Definition, Classification and Principle of Surveying ;Fu ;DalGwt a:t'ut k|Zgx¿

!= s'g} b'O{j6f
known point sf cfwf/df t]>f] unknown point sf] position locate ubf{ tnsf dWo] s'g tl/sfdf angular measurement
ul/b}g <
s_ Trilateration method df v_ Traversing method df
u_ Offset method df 3_ s / u b'j}df
@_ tnsf dWo] s'g principle of survey xf]Og <
s_ c+zaf6 k"0f{ tkm{ sfd ug'{ v_ z'4tfsf] arfj6
u_ Location of point 3_ sfddf Ps ¿ktf
#_ s'g} b'Oj6f known points sf cfwf/df t]>f] unknown point sf] position locate ubf{ s'g t/Lsfdf linear measurement ul/b}g <
s_ Triangulation v_ Traverse
u_ Offset 3_ Trilateration
$_ tnsf dWo] s'g t/Lsfdf s'g} b'Oj6f known point sf cfwf/df unknown point sf] position fix ubf{ angular / linear measurement
b'j} lnOG5 <
s_ Triangulation v_ Traverse
u_ Offset 3_ Trilateration
%_ Wild – T2 Theodolite n] angle / stadia method af6 distance gfKg] xf] eg] ;e]{sf] s'g l;4fGtsf] lj?4 x'g hfG5 <
s_ z'4tfsf] arfj6 v_ :jtGq hfFr
u_ sfddf Ps ¿ktf 3_ k"0f{af6 c+z
^_ :jtGq hfFr ( independent check) s;/L ul/G5 <
s_ 5'§} :jtGq gfk lnP/ ul/G5 < v_ Mathematical rule nufP/
u_ s / v b'j} af6 3_ dflysf s'g} klg xf]Og
&_ ;e]{ sfo{df k"0f{ af6 c+zsf] l;4fGt ckgfpg' sf] d'Vo pBZo s] xf] <
s_ :jtGq hfFrsf] lglDt v_ ;Dk"0f{ If]qsf] gfkL ug{sf] lglDt
u_ q'6L accumulation x'gaf6 /f]Sgsf] lglDt 3_ ;e]{ sfo{nfO{ ;lhnf] kfg{sf] lglDt
*_ Reconnaissance ;e]{df Theololite / EDM k|of]u ul/of] eg] ;e]{sf] s'g l;4fGtsf] lj?4 x'g hfG5 <
s_ z'4tfsf] arfj6 v_ sfddf Ps ¿ktf
u_ k"0f{ af6 c+z 3_ dflysf ;a}
(_ Independent check lsg ul/G5 <
s_ ;e]{ sfo{nfO{ ;lhnf] agfpg v_ ;e]{ sfo{df ePsf] q'6L x6fpg
u_ ;e]{ sfo{df ePsf] q'6L yfxf kfpg 3_ dflysf ;a} sfo{ ug{
!)_ ;e]{ sfo{df x'g] mistake yfxf kfpg s] ug'{ k5{ <
s_ z'4 ;Fu gfk lng' k5{ . v_ Precautions lng' k5{
u_ Independent check ug'{ k5{ 3_ dflysf ;a} sfo{ ug'{ k5{ .
!!_ gS;fdf tnsf dWo] s'g sfo{ ul/Psf] x'G5 <
s_ Detail x¿sf] ;fk]lIfs position bzf{OPsf] x'G5
v_ Detail x¿sf] ;fk]lIfs position nfO{ horizontal plane df project ul/Psf] x'G5
u_ Detail x¿sf] ;fk]lIfs position s'g} lglZrt scale df reduce u/L lrlqt ul/Psf] x'G5 .
3_ dflysf ;a} sfo{ ul/Psf] x'G5 .
!@_ Wilferd Schofield sf] kl/effif cg';f/ ;e]{Oª eg]sf] s'g 7fpFdf /x]sf feature x¿sf] position determine ug]{ lj1fg xf] <
s_ hldgdf v_ hldg / To;eGbf dfly
u_ hldg / To; eGbf tn 3_ hldg To; eGbf dfly / tn
!#_ Mapmaking df projection lsg cfjZos x'G5 <
s_ k[YjLsf] ;tx jqmfsf/ ePsf] x'gfn] To;nfO{ ;dtn kfg{
v_ jqmfsf/ k[YjLsf] ;txnfO{ flat paper sf lrlqt ubf{sf] distortion sd ug{
u_ Paper / k[YjLsf] ;txnfO{ Ps cfk;df Tie-up ug{
3_ z'4tfsf] arfj6 ug{
!$_ g]kfndf s'g Projection system canDag ul/Psf] 5 <
s_ Modified Universal Transverse Mercator System (MUTM)
 v_ Modern Universal Transverse Mercator System (MUTM)
u_ Universal Transverse Mercator System (UTM)
3_ Transverse Mercator System (TM)
!%_ tnsf dWo] s'g s'g hf]8f ldNb5 <
(a) Land Survey (i) Altitude and azimuth
(b) Merine Survey (ii) Cadastral survey
(c) Astronomical Survey (iii) Depth of the ocean
s_ a-ii, b-iii, c-i v_ a-i, b-iii , c-ii
u_ a-iii, b-i, c-ii 3_ a-i, b-ii, c-iii
!^_ tnsf dWo] s'g odd 5 kQf nufpg'xf]; .
s_ Mine Survey v_ Merine Survey
u_ Military Survey 3_ Engineering Survey
!&_ GPS sf] k'/f ¿k s] xf] <
s_ Geodetic Posinoning System v_ Geographic Posinoning System
u_ Global Posinoning System 3_ Geocentric Posinoning System
!*_ Archeological Survey eGgfn] s] a'lemG5 <
s_ e"–ue{sf] ;e]{If0f v_ vuf]nLo lk08x¿sf] ;e]{If0f
u_ ;d'b|L ;txsf] ;e]{If0f 3_ k'/ftflTjs dxTjsf j:t'x¿sf] ;e]{If0f
!(_ Telescope alidade sf] k|of]u s'g ;e]{If0fdf x'G5 <
s_ Ground Survey v_ Aerial Survey
u_ Satellite Survey 3_ Astronomical Survey
@)_ s'g syg 7Ls 5 <
s_ ;fgf] If]qkmndf 7"nf] dfggfk df ;e]{If0f ubf{ Geodetic Survey ckgfOG5 .
v_ ;fgf] If]qkmndf 7"nf] dfggfkdf ;e]{If0f ubf{ plane survey ckgfOG5 .
u_ 7"nf] If]qkmndf ;fgf] dfggfkdf ;e]{If0f ubf{ plane survey ckgfOG5 .
3_ dflysf ;a} syg 7Ls 5g\\ .
pQ/x? M–
!_ 3 @_ s #_ s $_ v %_ u ^_ u &_ u *_ s (_ u !)_ u
!!_3 !@_ 3 !#_ v !$_ s !%_ s !^_ v !&_ u !*_ 3 !(_ s @)_ v
Definition of Terms ;Fu ;DjlGwt a:t'ut k|Zgx¿
!_ Agonic line eg]sf]
s_ z'Go declination ePsf ljGb'x¿ hf]8\g] sfNklgs /]vf xf] .
v_ ;dfg declination ePsf ljGb'x¿ hf]8\g] sfNklgs /]vf xf] .
u_ ;dfg r'DasLo If]q ePsf ljGb'x¿ hf]8\g] sfNklgs /]vf xf] .
3_ dflysf] s'g} klg xf]Og .
@_ kmf]6f]u|fd]6«Ldf clN66\o'8 zAbn] xjfOhxfh jf Kn]6kmd{sf] p8fg prfOnfO{ a'emfpF5 eg] P:6«f]gf]dLdf o; zAbn]
s_ lIflthb]lv To; lk08 ;Ddsf] 7f8f] prfO{nfO{ a'emfpF5 .
v_ lIflthb]lv To; lk08 ;Ddsf] 7f8f] sf]0fnfO{ a'emfpF5 .
u_ w|'jb]lv To; lk08 ;Ddsf] 7f8f] sf]0fnfO{ a'emfpF5 .
3_ k[YjLsf] s]Gb|b]lv To; lk08 ;Ddsf] 7f8f] prfO{nfO{ a'emfpF5 .
#_ sf]0f eGgfn]
s_ cfk;df e]6]sf b'O /]vfnfO{ hgfpF5 .
v_ cfk;df e]6]sf b'O{ /]vf ljrsf] b'/LnfO{ hgfpF5 .
u_ b'O/]vf cfk;df e]6\bf tL lar jGg] km6\ofOnfO{ hgfpF5 .
3_ dflysf ;a} s'/fnfO{ hgfpFb5
$_ Azimuth eg]sf]
s_ bearing g} xf]
v_ north af6 ;e]{ /]vf ;Ddsf] anticlock wise sf]0f xf] .
u_ north af6 ;e]{ /]vf ;Ddsf] clock wise sf]0f xf]
3_ north af6 ;e]{ /]vf ;Ddsf] ;fgf] sf]0f xf] .
%_ lgoGq0f gfkLsfnflu :yflkt 6«\ofË'n];g jf 6«fe;{ ;+hfndf pRr kl/z'¢tfsf;fy dfkg ul/Psf] ;e]{ /] vf h;sf cfwf/df c¿ sf]0f
Pj+ b'/Lx¿sf] dfkg Pj+ ;+u0gf ul/G5 To;nfO{ s] elgG5 <
s_ cfwf/ /]vf cyf{t base line v_ e'hf cyf{t leg
u_ afx' cyf{t side 3_ dflysf ;a}
^= Reference meridian sf cfwf/df bearing slt k|sf/sf x'G5g\\
 s_ tLg k|sf/sf v_ rf/ k|sf/sf
u_ kfFr k|sf/sf 3_ 5 k|sf/sf
&_ dfgj lgld{t jf k|s[lts :yfO{ a:t'df :6f08{8 dfs{ nufO{ To;sf] c+lusf/ ul/Psf] 8\of6d -;fwf/oftof cf}ift ;d'b| ;tx_ b]lvsf]
prfO{ lgsflnPsf] ljGb'nfO{ s] elgG5 <
s_ dfOn :6f]g v_ 8\of6d
u_ a]~rdfs{ 3_ lgoGq0f ljGb'
*_ lsQfgfkL gS;fåf/f kl/eflift Pj+ kl~hs[t ul/Psf] e"ld nut h;df hUufsf] :jfldTjsf] k|sf/, d"No, hUuf wgLsf] hUufdflysf]
clwsf/, bfloTj / k|ltaGwx¿sf] :k:6 clenv /flvPsf] To;nfO{ s] elgG5 .
s_ lsQf gS;f (parcel map) v_ >]:tf (register)
u_ k"hf{ (title) 3_ Sof8:6« (cadastre)
(_ gS;f agfpg] snf Pj+ lj1fg h;n] ef}uf]lns ;"rgfx¿nfO{ k|f]h]S;g ug]{, gS;fsf] n]cfp6 l8hfO{g ug]{, gS;f sDkfO{n ug]{, gS;f
8«fˆ6 ug]{ tyf gS;f l/k|f]8S;g ug]{ h:tf laifox¿ ;d]6]sf] x'G5 To;nfO{ s] elgG5 <
