
Key Elements Are Involved Networks

1. Base Station Interface Unit (BIU)
2. Cellular Controller Interface Unit (CIU)
3. Trunk Interface Unit (TIU)
4. Wireless Interface Unit (WIU)

Base Station Interface Unit (BIU)

 A mobile phone base station is a transmission and reception station in a fixed location,
consisting of one or more receive/transmit antenna, microwave dish, and electronic
circuitry, used to handle cellular traffic.
Function
 A base station controller (BSC) is a network element that controls and monitors a number
of base stations and provides the interface between the cell sites and the mobile switching
center (MSC).
Cellular Controller Interface Unit (CIU)

 The Cellular Interface library implements a simple unified API that hides the complexity
of cellular modem-specific commands and exposes a socket-like interface to C
programmers.
Trunk Interface Unit (TIU)
 A trunk is a single channel of communication that allows multiple entities at one end to
correspond with the correct entity at the other end.
 It is a “link” that carries many signals at the same time, creating more efficient network
access between two nodes.

Purpose of Trunk Interface Unit (TIU)

 A trunk port is a specific type of port on a network switch that allows data to flow across
a network node for multiple virtual local area networks or VLANs
Wireless Interface Unit (WIU)

 A wireless network interface card, or wireless network interface controller
(WNIC) connects to a wireless network.
 Such as Bluetooth or WI-FI by using an antenna to communicate via radio waves.
Difference Between NIC and WNIC
• A NIC offers an interface port for a wired connection.
• A wireless network interface controller (WNIC) provides a radio transceiver for
connecting wirelessly.
• Most modern PCs come with a NIC and WNIC built in, providing the option of either
connection method.

PACKET RESERVATION MULTIPLE ACCESS (PRMA)
 Packet reservation multiple access (PRMA) is a transmission protocol proposed for packet
voice terminals in a cellular system.
 PRMA is a time division multiplex (TDM) based multiple access protocol that allows a group
of spatially dispersed terminals to transmit packet voice and low, bit rate data over a
common channel.
Definition
 Packet Reservation Multiple Access (PRMA) refers to a multiple access strategy with
frames of a fixed number of slots.
 In case a terminal contains a set of data packets or speech segments to deliver, it competes
to gain access in any free slot.
PRMA frame
 Packet reservation multiple access (PRMA) is a transmission protocol proposed for packet
voice terminals in a cellular system.

 PRMA is a time division multiplex (TDM) based multiple access protocol that allows a group
of spatially dispersed terminals to transmit packet voice and low, bit rate data over a
common channel
 The key feature of this protocol is the utilization of user transmission to gain access to the
radio resources
 PRMA is a derivative of reservation ALOHA, which is a combination of TDMA and slotted
ALOHA.
 A reservation protocol like PRMA has an advantage in that it can utilize the discontinuous
nature of speech with the help of a voice activity detector (VAD) to increase capacity of the
radio channel
 The raw channel bit stream is divided into time slots with each slot designed for a single
packet of information
 The time slots are grouped as frames, which are repeated cyclically over the channel. In a
frame, the individual slots are accessed by the mobile for communication with the base.
 Selection of the frame duration is based on the fact that a speech terminal can generate exactly
one packet per frame
 The allotted time slot is fixed within the frame until the conversation is over.
 The problem of contention is taken care of by designing the system using a probabilistic
model based on trunking theory to predict the availability of time slots.
 The availability of time slots depends on the usage of the network, and if there are too many
users, call set-up will be prolonged.
 If congestion at a base station is encountered from many mobile users, data packets are
dropped, and speech packets are given priority, since speech requires that the packets be
delivered in order
 A feedback signal from the base station to the mobiles concerning the previous transmitted
packet is multiplexed along the stream of data from the base station.
Network Databases
Introduction
 The visitor location database, home location database, and the authentication center are
the major databases that are accessed by various processing elements in the network.

 A distributed database has been proposed for interconnection of MSCs throughout a
wireless network.
 The database partition at each access MAN node lists subscribers in the associated BSC
control area.
 Each of the BSCs is able to receive the MAN broadcast and updates its database if the
mobile is in its region.
Distributed Database for Mobility Management

 The distributed hierarchical database architecture has been proposed to facilitate the tracking
and location update of the mobile subscriber.
 Higher level databases at the backbone MAN level enable subscriber tracking within these
areas,
 The method of partitioning is an efficient technique for it reduces the time required to locate
any mobile and hence minimizes the traffic congestion resulting from heavy broadcast traffic
required to locate a roaming mobile
 Each subscriber to the cellular service has an associated home access MAN, backbone MAN,
and a MAN database.
 Mobile subscriber is enlisted in a visitor database when it enters a foreign area and remains
in the new database until it leaves that area.
 Whenever a subscriber leaves its home area, the databases are updated so that the home
access MAN database will contain the new location of the roaming subscriber

Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS)

