Photography: Process camera

• Enlargement and
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Reduction
• Transparency
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Conversion
•
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Negative and
Positive Production
• Halftone Screen
Production
• Color Separation for
Printing
• Proof Sheet
Production
• Photoengraving
Madhusudan Adhikari, Resource Person Photography: Process Camera
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Scheimpflug principle: The image plane of

sharpest focus passes through the line in which
the film/sensor plane and lens plane intersect.
 Photographic film
• Photographic film consists of multiple layers, each serving a specific purpose in the process of
capturing and developing images.
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Film Base: The base layer is the foundation of the film. It is usually made of a transparent material, such as
cellulose acetate or polyester. The base provides structural support for the other layers and ensures the film's
stability
Emulsion layers: Each emulsion layer contains light-sensitive silver halide crystals suspended in a gelatin matrix.
The crystals react to light exposure during the photographic process.
Anti-Halation Layer (Back Layer):Located on the back of the film opposite the emulsion layers, the anti-halation
layer prevents light from scattering within the film. It absorbs excess light that passes through the emulsion layers,
preventing unwanted reflections and halos on the final image.
Protective layer: a protective layer applied to the top of the emulsion layers. It serves to protect the emulsion from
scratches
 Photographic film
• Negative Films:
• Latent Image Formation: Negative films create a latent (invisible) image during exposure.
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This image is formed by the reduction of silver halide crystals in the film emulsion.
• Brightness Reversal: After development, a negative image is obtained where dark areas in
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the scene appear as light on the film, and vice versa.

• Processing:
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• After exposure, negatives are developed to reveal the latent image.

• The film is then fixed to remove unexposed silver halide crystals, leaving behind a negative image.
• Additional processes involve washing and drying the negative.
• Direct Positive Films:
• Latent Image Formation: Direct positive films create a positive image during exposure.
The exposed areas become darker, similar to the final image.
• No Reversal: There is no need for an additional reversal step in the processing; the image
appears as a positive from the start.
• Processing:
• After exposure, direct positive films are developed to reveal the positive image directly.
• No additional reversal step is needed, simplifying the processing compared to negative films.
• The film is fixed, washed, and dried for final use.
 Photographic film Processing
• Manual and Automatic
• There are eight steps:
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1. Exposure:
• The photographic process begins with the exposure of light-sensitive emulsion to light. This emulsion typically consists of gelatin
containing light-sensitive silver halide crystals, such as silver bromide or silver chloride.
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2. Capture of Photons:
• When light hits the emulsion, photons interact with the silver halide crystals. This interaction causes a chemical change in the crystals,
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forming latent image centers.

3. Development:
• The exposed film or photographic paper is processed through a series of chemical baths. The development process involves treating the
film with a developer solution. The developer reacts with the exposed silver halide crystals, reducing them to metallic silver. This process
transforms the latent image into a visible image.
4. Stop Bath:
• After development, the film is rinsed in a stop bath solution to halt the development process. The stop bath contains an acid that
neutralizes the alkaline developer, preventing further development.
5. Fixing:
• The fixed bath is the next step, where the film is immersed in a fixing solution. The fixing solution dissolves the unexposed and
undeveloped silver halide crystals, leaving only the developed silver on the film. This makes the image permanent and light-resistant.
6. Washing:
• The film is thoroughly washed to remove residual chemicals from the development and fixing processes. Proper washing is essential to
prevent deterioration over time.
7. Drying:
• Once washed, the film is dried. It can then be cut into individual frames for printing or scanning.
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Madhusudan Adhikari, Resource Person
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 Map Reproduction
Madhusudan Adhikari, Resource Person
Apex Educational Academy