s_ sf6f]{u|fkmL v_ lnyf]u|fkmL
u_ ef}uf]lns ;"rgf k|0fnL 3_ Soflnu|fkmL
!)_ ;w} r'DasLo pQ/L w|'jnfO{ bzf{pg ;Sg] u/L r'DjsLo l;of]nfO{ :jtGq 3'Dg lbg]u/L h8fg u/LPsf] ;fgf] ;e]{If0f oGq h;sf]
;xfotfn] r'DjsLo pQ/ lbzf kQfnufpg tyf s'g} ;e]{ /]vfsf] r'DjsLo j]ol/Ë yfxfkfpg ;lsG5 To;nfO{ s] elgG5 .
s_ DofUg]l6s lg8n v_ DofUg]l6s sDkf;
u_ n]en d]l;g 3_ lyof]8f]nfO{6
!!_ ;dfg prfO ePsf ljGb'x¿nfO hf]8\bf aGg] sfNklgs /]vfnfO{ s] elgG5 <
s_ cfO;f]uf]lgs nfOg v_ Puf]lgs nfOg
u_ sG6'/ 3_ 6]/fOg
!@_ gS;fdf lvlrPsf ;Fu} /x]sf b'O{ ;df]Rr /]vfx¿sf] ljrsf] prfOdf /x]sf] km/s, cyjf ltlgx¿sf] dfgdf /x]sf] km/snfO s] elgG5
<
s_ SnLkm v_ xf]l/h]G6n l8:6\ofG;
u_ sG6'/ Eofn' 3_ sG6'/ OG6/en
!#_ :6f088{ dfs{ nufOPsf k|fs[lts jf s[ltd ¿kn] /x]sf :yfO{ j:t'x¿nfO{ lgoGq0f ljGb'sf] ¿kdf develop u{g s] ug'{ k5{ <
s_ cjl:ylt 1ft x'g'k5{ v_ l8–sf8{ x'g'k5{
u_ lj6g];dfs{ x'g'k5{ 3_ prfO 1ft x'g'k5{
!$_ prfO lgwf{/0f ug]{ cfwf/ s]n] k|bfg u5{ <
s_ xf]l/h]G6n 8\of6dn] v_ el6{sn 8\of6dn]
u_ cf}ift ;d'b|L ;txn] 3_ j]~rdfs{n]
!%_ Elevation eGgfn] s] a'lemG5 <
s_ ;d'b| ;txb]lv s'g} j:t' ;Ddsf] prfO. v_ ;d'b| ;txb]lv s'g} j:t' ;Ddsf] ulx/fO
u_ s / v b'a} 3_ s'g} klg xf]Og
!^_ k[YjLsf] ;]G6/ckm df;df cf]l/lhg /x]sf] 8\of6dnfO{ s] elgG5 <
s_ s:df];]lG6«s 8\of6d v_ x]lnof];]lG6«s 8\of6d
u_ cy{;]lG6«s 8\of6d 3_ lhof];]lG6«s 8\of6d
!&_ k[YjLsf] cfsf/ / :j¿k lgwf{/0f Pj+ dfkg ug]{ tyf k[YjLsf] u'?Tj jnsf] ;d]t cWoog ug]{ lj1fg / ul0ftLo ;+u0fgfnfO{ elgG5 <
s_ lhof]8];L v_ sf6f]{u|fkmL
u_ lhof]d]l6S; 3_ e"–ef}ltsL
!*_ k[YjLsf] aqmtfnfO{ ;d]t u0fgf u/L pRr kl/z'4tfsf ;fy ul/g] ;e]{ nfO{ s] elgG5 <
s_ plane survey v_ geodetic survey
u_ gravity survey 3_ hydrographic survey
!(_ Horizontal angle eGgfn]
s_ Vertical / horizontal plane n] agfPsf] sf]0fnfO{ j'lemG5
v_ b'Oj6f ;e]{ nfOg ljrsf] sf]0f j'lemG5
u_ b'O{j6f b[li6 /]vfx¿sf ljrsf] lIflth :ftx df jGg] sf]0fnfO{ j'lemG5
3_ slope lilne n] horizontal surface ;Fu agfPsf] sf]0f j'lemG5
@)_ Horizontal angle hlxn] klg
s_ vertical plane df dfqgfklG5 v_ zenithal angle ;Fu a/fa/ x'G5
u_ vertical angle ;Fu a/fa/ x'G5 3_ horizontal plane df dfq gfklG5
@!_ Isogonic line eg]sf]
s_ ;dfg declination ePsf ljGb"'x¿ hf]8\g] sfNklgs /]vf xf]]
v_ z'Go declination ePsf ljGb'x¿ hf]8\g] sfNklgs /]vf xf
u_ ;dfg r'Djlso If]q ePsf ljGb'x¿ hf]8\g] sfNklgs /]vf xf]
3_ ;dfg height ePsf ljGb"'x¿ hf]8\g] sfNklgs /]vf xf]]
@@_ Isobar eGg] s] a'lemG5 <
s_ ;dfg prfO{ ePsf ljGb'x¿ hf]8\g] sfNklgs /]vf
v_ ;dfg jfo"d08nLo rfk ePsf ljGb'x¿ hf]8\g] sfNklgs /]vf
u_ ;dfg tfkqmd ePsf ljGb'x¿ hf]8\g] sfNklgs /]vf
3_ ;dfg declination ePsf ljGb'x¿ hf]8\g] sfNklgs /]vf
@#_ ;dfg tfkqmd ePsf ljgb'x¿ hf]8\g] sfNklgs /]vfnfO{ s] elgG5 <
s_ contour v_ isobar
u_ isotherm 3_ isobath
@$_ Isobath eGgfn] s] j'lemG5 <
s_ ;dfg prfO{ ePsf ljGb'x¿ hf]8\g] sfNklgs /]vf
v_ ;dfg tfkqmd ePsf ljGb'x¿ hf]8\g] sfNklgs /]vf
u_ ;dfg jfo'd0nLo rfk ePsf ljGb'x¿ hf]8\g] sfNklgs /]vf
3_ ;dfg ;d'Gb|L ulx/fO{ ePsf ljGb'x¿ hf]8\g] sfNklgs /]vf
@%_ Meridian eg]sf]
s_ Pp6f lglZrt lbzf xf] h;nfO{ bearing gfKg] cfwf/sf] ¿kdf lnOG5 .
v_ magnetic pQ/ lbzf xf]
u_ ef}uf]lns pQ/ lbzf xf]
3_ u|L8 pQ/ lbzf xf]
@^_ Magnetic declination eGgfn] s] a'lemG5 <
s_ grid meridian / magnetic meridian ljrsf] sf]0f
v_ true meridian / magnetic meridian ljrsf] sf]0f
u_ s'g} klg meridian / magnetic meridian ljrsf] sf]0f
3_ Manetic needle n] horizon ;Fu jgfPsf] sf]0f
@&_ Meridian x¿ slt k|sf/sf 5g\\ .
s_ b'O{ k|sf/df v_ tLg k|sf/sf
u_ rf/ k|sf/sf 3_ kfFr k|sf/sf
@*_ gS;f ( map ) n]
s_ prfO{sf] information ;dfj]; u/]sf] x'G5
v_ Unf]jdf cfˆgf] ef}uf]lns l:ylt bzf{Psf] x'G5
u_ details nfO{ s'g} lglZrt dfgfkdf graphically b]vfpF5
3_ dfly pNn]lvt ;a} s'/f u/]sf] x'G5 .
@(_ Eastward declination slt a]nf x'G5 <
s_ MM, TM eGbf k"j{ k/]df v_ MM, TM eGbf klZrd k/]df
u_ TM / MM Pp6} /]vfdf k/]df 3_ dflysf ;a} cj:yfdf
#)_ True meridian / grid meridian ljrsf] sf]0fnfO{ s] elgG5 .
s_ declination v_ convergence
u_ grid magnetic angle 3_ grid angle
#!_ Magnetic meridian / grid meridian ljrsf] sf]0fnfO{ s] elgG5 <
s_ declination v_ convergence
u_ grid magnetic angle 3_ magnetic angle
#@_ s'g syg ;To 5 .
s_ plane survey df k[YjLsf] aqmtafsf] u0fgf x'b}g .
v_ plane survey df k[YjLsf] ;txnfO{ ;dtn dflgG5 .
u_ plane survey @)) j= ls=dL= eGbf ;fgf] If]qdf pko'Qm xG5 .
3_ dflysf ;a} syg ;To 5g\ .
##_ True bearing df convergence hf]8\bf gid bearing cfpF5 eg]
 s_ T.M. G.M. sf] k"j{ kl§ x'G5 v_ T.M. G.M. sf] klZrd kl§ x'G5
u_ G.M. T.M. sf] k"j{ kl§ x'G5 3_ M.M. T.M. sf] k"j{ kl§ x'G5
#$_ s'g syg ;To 5}g .
s_ Plan n] k[YjLsf] ;txsf detail sf] graphical representation u5{
v_ Plan n] clgjfo{ ¿kdf Unf]jdf cfˆgf] ef}uf]lns cjl:ylt bzf{Psf] x'g}k5{
u_ ;fwf/0f tof plan df prfO{sf] information x'b}g
3_ ;fwf/0ftof plan df horizontal b'/L / direction b]vfOPsf] x'G5
#%_ Vertical angle eGgfn] s] a'lemG5 <
s_ vertical plane df ePsf] s'g} /]vfn] zenithal line ;Fu agfPsf] sf]0f
v_ vertical plane df /x]sf s'g} b'Oj6f /]vfx¿ ljrsf] sf]0f
u_ vertical plane df ePsf] s'g} /]vfn] horizontal surface ;Fu jgfPsf] sf]0f
3_ s / v b'j} nfO{ j'lemG5
#^_ Vertical plane df /x]sf s'g} b'O /]vf ljrsf] sf]0fnfO{
s_ vertical angle elgG5 . v_ zenithal angle elgG5
u_ horizental angle elgG5 3_ dflysf] s'g} klg elgb}g .
#&_ Zenithal angle eGgfn] s] a'lemG5 <
s_ zenithal line ;Fu ;e]{ nfOgn] vertical plane df jgfPsf] sf]0f
v_ zenithal line / horizonal surface ljrsf] sf]0f _
u_ vertical plane df /x]sf b'O /]vfx¿sf] ljrdf aGg] sf]0f
3_ dflysf ;a} s'/f a'lemG5
#*_ ;e]{ :6]zgaf6 kf; x'g] vertical /]vfn] 5'g] cfsf;sf] sfNklgs ljGb'nfO{ s] elgG5 <
s_ lIflth u_ zenith
v_ gflb/ 3_ dflysf ;a}
#(_ s'g syg 7Ls 5 <
s_ zenith / nadir eGgfn] Pp6} ljGb' j'lemG5
v_ zenith / nadir eg]sf] north pole / south pole xf]
u_ zenith / nadir zenithal line sf opposite end x'g
3_ dflysf ;a} syg 7Ls 5}gg
$)_ Zenithal line eGgfn] s] a'lemG5 <
s_ plumb line v_ zenith nadir hf]8\g] /]vf
u_ vertical axis of instrument 3_ dflysf ;a}nfO{ a'lemG5
pQ/x?M
)!_ s )@_ v )#_ u )$_ 3 )%_ s )^_ v )&_ u )*_ 3 )(_ s !)_ v
!!_ u !@_ 3 !#_ s !$_ v !%_ u !^_ 3 !&_ s !*_ v !(_ u @)_ 3
@!_ s @@_ v @#_ u @$_ 3 @%_ s @^_ v @&_ u @*_ 3 @(_ s #)_ v
#!_ u #@_ 3 ##_ s #$_ v #%_ u #^_ 3 #&_ s #*_ v #(_ u $)_ 3