 The technology described in UMTS is sometimes also referred to as Freedom of Mobile
Multimedia Access (FOMA) or 3GSM.
 The Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) is a broadband, packet-based,
3G mobile cellular system based upon GSM standards. The specifications of UMTS covers
the entire network system, including the radio access network, the core network and user
authentication.
 Universal Mobile Telecommunications Service (UMTS) refers to a group of radio
technologies associated with the third generation of cellular networks (3G). Compared to its
predecessors, UMTS made it possible to deploy a wider range of data-intensive IoT
applications.
Principles of UMTS
 UMTS specifies a complete network system, which includes the radio access network
(UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network, or UTRAN), the core network (Mobile
Application Part, or MAP) and the authentication of users via SIM (subscriber identity
module) cards.
Elements of UMTS
A mobile network of the UMTS can be divided into three major parts –
 User Equipment,
 Access Network,
 Core Network.
Network architecture for UMTS
 To handle a mixed range of traffic, a mixed cell layout (shown in the Figure8.12), that would
consist of macro cells overlaid on micro and Pico cells is one of the architecture plans being
considered
 This type of network distributes the traffic with the local traffic operating on the micro and
Pico cells, while the highly mobile traffic is operated on the macro cells, thus reducing the
number of handoffs required for the fast moving traffic.

 The macro cells cover the spots not covered by other cells and also provide redundancy in
certain areas.
 Thus, macro cells will also be able to avoid the failures of the overlapped cells
 The major disadvantage of the overlaid architecture is the reduced spectrum efficiency.
 The UMTS architecture will provide radio coverage with a network of base stations
interconnected to each other and to a fixed network exchange
 A metropolitan area network (MAN) is one of the possible choices for the network
interconnection
Network Reachability
 The network maintains constant location information on each of the terminals
 The network maintains constant location information on each of the terminals
 The network will also take advantage of a distributed by network database, for routing of
calls once the exact location of the mobile has been accessed

UMTS Applications
 Streaming / Download (Video, Audio), Videoconferences.
 Fast Internet / Intranet.
 Multimedia-Messaging, E-Mail
 Mobile Entertainment (Games).
Features of UMTS
 UMTS could be a component of IMT-2000 standard of the Universal Broadcast
communications.
 It employments wideband code division multiple access (W-CDMA) discuss interface.
 It gives transmission of content, digitized voice, video and multimedia.
 It gives tall transmission capacity to portable operators.
 It gives a tall information rate of 2Mbps.
 For High-Speed Downlink Parcel Get to (HSDPA) handsets, the data-rate is as tall as 7.2
Mbps within the downlink connection.
Advantages of UMTS
 UMTS could be a successor to 2G based GSM advances counting GPRS and EDGE.
 Gaining a 3rd title 3GSM.
 Support 2Mbit/s information rates.
 Higher Information rates at lower incremental costs.
 Security and charging capacities, permitting administrators emigrate from 2G to 3G.
 This not as it were gives client a valuable phone.
Disadvantages of UMTS
 It is more expensive than GSM.
 Universal Mobile Telecommunication System has poor video experience.
 Universal Mobile Telecommunication System still not broadband.
 Comparison of GSM and UMTS

Comparison between GSM and UMTS

Features GSM UMTS
Circuit-switched and packet-
Network Architecture Circuit-switched
switched
Wideband CDMA (W-
Radio Access Technology FDMA and TDMA
CDMA)
Bandwidth 200 kHz 5 MHz
Applications Voice and SMS Multimedia applications
Video Quality Poor Improved compared to GSM

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EC3501/Wireless Communication UNIT-5

Difference between wireless and fixed telephone networks

Fixed Telephone Network Wireless Telephone Network

Less overhead data needed. More overhead data needed as geographical

Adhi College Of Engineering And Technology 1

No harse channel conditions usually Random channel conditions can also be

Block Diagram of Cellular System

Mobile Switching Center MSC

Common Air Interface (CAI)

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Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN)

Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN)

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• PSTN, is the world's collection of interconnected voice-oriented public telephone

Local landline telephone network

Landline Telephone Network Working

Adhi College Of Engineering And Technology 4

DEVELOPMENT OF WIRELESS NETWORK

Wireless Network Communication

Examples of wireless networks

Principles of Wireless Network

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FIRST GENERATION OF WIRELESS NETWORKS

Most popular 1G system

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Cellular System Infrastructure

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SECOND GENERATION OF WIRELESS NETWORKS

Features of The 2G System

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GSM architecture and its types

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Base Station Subsystem (BSS)

Major Function in NSS

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THIRD GENERATION OF WIRELESS NETWORKS

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• The connection used was UMTS and WCMA.

Features of The 3G System

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TRAFFIC ROUTING IN WIRELESS NETWORKS

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Routing services are provided by the following networks,

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Connection-less Oriented Services

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It is a more dependable connection service It is not a dependent connection service

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PERSONAL COMMUNICATION SERVICES/ NETWORKS(PCS/PCNS)

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CELLULAR PACKET – SWITCHED ARCHITECTURE

Key Elements Are Involved Networks

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Base Station Interface Unit (BIU)

Cellular Controller Interface Unit (CIU)

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Purpose of Trunk Interface Unit (TIU)

Wireless Interface Unit (WIU)

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PACKET RESERVATION MULTIPLE ACCESS (PRMA)