Plant growth and

development
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Feature of Growth – Anabolism > Catabolism , irreversible, occur in all living organism

Plant growth feature

1.Open New cells always added
2.localised Occur at only in meristematic region ,Apical meristem-length inc. , intercalary
meristem – Girth increase
3.indeterminate Some parts grow indefinitely
4.Determinate Leaf size is determinate
5.Differentiation is open Plants have totipotent stem cell can form any tissue on the basis of location

Measurement of Occur by cell division and elongation which is difficult to measure so other method
growth Increase in size,length(root or stem) ,surface area(leaf) weight(fruit)
Auxanometer- measure length
Phase of Growth Mersitimatic- dense cytoplasm , small size,cell wall primary ,multiple
plasmodesmatal connection , vacuole absent
Elongation phase- cell size inc, inc in protoplasm , Deposition in cell wall
Maturation – size fix, vacuole maximum size , role fix, some cells like vessels mature
by getting dead

Growth rate-
Type of growth rate Athemetic Geometric
Out of two daughter cell One cell continue to divide Both cell continue to divide
Equation LT = L0 + rt (r- arthimetic Wt = Wo e rt(r- Geometric growth rate or efficiency
growth rate) index
Curve shape Straight line Sigmoid- lag phase-initial part,than log phase-
rapid growth and stationary phase- resources
limited
Example Length of stem Most plant tissue or organ
Initial area leaf Final area Absolute growth Relative growth
Leaf A=5cm2 10 cm2 Final -initial = 10-5 = 5 cm2 Final-initial/initial = 10-5/5 = 100 %
Leaf B= 50 cm2 55 cm2 55-50= 5 cm2 55-50/50 = 10 %

Observation -Two leaf -different initial area can have same absolute growth and different relative
Growth

Conditions for growth - (A) Water -for enzyme activity and cell turgidity (B) Oxygen- energy produced
for aerobic respiration (C) Nutrients (D) light and gravity act as signal

Tissue or Cell Undergo process Result is

Primary meristem
Apical meristem
Intercalary meristem
Permanent tissue
Medullary rays
Cortex
Vascular cambium
Cork cambium
Differentiation (meristem to Primary tissue
permanent ) Epidermis , cortex, pith, primary xylem
,primary phloem
Dedifferentiation(permanent Medullary rays give intrafasicular
cell again become dividing) cambium and cortex give cork cambium
both secondary meristem
Redifferentiation ( secondary Secondary xylem + secondary phloem
meristem to secondary tissue) Phelloderm-Sec cortex+ phellem- cork

Development – For cell – Cell division + plasmatic growth + maturation + death

Seed- seed germination + Growth + Flowering + fruit and seed + senescence

Plasticity – plant follow different pathway in response of environment known as Plasticity example is
-Heterophylly (Developmental- cotton ,coriander and larakspur and Environmental – Buttercup

Factors control plant Growth and development –

External (oxygen,water,nutrients,light )
Internal – Intercellular factor -Hormones , Intracellular ( Genes)

Plant Hormones – phytohormones,plant growth regulator -PGRs (PGP-plant growth promoter-

Auxin,Cytokinin,Gibberlin PGI (plant growth inhibitor- Abscisic acid ) ethylene both PGP and PGI but
more PGI