Units and Measurement ;Fu ;DalGwt a:t'ut k|Zgx¿

1. The one individual whole derived from the division of the larger whole of same quantity is called
a) unit b) derived quantity
c) basic quantity d) dimension
2. What is the full form of CIPM?
a) The Bureau International des Poids et Mesures
b) International Committee for Weights and Measures
c) Cartografía International des Poids et Mesures
d) Committee on Internal Positioning and Measurement
3. Which one is not a basic quantity in SI?
a) Mass b) Distance
 c) Angle d) Time
4. The globally adopted International System of Units is called
a) Basic quantity b) MKS
c) CGS d) SI
5. Length of the path travelled by light in vacuum during a time interval of 1/299 792 458 of a second is called
a) 1 meter b) 1 nauticle mile
c) 1 parsec d) 1 yard
6. Which of the following factor is denoted by femto Prefix ?
a) 1015 b) 10−15
12
c) 10 d) 10−12
7. What is the symbol of decameter?
a) dm b) Dm
c) dam d) Dam
8. If the sub decimal factor is 10−6 what is its prefix?
a) mega b) mini
c) milli d) micro
9. Which factor of decimal or sub decimal factor is denoted by Z?
a) 1021 b) 10-21
24
c) 10 d) 10-24
10. How many femtometers are there in one peta meter?
a) 10-30 b) 1030
c) 1015 d) 10-15
11. Which of the following prefix refers to the smallest factor?
a) tera b) giga
c) mega d) peta
12. Which of the following prefix refers to the largest factor?
a) yocto b) zepto
c) atto d) femto
13. One fathom is equal to
a) 6 feet b) 6 meters
c) 60 feet d) 100 cm
14. Fathom is the unit of
a) Sound b) Depth
c) Frequency d) Temperature
15 . Light year is a unit of
a) time b) intensity of light
c) distance d) mass
16. Unit of velocity is
a) m/s b) m/s
c) m s–1 d) all of the above
17. How many lines are there in one inch?
a) 12 b) 36
c) 144 d) 270
18. millimetre of mercury (mmHg) is the unit to measure
a) temperature b) pressure
c) height d) distance
-6
19. which of the following is the correct unit for 10 grams?
a) milli g b) milli-gram
c) milligram d) all of the above
20. Which of the following is equal distance to a mile?
a) 5280' b) 63360"
c) 8 furlongs d) all of the above
21. Angstrom ( Ȧ ) is the unit to measure
a) distance b) angle
c) electric current d) force
22. Are is the unit of measuring
a) angle b) distance
c) area d) temperature
23. Area of one Acre is equal to
 a) 100 m×100 m b) 4880 sq. ft
c) 43560 sq. ft d) 5280 sq. ft
24. One millimicron is equal to
a) 10-9-meter b) 103 picometer
c) 1 nanometer d) all of the above
25 . How much is the area of one bigaha?
a) 270×270 sq. ft b) 74×74 sq. ft
c) 22×220 sq. ft d) 37×37 sq. ft
26. How much is the area of one bigaha?
a) 508.74 sq. m b) 6772.63 sq. m
c) 4880 sq. ft d) 43560 sq. ft
27. how much is the area of one hector?
a) 100 Ares b) 2.7471 acres
c) both a and b d) none of the above
28. How long is one Nautical mile?
a) 5280 ft b) 1.6094 km
c) 0.8684 Nautical miles d) all of the above
29. Which one of the following is the smallest unit of area?
a) dam b) kanuwa
c) dhur d) paisa
30. How many seconds are there in a centi centigrade?
a) 0.324 b) 3.086
c) 1.853 d) 0.54
31. 'Bar' is the unit of
a) temperature b) heat
c) atmospheric pressure d) current
32. How much area is there in a ropani?
a) 16 anna b) 74 ft × 74 ft
c) 508.74 sq. m d) all of the above

Answers:
01. a) 02. b) 03. c) 04. d) 05 . a) 06. b) 07. c) 08. d) 09. a) 10. b)
11. c) 12. d) 13. a) 14. b) 15 . c) 16. d) 17. a) 18. b) 19. c) 20. d)
21. a) 22. b) 23. c) 24. d) 25 . a) 26. b) 27. c) 28. d) 29. a) 30. b)
31. c) 32. d)
Types and Construction of Scale ;Fu ;DalGwt a:t'ut k|Zgx¿M
!_ s'g} j:t'sf] gS;fÍg ubf{ gS;df / jf:tljstfdf Tof] j:t'sf] cfoflds ;DjGw b]vfpg] cg'kft nfO{
s_ gS;fsf] :s]n elgG5 v_ gS;fÍg elgG5
u_ OGnfh{d]G6 elgG5 3_ l/8S;g elgG5
@= 7"nf] cfofd ePsf] j:t'nfO{ s'g} lglZrt dfkb08sf] ;fgf] cfsf/sf] gS;f l;6df 8«Oª ug'{kbf{
s_ OGnfh{ ug'{k5{ v_ l/8S;g ug'{k5{
u_ ;dfg cfsf/df Kn6 ug'{k5{ 3_ dflysf ;a} ug'k5{
#_ gS;fsf] scale nfO{ numerically pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 eg] To;nfO{ s] elgG5 <
s_ Representative fraction v_ Engineering scale
u_ Numerical scale 3_ dflysf ;a}
$_ gS;fsf] :s]n (scale of map) eGgfn] s] a'leG5 <
s_ s'g} a:t'sf] gS;f / hdLgsf] b'/Lsf] cg'kft
v_ s'g} a:t'sf] gS;f / hdLgsf] If]qkmnsf] ;a8'lKns]6 cg'kft
u_ s'g} a:t'sf] gS;f / hdLgsf] cfotgsf] ;al6«lKns]6 cg'kft
3_ dflysf ;a}
%_ s'g} gS;fdf 1 cm = 1m eg]/ n]lvPsf] eP To:tf] scale nfO{ s] elgG5 <
s_ Engineering scale v_ Plain scale
u_ Diagonal scale 3_ Representative fraction
^_ tnsf dWo] s'g numerical scale xf]Og <
s_ Engineering scale v_ Diagonal scale
u_ Representative fraction 3_ s / u b'j}
&_ tnsf dWo] s'g syg (statement) 7Ls 5}g <
s_ Representative fraction unit of measurement ;Fu independent x'G5
v_ Graphical scale map l;t proportionally shrink jf expand x'G5
u_ Diagonal scale af6 b'O{ dimension ;Dd dfq gfKg ;lsG5
3_ Plain scale af6 b'O{ dimension ;Dd dfq gfKg ;lsG5
*_ ;e]{OËdf gS;fsf] scale number,
s_ hlxn] klg Ps dfq x'G5
v_ hlxn] klg Ps eGbf a9L x'G5
u_ hlxn] klg Ps l;t a/fa/ x'G5
3_ cfjZostf x]/L Ps eGbf sd, a/fa/ jf j9L x'G5
(_ Diagonal scale n] slt dimensions measure ub{5 <
s_ tLg dimensions v_ b'O dimensions
u_ Ps dimensions 3_ rf/ dimensions
!)_ Engineering scale 1" = 1 mile eP R.F. slt x'G5 <
s_ 1:33660 v_ 1:63360
u_ 1:63630 3_ 1:66330
!!_ Graduated scale sf] smallest part sf] klg fractional part sf] measurement lng' kbf{ s'g scale k|of]u u{g pko'Qm x'G5 <
s_ Protector v_ Scale of chord
u_ Vernier scale 3_ Rular
!@_ Ps OGr a/fa/ Ps dfOnsf] :s]n ePsf] gS;df clwstd tLg sf];sf] b'/L gfKgkg]{ xf] eg] slt nfdf] u|flkmsn :s]n agfpg' knf{
<
s_ tLg inch v_ rf/ inch
u_ kfFr inch 3_ 5 inch
!#_ Vernier scale s'g principle df cfwfl/ eP/ agfOPsf] x'G5 <
s_ cfk;df coinciding end point ePsf b'O{ /]vfv08x¿nfO{ human eye n] ;lhn} detect ug{ ;S5
v_ cfk;df perpendicular b'O{ /]vfv08x¿nfO] human eye n] ;lhn} detect ug{ ;S5
u_ cfk;df parallel b'O{ /]vfv08x¿nfO{ human eye n] ;lhn} detect ug{ ;S5
3_ dflysf ;a}
!$_ Direct vernier df s'g syg 7Ls 5 <
s_ (n+1) main scale division x¿sf] nDjfO{ n vernier scale division x¿sf] nDjfO{ ;Fu a/fa/ x'G5
v_ (n-1) main scale divisions sf] nDjfO{ n vernier scale divisions sf] nDjfO{ j/fj/ x'G5 .
u_ (2n-1) Main scale division sf] nDjfO{ n vernier scale sf] nDjfO{ ;Fu j/fj/ x'G5 .
3_ dflysf ;a}
!%_ Rectograde vernier df s'g syg 7Ls 5 <
s_ (2n-1) main scale division x¿sf] nDjfO{ n vernier scale division x¿sf] nDjfO{ ;Fu a/fa/ x'G5
v_ (n-1) main scale divisions sf] nDjfO{ n vernier scale divisions sf] nDjfO{ j/fj/ x'G5 .
u_ (n+1) main scale division sf] nDjfO{ n vernier scale sf] nDjfO{ ;Fu j/fj/ x'G5 .
3_ dflysf ;a}
!^_ olb s main scale sf] smallest division sf] nDjfO{ / n vernier scale sf] division sf] ;+Vof eP s/n least count x'g] s'g vernier
scale xf] <
s_ Direct vernier v_ Rectograte vernier
u_ Extended vernier 3_ dflysf ;a}
!&_ (n+1) j6f main scale divisions sf] nDjfO{ n j6f vernier scale divisions sf] nDjfO{ ;Fu j/fj/ eP To;nfO{ s] elgG5 <
s_ Rectograte vernier v_ Direct vernier
u_ Indirect vernier 3_ Extended vernier
!*_ (n-1) j6f main scale divisions sf] nDjfO{ n j6f vernier scale divisions sf] nDjfO{ ;Fu j/fj/ eP To:tf] vernier scale nfO{ s]
elgG5 <
s_ Indirect vernier v_ Direct vernier
u_ Extended vernier 3_ Rectograte vernier
!(_ Scale of chord sf] k|of]u s]df x'G5 <
s_ lbPsf] gfk ePsf] sf]0f lgsfNg v_ lbPsf] sf]0fsf] gfk lgsfNg
u_ s_ / v_ b'j} ug{ 3_ b'/L gfKg
@)_ Plain jf triangular scale s] sfdsf] k|of]udf Nofpg ;lsG5 <
s_ Pp6f l;wf /]vf lvRg v_ s'g} l;wf /]vfsf] b'/L gfKg
u_ s'g} lglZrt scale df gS;f plot ug{ 3_ dflysf ;a} sfo{ ug{ .
@!_ Direct vernier scale df s'g relation 7Ls xf] <
s_ (n-1) s = nv v_ (n+1) s = nv
u_ (2n-1) s = nv 3_ (2n+1) s = nv
@@_ Rectograte vernier scale df s'g relation 7Ls xf] <
s_ (n-1) s = nv v_ (n+1) s = nv
u_ (2n-1) s = nv 3_ (2n+1) s = nv
@#_ Extended vernier scale df s'g relation 7Ls xf] <
s_ (n-1) s = nv v_ (n+1) s = nv
u_ (2n-1) s = nv 3_ (2n+1) s = nv
@$_ Extended vernier sf] least count slt x'G5 <
s_ 2s -v v_ s/n
u_ s-v 3_ s / v b'j}

pQ/x?M
)!_s )@_ v )#_ u )$_ 3 )%_ s )^_ v )&_ u )*_ 3 )(_ s !)_ v
!!_ u !@_ 3 !#_ s !$_ v !%_ u !^_ 3 !&_ s !*_ v !(_ u @)_ 3
@!_ s @@_ v @#_ u @$_ 3

Linear and angular measurement ;Fu ;DalGwt a:t'ut k|Zgx¿

!_ tnsf dWo] s'g direct method of distance measuement xf]Og <
s_ by using EDM v) by pacing
u) by using tape 3) by using odometer
@_ Ps stride eg]sf] slt xf] <
s_ # k]; v_ @ k];
u_ @ kmL6 3_ # kmL6
#_ tnsf dWo] s'g t/Lsf distance measurement sf] indrect method xf] <
 s_ by using tape v) by using speedometer
u) by using EDM 3) by pacing
$_ tnsf dWo] s'g t/Lsfaf6 b"/L gfk]df j9L accurate xf]nf <
s_ by using pedomeer v) by using Passometer
u) by pacing 3) by using odometer
%_ EDM sf] accuracy PPM x'G5 elgG5 . PPM eg]sf] s]xf] <
s_ part per million v) per part million
u) perfect position measurement 3) point to point measurement
^_ le/fnf] 7fpFdf stepping u/]/ tapping ubf{
s) up hill ug'{ k5{ v) down hill ug'{ k5{
u) h;/L u/] klg x'G5 3) accurate gx'g] x'Fbf stepping ug'{ x'Fb}g
𝑠 
&_ Subtense Bar sf] k|of]u af6 lgsflnPsf] b'/L 𝐷 = cot
2 2
s'g b"/L xf] <
s_ slope distance v) vertical distance
u) horizontal disatance 3_ cj:yf cg';f/ h'g b'/L klg x'g ;S5 .
*_ Subtense af/n] slt nfdf] b'/L ;Dd gfKg pko'Qm dflgG5 <
s_ %)) dL ;Dd v_ #)) dL ;Dd
u_ !% dL ;Dd 3_ !%) dL ;Dd
(_ ;e]{ªËdf ODM eGgfn] s] j'lemG5 <
s_ optical distance measurement v_ ocular dystrophy by myopia
u_ out -door measurements 3_ observations done for measurements
!)_ Proper condition df ODM sf] accuracy slt dflgG5 <
s_ part per million v_ part per thousand
u_ part per billion 3_ part per trillion
!!_ Slopping angle () / slope distance (l) eP horizontal distance slt x'G5 <
s_ l tan v_ l sin
u_ l cos 3_ l cot
!@_ olb l slope distance / h vertical distance 5 eg] hogizontal distance slt x'G5 <
1 1
s_ (ℎ2 − 𝑙2 )−2 v_ (𝑙2 − ℎ2 )−2
1 1
u_ (ℎ2 − 𝑙2 )2 3_ (𝑙2 − ℎ2 )2
!#_ S pole sf] nDjfO{ 1 To;sf] bottom df k9]sf] angle 2 To;sf] top df k9]sf] angle eP horizontal distance slt x'G5 <
s_ S/(cot 2 − cot 1 ) v_ (cot 2 – cot 1 )/S
u_ (tan 2 – tan 1 )/S 3_ S/(tan 2 – tan 1 )
!$_ ;e]{OËdf Error slt lsl;dsf >f]t af6 cfpF5g\ <
s_ @ v_ #
u_ $ 3_ %
!%_ error sf] Nature sf cfwf/df slt efudf jlu{s/0f ug{ ;lsG5 <
s_ @ v_ $
u_ # 3_ %
!^_ systematic error nfO{ s] klg elgG5 <
s_ gross error v_ compenseting error
u_ blunder 3_ cumulating error
!&_ s'g syg 7Ls 5 <
s_ tape too long eP error +ve / correction -ve x'G5 .
v_ tape too short eP error +ve / correction +ve x'G5 .
u_ tape too long eP error -ve / correction -ve x'G5 .
3_ tape too long eP error negative / correction +ve x'G5 .
!*_ olb L dL6/sf] 6]kn] nDafO{ rf}8fO{ gfk]/ Pp6f rectangular lsQfsf] If]qkmn A lgsflnof] kl5 gfk]/ x]bf{ pQm 6]ksf] jf:tljs
nDjfO{ 𝐿′ dL6/ kfO{of] eg] jf:tljs area slt x'G5 <
2 2
L′
s_ (LL′) A v_ ( ) A
L
L L′ 2
u_ L′ A 2
3_ L
A
!(_ s'g 7Ls 5 <
s_ Error = measured value -true value
 v_ correction = true value - measured value
u_ s_ / v_ b'j} 7Ls 5g\\
3_ dflysf] s'g} klg 7Ls 5}g
@)_ tape too long jf too short ePdf true distance s;/L lgsfNg ;lsG5 <
s_ Tape nfO{ standardize u/]/ v_ gflkPsf] b'/Ldf correction nufP/
𝐿’
u_ ;'q 𝑙 = 𝐿 𝑙’ sf] k|of]u u/]/ 3_ dflysf ;a} af6
@!_ olb L ld6/sf] 6]kn] Pp6f afs;sf] ;fO{8x¿ gfKf]/ To;sf] cfotg V lgsflnof] kl5 gfk]/ x]bf{ pQm 6]ksf] jf:tljs nDjfO{ 𝐿1 dL6/
kfO{of] eg]] To;sf] jf:tljs cfotg slt xf]nf <
3
𝐿′ 𝐿 3
s_ ( ) V
𝐿
v_ ( ′) V
𝐿
𝐿′ 3 𝐿
u_ 𝑉 3_ ′ 𝑉3
𝐿 𝐿
@@_ s'g} L ld6/sf] 6]kn] hldgsf] l b'/L gflkof] t/ kl5 tape nfO{ gfk]/ x]bf{ To;sf] jf:tljs nDjfO{ 𝐿′ kfOof] eg] hldgsf] af:tljs
nDjfO{ slt xf]nf <
𝐿 𝐿′
s_ 𝑙 v_ 𝑙
𝐿′ 𝐿
𝐿 𝐿′
u_ 𝐿 3_ 𝐿
𝐿′ 𝐿
@#_ stepping u/]/ b"/L gfKbf s'g cj:yfdf good result kfpg ufx|f] x'G5 <
s_ plane area df v_ low undulations df
u_ up-hill tapping df 3_ down-hill tapping df
@$_ 30 ld6/sf] chain d ld6/n] mis-aligned eof] eg] length df error slt x'G5 <
s_ d/30 ld6/ v) d/60 ld6/
u_ d /30 ld6/
2
3_ d2 /60 ld6/
@%_ olb l ld6/sf] 6]kn] gfKbf, 6]ksf] b'O{ 5]p ljrsf] height difference h ld6/ eP slope correction slt ld6/ x'G5 <
s_ h2 /2l v_ h2 /l
u_ h2 /2l 3_ (2h2 )/l
@^_ olb ° sf] slope df l ld6/sf] 6]kn] gflkof] eg] slope correction slt x'G5 <
s_ l sin2 (2) v_ 2l cos 2 (2)
u_ 2 l2 sin (2) 3_ l cos 2 (2)
@&_ Pp6f l ld6/sf] 6]knfO{ p kg sf] ann] tflgPsf] 5 olb o;sf] weight w kg/m 5 eg] sag correction slt x'G5 <
s_ l2 w 2 / 24 p2 v_ l2 w 3 / 24 p2
u _ l3 w 2 /24p2 3_ l w 2 / 24 p2
@*_ 100 link sf] chain df ) sf] slope eP slope distance df correction cyf{t hyoptenusal allowance slt x'G5 <
s_ 1.5/100 links v_ 1.5  links
u_ 1.5  links
2
3_ 1.5 2 /100 links
@(_ 100 link sf] chain df  radian slope eP, slope distance df nufpg'kg]{ correction cyf{t hypotenusal allowance slt x'G5 <
s_ 50 2 links v_ 1.5 2 /100 links
u_  /50 links
2
3_ 100 2 links
#)_ 100 lnª\ssf] chain df 1 in n slope eP correction slt nufpg' k5{ <
s_ 50n2 v_ 50 /n2
u_ 100/n 2
3_ 100n2
#!_ gradient 1 in 20 ePsf] 30 dL= sf] tape df slope correction slt x'G5 <
s_ 375 cm v_ 37.5cm
u_ 3.75 cm 3_ 0.375 cm
#@_ angular measurement
s_ horizental plane df ul/G5 . v_ vertical plane df ul/G5 .
u_ h'g ;'s} plane df ul/G5 . 3_ s_ / v_ b'j}df ul/G5 .
##_ vertical angle / zenithal angle sf] s:tf] ;DjGw 5 <
s_ complementary v_ suplimentary
u_ explementary u_ both are equal
#$_ angle sf] SI unit s] xf] <
s_ hours v_ radian
u_ grade 3_ degree
#%_ mills s] gfKg] OsfO{ xf] <
s_ b"/L v_ area
u_ sf]0f 3_ ;a}
#^_ tnsf dWo] s'g oGqaf6 angular measurment ug{ ;lsG5
s_ theodolite v_ sextant
u_ Abney's level 3_ ;a} oGqaf6
#&_ Normal tension df
s_ Sag correction / pull correction balence x'G5 .
v_ Slope correction / pull correction balence x'G5 .
u_ Temperature correction / pull correction balence x'G5 .
3_ dflysf ;a} x'G5g\\ .
#*_ Pull correction a/fj/ slt x'G5 <
s_ AE /(pm − po )L v_ (pm − po )L/AE
u_ (Po − AE)/pm L 3_ (Po − Pm )AE/L
#(_ Normal tension a/fa/ slt x'G5 <
s_ Pn = 0.204W√(Pm − Po )/AE v_ Pn = 0.204W√(Pm − Po )/AE
u_ Pn = 0.204W√AE/(Pm − Po ) 3_ Pn = 0.204W√AE/(Pm − Po )
$)_ Correction for height above MSL slt x'G5 <
H2 L
s_ H−LHR
v_ H+R
u_ H+LHR
3_ H+R HL

$!_ Tape too long cyjf too short ePsf] sf/0fn] cfpg] q'6L s'g q'6L xf] <
s_ instrumental v_ personal
u_ natural 3_ blunder
$@_ Vertical angle sf] value
s_ 0° b]lv 90° ;DDf x'G5 v_ 0° b]lv  90° ;DDf x'G5
u_ 0° b]lv -90° ;DDf x'G5 3_ 0° b]lv 180° ;DDf x'G5
$#_ ODM sf] k'/f ¿k optical distance measurement eP h:t} EDM sf] k'/f ¿k s] xf] <
s_ electric distance measurement v_ electromechanic distance measurement
u_ electronic distance measurement 3_ electrical distance for measurement
$$_ s'g syg ;To 5 <
s_ vertical angle horizon df zero / zenith df 90° x'G5
v_ zenthal angle horizon df 90° / zenith df 0° x'G5
u_ vertical anlge / zenithal angle complementary x'G5g\\
3_ dflysf ;a} syg ;To 5g\
$%_ s'g error sf] nature compensating x'G5 <
s_ random v_ systematic
u_ blunders 3_ instrumantal
$^_ Ps ;dsf]0f (right angle) slt mills x'G5 <
s_ 64 mills v_ 1600 mills
u_ 400 mills 3_ 100 mills