Hormone Auxin Gibberlic acid Cytokinin

Discovery Fransic Darwin and Charles E.Kurosawa- 1926-Bakane F. Skoog and his co-
Darwin - canary grasss- tip (foolish seeding)disease on workers -yeast extract,
produce auxin rice – due to fungus- coconut water and
F.W went – Auxin isolated From GIberella fujikuroi Vascular tissue
tip of avena coleoptile on Agar Sterile filtrate give promote callus
Kogl and smith – isolated from symptom- increase length formation
Human urine of stem
Bioassay Avena coleoptile curvature test .Barley endosperm Delay in leaf
.Genetic dwarfism (Richmond lang effect )
overcome bioassay
Site of Stem and branch tip , root tip in
Synthesis area which is not in light
Example Natural- IAA-indole acetic acid
IBA- indole butyric acid
Synthetic- 2,4-D -2,4
dichoroacetic acid ,NAA-
naphtalene acetic acid
Precursor Tryptophan amino acid
role 1.rooting in Stem cutting
2.Parthenocarpy
3. Promote abscission in old
leaf and fruit and prevent
abscission in young leaf and
fruit
4. Apical dominane (tip removal
promote branching -tea
plantation and hedge making
5.Flowering in Pineapple
6. Xylem differentiation
7. Act as weedicide against
dicot Ex.2,4-D
Extra role Phototropism ,Geotropism and
cell elongation in tissue culture
and root in callus
Nodes and seed
GA1, GA2 ……….. GA100
From -fungi and higher
plants
GA3 – First discovered GA
Diterpenoids
1.Increase axis of grapes
2. Improve shape and size of
apple
3. Hastens or fastens
juvenile phase in conifers
4.Promote malting- barley
seed-help in brewing
5.Increase ripening period
of fruit on tree
6.Increase internode length
in sugarcane
7.Promote bolting-
internodal elongation prior
to flowering
Flowering in LDP and effect
of vernalization
Area withCell division-
cambium ,apical
meristem ,young fruit
First discovered-
Kinetin-from herring
fish
Zeatin- from plant
maize and coconut
Amino purine
1. cell division
2. chloroplasts division
3.New leaves
formation
4. Aventitious bud
5.lateral shoot
6. Overcome apical
dominance
7. Nutrient
mobilization to
overcome seed
dormancy
Shoot in callus and
promote cell division

Hormone Ethylene Abscisic acid

Discovery Cousins -ripened oranges promote ripening of mid-1960s, inhibitor-B, abscission
banana II and dormin discovered
Bioassay Triple response bioassay- horizontal growth of shoot
tip, broadening of axis, apical hook formation
Site of Plant part leaf, fruit and stem undergoing abscission
synthesis
precurosor Methionine Carotenoid
Role 1.Climacteric ripening (CO2 release increase ) 1. General plant growth inhibitor
2.Petiole and underwater stem elongate in rice stem and inhibitor of plant growth
3. Break seed dormancy(peanuts) and bud dormancy 2.inihibit seed germination
in potato tuber 3. closure of stomata
4. increase surface area by increasing root hair 4.Promote leaf abscission
5. Flowering and fruting in pineapple 5. Contol seed germination
6.Flowering in Mango dormancy ,development
Ethephon- Aqueous form, slowly diffuse readily Antagonist to ABA in seed
absorb Role-female flower in cucumber, ripening in germination
tomato and apple and abscission in cherry walnut,
cotton
Association Hormone pair
Agonist or Auxin-Ethylene -flowering in pineapple,abscission of leaf and fruit
synergistic Auxin-Cytokinin – tissue culture

Antagonist GA(break) ABA (promote) – seed dormancy

Auxin-cytokinin- Apical dominance

Photopeoridism and Vernalization

Photoperiodism Vernalization
meaning Quantitative requirement of light to Qualitative and Quantitative requirement
induce flowering of cold or low temp to bring maturity to
flower
Parts on which Mature leaf Dividing cells
effect act
Type of plant SDP-short day plant -require light less Spring variety – sown in spring no effect
than critical day length of vernalization
LDP-long day plant -require light more Winter variety – sown in autumn -plant
than critical period form -growth stop in winter-effect of
DNP- Day neutral plant- no effect of vernalization occur-spring growth resume
photoperiod -mid summer flowering and harvesting
Annual -wheat,oat and barley
Biennial -sugarbeet, carrot and cabbage
Mechanism Plant with leaf- exposure of Exposure of low temp – bring maturity to
photoperiod- florigen form in leaf- flower – prevent precocious
move to shoot tip- convert it into floral development- all plants flower same time
tip

Seed dormancy - certain seeds which fail to germinate even when external conditions are
favourable. (internal seed dormancy ) Reason Impermeable , hard seed coat presence of chemical
inhibitors such as abscissic acids, phenolic acids, para-ascorbic acid; and immature embryos

how seed dormancy broken- natural - microbial action, and passage through digestive tract of
animals and chilling conditions man-made measures. mechanical abrasions using knives, sandpaper,
vigorous shaking , application of certain chemicals like gibberellic acid and nitrates.