pQ/x?M
)!_ s )@_ v )#_ u )$_ 3 )%_ s )^_ v )&_ u )*_ 3 )(_ s !)_ v
!!_ u !@_ 3 !#_ s !$_ v !%_ u !^_ 3 !&_ s !*_ v !(_ u @)_ 3
@!_ s @@_ v @#_ u @$_ 3 @%_ s @^_ v @&_ u @*_ 3 @(_ s #)_ v
#!_ u #@_ 3 ##_ s #$_ v #%_ u #^_ 3 #&_ s #*_ v #(_ u $)_ 3
$!_ s $@_ v $#_ u $$_ 3 $%_ s $^_ v
Area and Volume ;Fu ;DalGwt a:t'ut k|Zgx¿
!_ ;fwf/0ftof ;e]{df area computation ubf{
s_ hdLgsf] horizontal plane df projected ;txsf] area lgsflnG5 .
v_ hdLgsf] inclined plane df projected ;txsf] area lgsflnG5 .
u_ hdLgsf] vertical plane df projected ;txsf] area lgsflnG5 .
3_ hdLgsf] 6f]kf]u|lkms ;txsf] area lgsflnG5 .
@_ Equilateral triangle sf] If]qkmn slt x'G5 <
s_ 3/2 a2 v_ 3/4 a2
u_ 23 a2 3_ 43 a2
#_ s'g lqe'hsf] If]qkmn lgsfNg] ;'q xf]Og <
s_ 1/2 bc sin A v_ 1/2 base altitude
u_ 1/2 ab sin B 3_ {(s-a)(s-b)(s-c)}
$_ a e'hfsf] nDafO{ / d diagonal ePsf] juf{sf/ lsQfsf] If]qkmn slt x'G5 <
s_ a2 v_ a2/2
u_ ad/2 3_ ;a}
%_ ;dif6 e'h -regular hexagon _ h;sf] e'hfsf] nDafO{ a 5 eg] To;sf] If]qkmn slt x'G5 <
s_ 33/2 a2 v_ 3/2 a2
u_ 23/2 a 2
3_ 3/4 a2
^_ tnsf dWo] s'g method, area computation sf] method xf]Og <
s_ average ordinate rule u_ rectangular rule
v_ trapezoidal rule 3_ Simpson's rule
&_ j[Qsf] If]qkmn slt x'G5 <
s_ d2/4 v_  r2
u_ s / v 3_ dflysf s'g} klg xf]Og .
*_ ;fwf/0ftof l;wf /]vfn] aGb u/]sf] If]qsf] area compute ubf{ To; If]qnfO{ s'g network df convert ul/G5 <
s_ circles v_ squares
u_ polygons 3_ triangles
(_ Mid-ordinate rule d'tfljs area lgsfNg] ;'q s'g xf] <
s_ d h1+h2+… … … hn  v_ dh1+ hn + 2 (h2 +… … … hn-1 )
d
u_ 2 h1+h2 +… … … hn 3_ d2 h1+ hn + 2 (h2 +… … … hn-1 )
!)_ area=sum of the ordinates times length of the base divided by number of ordinates s'g rule sf] ;'q xf] <
s_ mid-ordinate rule v_ average-ordinate rule
u_ Simpson's rule 3_ trapezoidal rule
!!_ Average ordinate rule df area lgsfNg] ;'q s'g xf] <
s_ O0 + O1 + O2 + On  L v_ O0 + O1 + O2 + On  nd
n +1 n +1
u_ s / v b'j} 3_ s'g} klg xf]Og
!@_ Trapezoidal rule df ordinate sf] top hf]8\g] /]vfnfO{ s] dflgPsf] x'G5 <
s_ arc of parabola v_ aqm /]vf
u_ arc of circle 3_ l;wf/]vf
!#_ Simpson's formula df ordinate sf] top hf]8\g] /]vfnfO{ s:tf] dflgPsf] x'G5 <
s_ parabolic arc v_ straight line
u_ circular arc 3_ elliptic arc
!$ s'g ;'q trapezoidal rule sf] ;'q xf] .
s_ A = d  O + O + O + O +  + O 
1 n v_ A = d O1 + On + 2(O2 + O3 + On−1 )
2 3 n −1
 2  2

u_ d
O1 + On + 4(O2 + O4 + .........) + 2(O3 + O5 + ...........)
3
3_ s / u b'j}
!%_ Simpson's formula df number of ordinates slt x'g' k5{ <
s_ Even or odd v_ Even
u_ Odd 3_ s'g} klg xf]Og
!^_ Trapezoidal formula df number of divisions slt x'g' k5{ <
s_ Even v_ Odd
 u_ Greater than 10 3_ Even or odd
!&_ Simpson's formula df no . of divisions slt x'g' k5{ <
s_ Even v_ Odd
u_ Even or add 3_ > 20
!*_ s'g a9L accurate method of computing area xf] <
s_ mid - ordinate rule v_ Simpson's rule
u_ average ordinate rule 3_ trapezoidal rule
!(_ Simpson's rule d'tfljs area lgsfNg] ;'q s'g xf] <
s_ d h1+h2+… … … hn  v_ nd O1 +O2 +… … … On
u_ d
O1 + On + 4(O2 + O4 + .........) + 2(O3 + O5 + ...........)
3
3_ A = d O1 + On + 2(O2 + O3 + On−1 )
2
@)_ s'g oGq 4f/f plotted plan df area compute ug{ ;lsG5 <
s_ area meter v_ passometer
u_ pantograph 3_ planimeter
@!_ Prismoid sf] volume lgsfNg] ;'q s'g xf] <
s_ V = L ( A1 + 4 Am + A2 )
6
( )
v_ V = L A1 + A1 A2 + A2
3
u_ V = ( A1 + 2 Am + A2 )
L
3
( L
3_ V = A1 + A1 A2 + A2
6
)
@@_ s'g} pyramid sf] area of the base A / height L eP volume lgsfNg] z'q s'g xf] <
s_ V= l  b  h v_ V=AL/3
u_ V= AL/2 3_ V= AL
@#_ Trapezoidal rule af6 volume lgsfNbf prismoidal correction s:tf] x'G5 <
s_ additive v_ multiplicative
u_ subtractive 3_ any type
@$_ Prismoidal correction s'g ?n af6 volume calculate ubf{ nufpg' kb{5 <
s_ mean- area rule v_ prismoidal rule
u_ Simpson's rule 3_ trapezoidal rule
@%_ Volume computation df curvature correction sf] Nature s:tf] x'G5 <
s_ negative v_ positive
u_ b'j} 3_ s'g} klg xf]Og
@^_ Volume of earthwork can be computed by
s_ mid ordinate rule v_ prismoidal rule
u_ average ordinate rule 3_ hands rule
@&_ s'g j9L accurate rule xf] ( volume computation df)
s_ Trapezoidal v_ Prismoidal
u_ Mean area 3_ None of the above
@*_ Simpson's rule of volume computation eGgfn] s'g a'lemG5 <
s_ average ordinate rule v_ trapezoidal rule
u_ mean area rule 3_ prismoidal rule
@(_ Prismoidal rule nfu'ug{ cross-section area sf] number slt x'g'k5{ <
s_ odd v_ even
u_ even or odd 3_ more than 15
#)_ Prismoidal excess eGgfn] s] j'lemG5 <
s_ axis of prismoid v_ prismoidal correction
u_ base of prismoid 3_ all of the above
#!_ s'g} 3gfsf/ j:t'sf] cfotg hlt 3g dL6/ 5 ;txsf] If]qkmn klg Toltg} ju{ dL6/ 5 eg] To; j:t'sf] e'hfsf] nDafO{ slt x'G5 <
 s_ 6 m v_ 4 m
u_ 3 m 3_ 2 m
#@_ hlt 3gdL6/ cfotg 5 Tolt g} ju{ dL6/ ;txsf] If]qkmn x'gsf] nflu sphere sf] radius slt dL6/ x'g' kb{5 <
s_ π /2 m v_ 3π /4 m
u_ 4π /3 m 3_ 3 m
pQ/x¿M
)!_ s )@_ v )#_ u )$_ 3 )%_ s )^_ v )&_ u )*_ 3 )(_ s !)_ v
!!_ u !@_ 3 !#_ s !$_ v !%_ u !^_ 3 !&_ s !*_ v !(_ u @)_ 3
@!_ s @@_ v @#_ u @$_ 3 @%_ s @^_ v @&_ u @*_ 3 @(_ s #)_ v
#!_ u #@_ 3
Bearing and convergence ;Fu ;DalGwt a:t'ut k|Zgx¿
!_ Bearing designation sf slt system x¿ 5g\\
s_ @ v_ #
u_ $ 3_ %
@_ Quadrantal bearing nfO{ s] klg elgG5 <
s_ whole circle bearing v_ reduced bearing
u_ azimuthal bearing 3_ dflysf ;a}
#_ s'g syg ;To xf]Og <
s_ QB north / south b'j} af6 gfKg ;lsG5
v_ WCB south af6 gflkb}+g
u_ WCB north af6 anticlockwise gfKg' k5{
3_ QB eastward / weastward b'j} tkm{ gfKg ;lsG5
$_ s'g} line sf] WCB 120° eP QB slt x'G5 <
s_ S60°W v_ N60°E
u_ N60°W 3_ S60°E
%_ RB, N 87° W eP WCB slt x'G5 <
s_ 87° v_ 273°
u_ 93° 3_ 3°
^_ WCB / RB a/fa/ eP /]vf s'g quadrant df k5{ <
s_ third quadrant df v_ first quadrant df
u_ second quadrant df 3_ fourth quadrant df
&_ s'g} /]vfsf] fore-bearing 225g 5 eg] back bearing slt x'G5 <
s_ 225g v_ 45g
g
u_ 25 3_ 50g
*_ AB / AC sf] WCB yfxf 5 / AB sf] bfofF tkm{ AC 5 eg] tL b'O /]vf ljrsf] included angle s;/L lgsflnG5 <
s_ WCB of AB-WCB of AC v_ WCB of AC-WCB of AB
u_ WCB of AB-WCB of AC  3_ BB of AB-FB of AC 
(_ b'O j6f connected /]vfx¿ AB / BC sf] WCB lbPsf] 5 / BA sf] bfofF tkm{ BC k5{ eg] included angle a/fa/ slt x'G5 <
s_ BB of previous line-FB of next line
v_ FB of prvious line-BB of next line
u_ |FB of previous line-FB of next line|
3_ |BB of previous line-BB of next line|
!)_ AB sf] bearing $%° / BC sf] bearing !^)° 5 eg] ABC slt x'G5 <
s_ !!%° v_ ^%°
u_ $%° u_ !^)°
!!_ AB / AC /]vfx¿sf] reduced bearing lbOsf] 5 h'g common meridian sf] Pp6} side df kb{5g\\ eg] included angle a/fa/ slt
x'G5 <
s_ AB +AC v_ 180-( AB + AC )
u_ AC -AB  3_ 180-AB - AC 
!@_ Common meridian sf] ljkl/t side df kg]{ /]vfx¿sf] RB lbPsf] 5 eg] included angle slt x'G5 <
s_ AC -AB v_ 180-( AB -AC )
u_ 180- (AB +AC ) 3_ AB +AC
!#_ olb km/s meridian sf] same side df kg]{ /]vfx¿sf] RB lbPsf] 5 eg] included angle slt x'G5 <
s_ 180- (AB +AC ) v_ 180 -|AB -AC |
u_ AC -AB 3_ AB +AC
!$_ Different meridian sf] opposite side df kg]{ /]vfx¿ AB / AC sf] RB lbPsf] 5 eg] included angle slt x'G5 <
s_ 180- (AB +AC ) v_ 180 -|AB -AC |
u_ AC -AB 3_ AB +AC
!%_ gS;fsf] s'g} ljGb'df kf; eP/ hfg] northing coordinate line / To;} ljGb' eP/ hg] meridian sf] projected line ljrsf] clockwise
sf]0f
s_ mapping angle xf] v_ convergence of meridian xf]
u_ s / v b'j} xf] 3_ grid angle xf]
!^_ olb s'g} /]vf AB sf] nDafO ds, To;sf] bearing 𝛼𝐴𝐵 / To;sf] ;'?sf] ljGb' A sf] latitude 𝐴 5 eg] convergence of meridian s'g
xf] <
s_ ds. tan αAB .sinA / NA v_ NA . sin αAB .tanA /ds
u_ ds. cos αAB .cotA / NA 3_ ds. sin αAB .tanA / NA
pQ/x¿M
)!_ s )@_ v )#_ u )$_ 3 )%_ s )^_ v )&_ u )*_ 3 )(_ s !)_ v
!!_ u !@_ 3 !#_ s !$_ v !%_ u !^_ 3
Types of Error and Correction ;Fu ;DalGwt j:t'ut k|Zgx¿
!_ q'l6sf >f]tx¿ slt k|sf/sf x'G5g\ <
s_ tLg v_ b'O{
u_ Ps 3_ rf/
@_ tnsf dWo] s'g rflx gldNbf] 5 <
s_ instrumental error v_ accidental error
u_ personal error 3_ natural error
#_ error sf] k|s[lt (nature ) sf cfwf/df error x¿ slt k|sf/sf 5g\ <
s_ kfFr v_ rf/
u_ tLg 3_ b'O{
$_ gross error eGgfn] s'g error nfO{ j'emfp5 <
s_ hDdf error v_ systematic error
u_ cumulating error 3_ mistake
%_ mistake detect ug]{ pkfo s] xf] <
s_ proper check v_ proper correction
u_ proper adjustment 3_ principle of reversal
^_ systematic error s:tf] nature x'G5 <
s_ unavoidable v_ cumulating
u_ compensating 3_ dflysf ;a}
&_ theory of probability af6 s'g error sf] estimation ul/G5 <
s_ mistakes v_ systematic errors
u_ random errors 3_ all the above
*_ error / correction sf] ;DaGw s:tf] x'G5 <
s_ c;dfg value c;dfg direction v_ ;dfg value ;dfg direction
u_ c;dfg value ;dfg direction 3_ ;dfg value ljkl/t direction
(_ tolerance eg]sf] s] xf] <
s_ the greatest allowable deviation of the measured value from true value
v_ the smallest deviation of the measured value from true value .
u_ minimum measurable distance
3_ a kind of Land Registration System
!) cumulating error eGgfn] s'[g error nfO{ j'lemG5 <
s_ mistake v_ systematic error
u_ accidental 3_ dflysf ;a}
!!_ s'g error sf] nature compensating x'G5 <
s_ blunders v_ systematic
u_ random 3_ personal
!@_ accidental error sf] u'0f s] xf] <
s_ compensating nature sf] x'G5
v_ number of observation sf] ju{d'n ;u+ ;dfg'kflts x'G5
u_ law of chance follow u5{
3_ dflysf ;a} accidental error sf u'0fx¿ x'g
!#_ compensating error eGgfn] s'g error nfO{ j'emfpF5 <
s_ accidental eror v_ gross error
u_ systematic error 3_ s'g} klg xf]Og
!$_ staff sf] graduation 7Ls gePsf] sf/0fn] cfpg] q'l6 s'g q'l6 xf] <
s_ personal v_ instrumental
u_ natural 3_ blunder
!%_ ;+efljt instrumental Pj+ natural error nfO{ nullify ug{ s] ul/G5 <
s_ instrument sf] proper adjustment v_ measured value df correction
u_ principle of reversal sf] pkof]u 3_ high level of precautions
!^_ pRr kl/z'4tf k|fKt ug{ s] ug'{kb{5 <
s_ ;a} mistake x¿ x6fpg'k5{
v_ ;a} systematic error x¿df correction nufpg'k5{
u_ ;a} random errors nfO{ minimize ug'{k5{
 3_ dflysf ;a} sfo{ ug'{k5{
!&_ lsQfgfkLsf] gS;fdf gS;fsf] dfg gfksf cfwf/df 5'6 lbg ;lsg] q'l6 slt xf] <
s_ @)=@% gS;fsf] dfggfk ;+Vof (map scale number)
v_ @gS;fsf] dfggfk ;+Vof (map scale number){
u_ )=@% gS;fsf] dfggfk ;+Vof (map scale number){
3_ @)=&% gS;fsf] dfggfk ;+Vof (map scale number)
!*_ gflkPsf] quantity df ePsf] error sf] sf/0f computed quantity df] errer k|;f/ eP/ hfg] k|s[ofnfO{ s] elgG5 <
s_ error transmission v_ error propagation
u_ error compensation 3_ error prolongation
!(_ olb ljleGg quantities x, y, ... ... ...,w x¿ x, y, ... ... ..., w uncertainties ;lxt dfkg ul/Psf] 5 / ltgsf] sum / difference
af6 computed quantity q=x... ... ...+z - (u+ ... ... ...+w), lgsflnPsf] 5 eg] q df uncertainity, q ;a} original uncertainty x¿sf]
s_ u'0fgkmn ;Fu a/fa/ x'G5 v_ efukmn ;Fu a/fa/ x'G5
u_ of]u ;Fu a/fa/ x'G5 3_ dflysf s'g} ;Fu klg a/fa/ x'Gg
@)_ s'g syg unt 5 <
s_ ture / measured value larsf] ;dLkotf accuracy xf]
v_ measured value x¿sf] cfk;L ;dLkotf precision xf]
u_ high accuracy sf] lglDt high precision cfjZos 5 t/ high precision x'b}df high accuracy x'G5 eGg] x'Fb}g
3_ dflysf ;a} syg unt 5g\

pQ/x¿M
)!_ s )@_ v )#_ u )$_ 3 )%_ s )^_ v )&_ u )*_ 3 )(_ s !)_ v
!!_ u !@_ 3 !#_ s !$_ v !%_ u !^_ 3 !&_ s !*_ v !(_ u @)_ 3
Solution of Triangle lqe'hsf] xn;Fu ;DalGwt j:t'ut k|Zgx¿
!_ tnsf dWo] s'g cj:yfdf lqe'hsf] ;dfwfg lgl:s+b}g <
s_ tLg} sf]0f lbPsf] cj:yfdf v_ tLg} e'hf lbPsf] cj:yfdf
u_ @ sf]0f / ! e'hf lbPsf] cj:yfdf 3_ @ e'hf / ! sf]0f lbPsf] cj:yfdf
@_ a =3, b=4 / c=8 ePsf] lqe'hsf] xn
s_ x'G5 cosine law nfU5 v_ x'Fb}g triangle sf] property meet ub}{g
u_ x'G5 sine law nfU5 3_ x'G5 sin law / cosine law b'j} nfU5
#_ a =3, b=4 c=6 eP s'g sf]0f ;a} eGbf 7"nf] xf]nf <
s_ A v_ B
u_ C 3_ h'g klg 7"nf] x'g ;S5
$_ s'g cj:yfdf lqe'hsf] xn sine law af6 x'Gf;S5 ?
s_ Pp6f e'hf / b'O{j6f sf]0fx¿ lbPsf] cj:yfdf
v_ b'O{j6f e'hf / opposite sf]0f lbPsf] cj:yfdf
u_ tLgj6} e'hfx¿ lbPsf] cj:yfdf
3_ s / v b'j} cj:yfdf
sin A sin B sin C
%_ = = 5 eg] of] s'g law xf] ?
a b c
s_ sine law v_ cosine law
u_ tangent law 3_ cotangent law
^_ s'g 7Ls 5? lqe'hsf e"hfx¿
s_ ;Dd'v sf]0f;Fu proportional x'G5
v_ ;Dd'v sf]0fsf sine value ;Fu proportional x'G5g\\
u_ ;Dd'v sf]0fsf cosine value ;Fu proportional x'G5g\\
3_ ;Dd'v sf]0fsf tangent value ;Fu proportional x'G5g\\
&_ s'g} lqe'hdf sf]0f A=32º sf]0f B= 64º / sf]0f C= 84º eP ;a}eGbf 5f]6f] ;fO8 s'g xf] ?
s_ eGg ;lsb}g v_ b
u_ a 3_ c
*_ sf]0f C =32º sf]0f B=64º eP sf]0f A a/fa/ slt x'G5 ?
s_ 54º v_ 74º
u_ 64º 3_ 84º
(_ b'O{ e'hf a / b tyf opposite angle A lbPsf] cj:yfdf s'g law af6 lqe'hsf] xn lg:sG5 ?
s_ sine law v_ cosine law
u_ tangent law 3_ ;a} law af6 lqe'hsf] xn lg:sG5
!)_ s'g} lqe'hsf b'O{j6f e'hfx¿ a / b tyf sf]0f C lbPsf] cj:yfdf s'g law af6 xn ul/G5 ?
s_ sine law v_ cosine law
u_ tangent law 3_ ;a} law af6 lqe'hsf] xn lg:sG5
!!_] lqe'hsf tLg} e'hf lbPsf] cj:yfdf To;sf] xn ug{ s'g law nufpg' knf{ ?
s) tangent law v) sine law
u) cosine law 3) h'g;'s} nufpg ;lsG5
!@_ Side a, b / angle A given eP ;fy} a> b / 90<A<180 eP
s_ lqe'hsf] xn xF'b}g v_ lqe'hsf] @ j6f solution ;+ej x''G5
u_ lqe'hsf @ eGbf j9L solution ;+ej x'G5 3_ Psdfq solution ;+ej x'G5
!#_ sf]0f A acute angle 5 e'hf a e'hf b sin A eGbf ;fgf] 5 eg]
s_ lqe'hsf] xn x'Fb}g v_ Pp6fdfq xn x'G5
u_ b'O{ eGbf a9L xn x'G5g\ 3_ lqe'hsf b'O{j6f xn x'G5g\
!$_  ABC df a=10, A=34° / B=25° eP C
s_ acute angle x'G5 v_ obtuse aglne x'G5
u_ right angle x'G5 3_ reflex angle x'G5
!%_ ;dsf]0f ;dlåjfx' lqe'hsf] cfwf/ sf]0fx¿ slt degree sf x'G5g\\ ?
s_ 30º v_ 60º
u_ 45º 3_ e'hfsf] size df e/ k5{
!^_ s'g ;"q 7Ls xf] ?
s_ a2=b2+c2-2bc Cos C v_ a2=b2-c2+2bc Cos A
u_ a2=b2+c2-2bc Cos B 3_ a2=b2+c2-2bc Cos A
!&_ Cos A = (b2+c2-a2)/2bc s'g law xf] ?
s_ cosine law v_ sine law
u_ tangent law 3_ Heron's law
!*_ s'g lqe'h xn x'Fb}g ?
s_ a=7 B=60 C=9 v_ a=7 b=2 c=4
u_ A=60 b=8 c=12 3_ a=4 b=3 c=6
!(_ s'g 7Ls 5 ?
s_ a − b = tan 2 ( A + B) a + b tan 12 ( A − B)
1
v_ =
a + b tan 12 ( A − B) a − b tan 12 ( A + B)
u_ a − b tan 12 ( A − B) 3_ ab tan 12 ( A − B)
= =
a + b tan 12 ( A + B) a + b tan 12 ( A + B)
@)_ a=3 b=5 / C=96º 5 eg] A+B a/fa/ slt x'G5 ?
s_ 74º v_ 94º
u_ 96º 3_ 84º
pQ/x¿ M
!_ s @_ v #_ u $_ 3 %_ s ^_ v &_ u *_ 3 () s !)_ v
!!_ u !@_ 3 !#_ s !$_ v !%_ u !^_ 3 !&_ s !*_ v !(_ u @)_ 3
Chain Survey ;Fu ;DalGwt a:t'ut k|Zgx¿
!_ well conditioned triangle eGgfn] s:tf] lqe'hnfO{ ;Demg' kb{5 <
s_ sf]0fsf] gfk !@)º eGbf sd / #)º eGbf a8L ePsf
v_ sf]0fsf] gfk !@)º eGbf sd ePsf
u_ sf]0fsf] gfk #)° eGbf w]/} ePsf
3_ dflysf ;a} cj:yfdf
@_ s:tf] If]qdf chain survey cg'ko'Qm xG5 <
s_ v'Nnf / sd details ePsf] If]qdf v_ 3gf j:tL ePsf] If]qdf
u_ 7"nf] dfgfksf] gS;fËg ug'{ kg]{ ePdf 3_ ;fgf] If]qsf] gS;fËg ug'{ kg]{ ePdf
#_ s:tf] If]qdf chain survey ug'{ pko'Qm x'b}g <
s_ ;fgf] If]qsf] ;e]{ ug'{kg]{ ePdf v_ sd l86]n ePsf] If]qsf] ;e]{ ug'{kg]{ ePdf
u_ undulating If]qsf] ;e]{ ug'{kg]{ ePdf 3_ lsQf gS;fsf] /]vfÍg ug'{kg]{ cj:yfdf
$_ s'g syg ;To xf] <
s_ chain survey df linear measurement dfq lnOG5 .
v_ chain survey df ;e]{ ug'{kg]{ If]qnfO{ network of triangle df ljefhg ul/G5 .
u_ side dfq gfk]/ plot ug{ ;lsg] simplest figure lqe'h xf] .
3_ dflysf ;a} syg ;To 5g\\ .
%_ gldNg] s'g 5 <
s_ left-offset v_ oblique offset
u_ right offset 3_ perpendicular offset
^_ right angle set ug{ k|of]u gul/g] pks/0f s'g xf] <
s) line ranger v_ corss- staff
u_ measuring tape 3_ offset rod
& s'g} straight line sf b'O{ ljGb'x¿sf] ljrsf ljGb'x¿ :yfkgf ug'{ kg]{ sfo{nfO{ s] elgG5 <
s_ chaining v_ controlling
u_ ranging 3_ off- setting
*_ s'g syg 7Ls 5 <
s_ Chain survey df ;dk"0f{ network g} base line df cfwfl/t x'G5 .
v_ Field work plotting sf] accuracy check ug{ check line /flvG5 .
u_ Main line b]lv 6f9f /x]sf] detail tie line af6 plot ug{ ;lsG5 .
3_ dflysf ;a} sygx¿ 7Ls 5g\\ .
(_ Chain surrey df s'g order df operation ul/G5 <
s_ ranging, chaining and off- setting v_ chaining, ranging and off- setting
u_ ranging, off-setting and chaining 3_ off- setting, ranging and chaining
!)_ s'g direct method of chaining in slopping ground xf] <
s_ hypotenusal allowance v_ stepping
u_ measuring vertical angle & slope distance 3_ measuring elevations and slope
!!_ slopping angle  degree df eP 100 links sf] chain df hypotenusal allowance slt x'G5 <
s_ 50 2 links v_ 100 2 links
2
u_ 0.015  links 3_ 0.15 2 links
!@_ tnsf dWo] s'g sfo{ ug{ oblique off-set lng pko'Qm x'G5 <
s_ chain line af6 6f9f /x]sf details nfO{ plot ug{
v_ right off-set sf] accuracy check ug{
u_ important details plot ug{
3_ dflysf ;a} sfo{ ug{
!#_ optical square df b'Oj6f mirror sf] surface ljrsf] sf]0f slt x'G5 <
s_ %)g v_ $%g
u_ $% 3_ %))
!$_ optical square s'g l;4fGtdf cfwfl/t eP/ lgdf{0f ul/Psf] x'G5 <
s_ similar triangles v_ principle of double reflection
u_ Pythagoras theorem 3_ none of the above
!%_ Chain survey sf] principle ;+k"0f{ IfqnfO{ ———— sf] network df abNg' xf] .
s_ connected polygons v_ connected rectangles
u_ connected triangles 3_ connected straight lines
!^_ Chain survey ubf{ field book df booking s;/L ul/G5 <
s_ dflyaf6 tn v_ bfofFaf6 jfofF
u_ jfofF af6 bfofF 3_ tnaf6 dfly
!&_ Building sf] across df chaining ubf{ s'g s'/f obstructed x'G5 <
s_ ranging / chaining df v_ chaining df
u_ ranging df 3_ none
!*_ chain survey df chain sf] cufl8 kl§sf] end sf] dfG5]nfO{ s] elgG5 <
s_ chain man v_ leader
u_ follower 3_ surveyor
!(_ Chain survey df chain sf] zero s;sf] xftdf x'G5 <
s_ chain man v_ leader
u_ follower 3_ surveyor
@)_ Optical square / prism square df s'g better x'G5 <
s_ it depends up on the condition
v_ optical square is better than prism square
u_ both are the same
3_ prism square is better than optical square
@!_ Which statement is correct <
s_ chain ;e]{df leader n] arrow x¿ /fV5 followern] lgsfN5 .
v_ leader n] follower sf] instruction follow u5{ .
u_ s_ / v_ b'j} 7Ls 5g\\ .
3_ s'g} klg 7Ls 5}g .
@@_ s'g oGqsf] ;xfotfn] 45° sf] sf]0f set out ug{ ;lsG5 <
s_ Optical square v_ French cross-staff
u_ Off-set rod 3_ Prism square
@#_ slt dL6/ ;Dd nDjfO{ ePsf] of-set nfO{ short off-set sf] category df /flvG5 .
s_ % dL6/ v_ !) dL6/
u_ !% dL6/ 3_ @) dL6/
@$_ Pp6f chaining operation df leader sf xftdf rf/j6f / follower sf xftdf 5 j6f arrow x¿ eP eg] starting point b]lv
follower slt b'/L 6f9f x'G5 <
s_ 10 chain v_ 4 chain
u _ 2 chain 3_ 6 chain
@%_ chain sf] nDjfO{ sxf b]lv sxfF ;Dd gflkG5 <
s_ Ps handle sf] aflx/L 5]p b]lv csf]{ handle sf] aflx/L 5]p ;Dd
v_ Ps handle sf] s]Gb| b]lv csf]{ handle sf] s]Gb| ;Dd
u_ Ps handle sf] lelq 5]p b]lv csf]{ handle sf] leqL 5]p ;Dd
3_ Ps handle sf] lelq 5]p b]lv csf]{ handle sf] aflx/L 5]p ;Dd
@^_ chain ;e]{df chainage eGgfn] s] a'lemG5 <
s_ b'O{j6f end point x¿ ljrsf] b'/L
v_ Chain line sf] 0 b]lv object ;Ddsf] (along the chain ) b'/L
u_ Chain line b]lv object ;Ddsf] b'/L
3_ base line sf] nDjfO
@&_ Off-set sf] b'/L slt eGbf sd ePdf To;sf] perpendicularity nfO{ eye judgment af6 set ug{ ;lsG5 <
s_ % dL6/ v_ !) dL6/
u_ !% dL6/ 3_ @) dL6/
@*_ Chain line sf] lardf ranging df obstruction cfPdf To;sf] prolongation ubf{ s] ul/G5 <
s_ chain line deviate u/]/ observation ul/G5
v_ perpendiculars with chain ub}{ cufl8 al9G5
 u_ solution of triangles ul/G5
3_ indirectly ranging ul/G5
@(_ tnsf dWo] s'g obstacle chaining sf] nflu obstacle xf] t/ sf] ranging sf] nflu xf]Og .
s_ river v_ building
u_ wall 3_ hillock
#)_ Prism square / optical square sf] km/s 5 <
s_ Working principle df km/s 5
v_ Prism square df angle adjustment ug'{ kb}{g t/ optical square df k5{
u_ Optical square, prism square eGbf accurate x'G5 .
3_ Optical square df angle adjustment ug'{ kb}{g t/ prism square df k5{ .
pQ/x¿ M
!_ s @_ v #_ u $_ 3 %_ s ^_ v &_ u *_ 3 (_ s !)_ v
!!_ u !@_ 3 !#_ s !$_ v !%_ u !^_ 3 !&_ s !*_ v !(_ u @)_ 3
@!_ s @@_ v @#_ u @$_ 3 @%_ s @^_ v @&_ u @*_ 3 @(_ s #)_ v

Tachometry ;Fu ;DalGwt a:t'ut k|Zgx¿

!_ tacheometry af6 k|fKt horizontal b'/Ldf
s_ slope / pull correction nufpg' kb}{g
v_ slope correction nufpg' k5{ t/ pull correction nufpg' kb}{g
u_ pull correction nufpg' k5{ t/ slope correction nufpg' kb}{g
3_ slope / pull b'j} corrections nufpg' kb{5 .
@_ stadia wire ;lxt diaphragm ePsf] transit theodolite nfO{ s] elgG5 <
s_ subtense theodolite v_ tacheometer
u_ gyrotheodolite 3_ astronomical theodolite
#_ Pp6f ;fgf] t/ rough If]q hxfF chaining / levelling ug{ lgs} ufx|f] x'G5 To:tf] If]qdf contour map jgfpg k/] s'g ljlw pko'Qm
x'G5 <
s_ levelling v_ plane tabling
u_ tacheometry 3_ compass survey
$_ ;e]{sf] To:tf] ljlw ha s'g} ljGb'sf] horizontal / vertical position optical observation sf cfwf/df lnOG5 To;nfO{ s] elgG5 <
s_ tacheometry v_ tachometry
u_ telemetry 3_ all of the above
%_ tacheometer sf] diaphragm df stadia hairs lsg /flvG5 <
s_ distance measure ug{ v_ vertical / zenithal angle measure ug{
u_ horizontal angle measure ug{ 3_ dflysf ;a} sfo{ ug{
^_ tacheometer sf] diaphragm df sltj6f stadia wires x'G5g\\ <
s_ Pp6f dfq v_ b'O j6f
u_ tLg j6f 3_ rf/ j6f
&_ tacheometer sf] diaphragm df sltj6f horizontal wires x'G5g\ <
s_ Pp6f v_ b'O j6f
u_ tLg j6f 3_ rf/ j6f
*_ method sf lx;fjn] tacheometry nfO{ s'g ;e]{ elgG5 <
s_ control v_ topographical
u_ graphical 3_ numerical
(_ tachometer df multiplying constant sf] value slt x'G5 <
s_ f/i v_ i/f
u_ f+d 3_ f-d
!)_ stadia hairs sxfF fit ul/Psf] x'G5 <
s_ eyepiece df v_ diaphragm df
u_ objective df 3_ trunion axis df
!!_ horizontal cross hair sf] ;dfgfGt/ a/fa/ b'/Ldf tndfly /flvPsf] hair x¿nfO{ s] elgG5 <
s_ horizontal hairs v_ cross hairs
u_ stadia hairs 3_ diaphragm
!@_ s'g syg ;To 5 <
 s_ rough and difficult terrain sf] ;e]{If0f ug{ tachometry pko'Qm ljlw xf]
v_ ;fgf] If]qdf 7"nf] scale sf] topomap agfpg tacheometry pko'Qm ljlw xf] .
u_ route survey, location survey hydrographic ;e]{ cflbdf tacheometry pko'Qm ljlw xf] .
3_ dflysf ;a} syg 7Ls 5g\\ .
!# tacheometry df stadia method af6 s'g s'/f determine ul/G5 <
s_ horizontal and vertical b'/L v_ vertical sf]0f
u_ horizontal b'/L 3_ horizontal sf]0f
!$_ tachometer sf] additive constant slt x'g5 <
s_ fd v_ f+d
u_ i/f 3_ f/i
!%_ tachometer df multiplying constant sf] value slt x'G5 <
s_ #$Ú @@Æ v_ )
u_ !)) 3_ s / v b'j}
!^_ tachometer df anallactic lens lsg /flvPsf] x'G5 <
s_ additive constant 100 agfpg v_ multiplying constant 100 agfpg
u_ multiplying constant zero agfpg 3_ additive constant zero jgfpg
!&_ staff intercept j9]df b'/L s] x'G5 <
s_ j9L x'G5 . v_ sd x'G5
u_ l:y/ /xG5 u_ slxn] 365 t slxn] j9\5 .
!*_ s'g theodolite df ;a} eGbf j9L additive constant x'G5 <
s_ analectic lens /flvPsf external focusing telescope df
v_ analectic lens g/flvPsf external focusing telescope df
u_ analectic lens /flvPsf internal focusing telescope df
3_ analectic lens g/flvPsf internal focusing telescope df
!(_ s:tf] telescope ePsf] theodolite df anallactic lens k|of]u ul/G5 <
s_ internal focusing telescope v_ compound eyepiece ePsf] telescope
u_ external focusing telescope 3_ dflysf ;a}
@)_ anallactic lens s:tf] lens xf] <
s_ concave v_ plano-concave
u_ plano-convex 3_ convex
@!_ stadia hairs n] objective sf] optical center df agfPsf] sf]0f slt x'G5 .
s_ #$Ú @@Æ v_ !&Ú !!Æ
u_ #$° @@Ú 3_ !&° !!Ú
@@_ tachometry s'g s'/fdf cfwfl/t 5 <
s_ ;djfx' lqe'hsf] properties df v_ ;dlåjfx' lqe'hsf] properties df
u_ parallelogram sf] propertiesdf 3_ parallelism df
@#_ stadia interval 1.5 mm / objective lens sf] focal length 30 cm eP multiplying constant slt x'G5 <
s_ %) v_ !))
u_ @)) 3_ #))
@$_ tacheometric surveying s'g system xf] <
s_ stadia system v_ subtense system
u_ tangential system 3_ dflysf ;a}
@%_ horizontal line of sight df stadia system af6 horizontal distance lgsfNg] ;'q s'g xf] <
s_ 𝐷 = 𝑘𝑠 + 𝐶 v_ D= s/(tan2 -tan1 )
s 
u_ D= 2 cot 2 3_ ;a}
@^_ tangential system af6 horizontal b'/L lgsfNg] ;'q s'g xf]] <
s_ D= 2s cot 2 v_ D= s/(tan2 -tan1 )
 u_ 𝐷 = 𝑘𝑠 + 𝐶 3_ s'g} klg xf]Og
@&_ sub tense bar system af6 horizontal distance lgsfNg s'g ;'q nufOG5 <
s_ D= s/(tan2 -tan1 ) v_ Ks sin + c sin
s 
u_ D= cot
2 2
3_ dflysf ;a}
@*_ subtense system eg]sf] s] xf] <
s_ subtense bar system v_ stadia system
u_ tangential system 3_ movable hair system
@(_ staff intercept slt a]nf, minimum x'G5 <
s_ line of sight ;Fu staff normal ePsf] a]nf v) staff observer tkm{ 9lNsPsf] a]nf
u_ staff observer af6 6f9f 9lNsPsf] a]nf 3_ ;a} cj:yfdf minimum g} x'G5 .
#)_ uphill inclined sline of sight df staff vertical /flvPsf] cj:yfdf :6fkm observer tkm{ 9lNsof] eg] distance df s:tf] error
cfFp5 .
s_ positive v_ vegative
u_ nutral 3_ s'g} klg xf]Og
#!_ line of sight tn kl§ em's]sf] cj:yfdf, s'g syg 7Ls 5 <
s_ staff observer tkm{ 9lNsP b'/Ldf positive error cfpF5 .
v_ staff observer af6 6f9f 9lNsP b'/Ldf df -ve error cfpF5 .
u_ staff nfO{ line of sight ;Fu normal agfpg observer af6 6f9f 9Nsfpg' k5{
3_ dflysf ;a} syg 7Ls 5g\\ .
#@_ s'g cj:yfdf b'/Ldf negative error cfpF5 < :6fkmsf] 9NsfO{
s_ teliscope af6 6f9f 5 / telescope is painting uphill
v_ telescope tkm{ 5 / telescope is painting down hill
u_ line of sight ;Fu perpendicular 5
3_ telescope af6 6f9f 5 / telescope is painting down hill
##_ tacheometric surveying df Pp6f point df slt j6f reading lnOG5 .
s_ % v_ $
u_ # 3_ @
#$_ tachometer sf] multiplying constant 100 agfpg set ul/Psf] 34' 22" sf] sf]0f s]xf] <
s_ anallectic angle v_ parallactic angle
u_ multiplying angle 3_ stadia angle
#%_ Jeffcot direct reading tacheometer df fixed pointer / height pointer aLrsf] intercept reading ul/ To;nfO{ l;w} sltn]
u'0fg u/]kl5 vertical intercept (V) cfpF5 <
s_ 100 v_ 100 F
u_ 10 3_ 10F
#^_ s'g sfo{df tacheometry sf] k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 <
s_ undulating area df horizontal distance / height gfKg
v_ tape n] gfk]sf] b'/L df]6f df]6L r]s ug{
u_ 7"nf] dfggfksf] topographical gS;f agfpg
3_ dflysf ;a} sfo{ ug{
pQ/x¿ M
)!_ s )@_ v )#_ u )$_ 3 )%_ s )^_ v )&_ u )*_ 3 )(_ s !)_ v
!!_ u !@_ 3 !#_ s !$_ v !%_ u !^_ 3 !&_ s !*_ v !(_ u @)_ 3
@!_ s @@_ v @#_ u @$_ 3 @%_ s @^_ v @&_ u @*_ 3 @(_ s #)_ v
#!_ u #@_ 3 ##_ s #$_ v #%_ u #^_ 3
Plane table survey ;Fu ;DalGwt a:t'ut k|Zgx¿
!_ Plane table survey
s_ graphical survery xf] v_ numerical survery xf]
u_ b'j} xf] 3_ s'g} klg xf]Og .
@_ Plane table survey sf] l;4fGt s] xf] <
s_ perpendiculatiom v_ parallelism
u_ bisection 3_ resectioin
#_ Plane tabling df
 s_ field work kl5 plotting x'G5 v_ plotting kl5 field work x'G5
u_ field work / plotting ;fy ;fy} x'G5 . 3_ dflysf] s'g} klg x'b}g .
$_ tnsf dWo] s'g operation nfO{ plane table sf] setting up elgG5 <
s_ centering v_ leveling
u_ orientation 3_ ;a}
%_ tnsf dWo] s'g plane table sf accessories df kb}{g <
s_ plumb line v_ sprit level
u_ plumbing fork 3_ trough compass
^_ s'g methods of plane tabling leq kb}{g <
s_ radiation v_ sighting
u_ traversig 3_ resection
&_ Graphical triangulation eGgfn] s'g s'/fnfO{ j'lemG5 <
s_ resection v_ cross-section
u_ intersection 3_ bisection
*_ s'g plane table sf] working operation xf] <
s_ fixing v_ setting
u_ sighting 3_ ;a}
(_ s'g three point problem cGtu{tsf] tl/sfnfO{ graphicl method elgG5 <
s_ Bessel’s methosd v_ Trial and error method
u_ Tracing paper method 3_ back otientation method
!)_ table orient u/L ray lbO ;s]kl5 horizontal distance gfk]/ detail sf] position plot ug]{ ul/Psf nfO{ s] elgG5 <
s_ intersection v_ radiation
u_ traversing 3_ resection
!!_ triangle of error s'g tl/sf af6 resection lgsfNbf cfpF5 <
s_ tracing paper method v_ Bessel’s method
u_ Lehmann's method 3_ two point method
!@_ plane table sf] unknown occupied station sf] location plot ug]{ ljlw s'g xf] <
s_ intersection v_ radiation
u_ traverse 3_ resection
!#_ danger circle sf] jf/]df s'g cj:yfdf Wofg lbg' k5{ <
s_ outside resection v_ inside resection
u_ two-point problem 3_ ;a}
!$_ strength of fix slt a]nf maximum x'G5 <
s_ occupied stn great triangle sf] side df k/]sf] a]nf
v_ occupied stn great triangle sf] orthocentre df k/]sf] a]nf
u_ occupied stn great circle sf] kl/lwdf k/]sf] a]nf
3_ occupied stn great triangle sf] jfxL/ k/]sf] a]nf
!%_ Lehman sf] lgod cg';f/ trial and error method of resection df cg'dflgt table position p’
s_ 6f9fsf] lgoGq0f ljGb'af6 tflgPsf] resector line af6 glhs kb{5
v_ glhssf] lgoGq0f ljGb'af6 tflgPsf] resector line af6 6f9f kb{5
u_ 6f9fsf] lgoGq0f ljGb'af6 tflgPsf] resector line af6 6f9f kb{5
3_ ;a} lgoGq0f ljGb'af6 tflgPsf] resector line af6 ;dfg b'/Ldf kb{5
!^_ plane table traverse s'g k|of]hgsf] nflu ul/G5 <
s_ linier feature x¿ locate ug{ v_ aerial feature sf] boundary locate ug{
u_ cfjZos control point x¿ density ug{ . 3_ dflysf ;a} sfo{ ug{
!&_ mechanical method nfO{ s] klg elG5 <
s_ tracing paper method v_ trial and error method
u_ graphical method 3_ Lehmann's method
!*_ s'g plane table sf] orientation ;Fu ;DalGwt 5 <
s_ traversing v_ back sighting
u_ fore sighting 3_ measuring bearings
!(_ ;a} eGbf pRr kl/z'¢tfsf nflu tnsf sWo] s'g plane table pko'Qm xf]nf <
s_ wooden table v_ Johnson table
u_ coast survey table 3_ traverse table
@)_ alidade sf] ruling or bevelled edge nfO{ s] elgG5 <
s_ vane v_ fork
u_ trough 3_ fiducial
pQ/x¿M
)!_ s )@_ v )#_ u )$_ 3 )%_ s )^_ v )&_ u )*_ 3 )(_ s !)_ v
!!_ u !@_ 3 !#_ s !$_ v !%_ u !^_ 3 !&_ s !*_ v !(_ u @)_ 3

Levelling ;Fu ;DalGwt a:t'ut k|Zgx¿

!_ levelling deals with measurements in
s_ vertical plane v_ horizontal plane
u_ inclined plane 3_ all of the above
@_ Survying df B.M. eGgn] s] j'lemG5 <
s_ bending mark v_ bench mark
u_ best monument 3_ best measurement
#_ still water sf] ;txnfO{ s] dflgG5 <
s_ horizontal surface v_ vertical surface
u_ level surface 3_ none of the above
$_ level surface ;Fu tangential x'g] surface nfO{ s] elgG5 <
s_ level surface v_ curved surface
u_ smooth surface 3_ horizontal surface
%_ external focusing telescope df telescope nfO{ focusing ubf{
s_ objective lens sf] movement x'G5 . v_ anallectic lens sf] movement x'G5 .
u_ diaphragm sf] movement x'G5 . 3_ dflysf ;a}sf] movement x'G5 .
^_ freely suspended plumb bob n] kl/eflift u/]sf] /]vfnfO{ s] elgG5 <
s_ horizontal /]vf v_ vertical /]vf
u_ level /]vf 3_ dflysf ;a}
&_ datum surface sf] prfO{ slt dflgPsf] x'G5 <
s_ always negative v_ always positive
u_ z'Go 3_ arbitrarily any value
*_ M.S.L. eg] sf] s] xf] <
s_ measuring system of length v) maximum sight length
u_ most significant levelling 3_ mean sea level
(_ permanent k|s[ltsf] mark h;sf] elevation known 5 To;nfO{ s] elgG5 <
s_ bench mark v_ turning point
u_ datum point 3_ dflysf ;a}
!)_ known elevation ePsf] point df lnOg] staff reading nfO{ s] elgG5 <
s_ fore sight v_ back sight
u_ intermediate sight 3_ known sight
!!_ change point nfO{ s] elgG5 <
s_ bench mark v_ station
u_ turning point 3_ datum
!@_ To:tf] point h;df back sight reading / fore sight reading b'j} lnOG5 To;nfO{ s] elgG5 <
s_ datum station v_ permanent bench mark
u_ temporary bench mark 3_ change point
!#_ levelling operation df station dfly
s_ staff /flvG5 v_ instrument /flvG5
u_ b'j} /flvG5 3_ s'g} klg /flvb}g .
!$_ positive sight eGgn] s'g sight nfO{ j'lemG5 <
s_ fore sight v_ back sight
u+_ intermediate sight 3_ ;a}
!%_ fore sight nfO{ s] elgG5 .
s_ positive sight v_ neutral sight
u_ negative sight 3_ s'g} klg xf]Og
!^_ levelling df height of instrument eGgn] s] j'lemG5 <
s_ BM b]lv line of sight ;Ddsf] prfO{ v_ level instrument sf] prfO{
u_ hdLg b]lv line of sight ;Ddsf] prfO{ 3_ datum b]lv line of sight ;Ddsf] prfO{
!&_ line of collimation / axis of telescope ;DaGw s:tf] x'g' k5{ <
s_ coinciding v_ perpendicular
u_ parallel 3_ independent
!*_ staff reading / cross- hairs sf] apparent movement nfO{ s] elgG5 <
s_ collimation error v_ parallax
u_ stadia error 3_ refraction error
!(_ s'g} b'Oj6f ljGb'x¿ ljrsf] prfO{df km/s -height difference_ kQfnufpg s'g leveling ul/G5 <
s_ fly levellilng v_ differential leveling
u_ simple levellling 3_ reciprocal leveling
@)_ reciprocal levelling df b'Oj6f{ intervisible point sf] elevation difference lgsfNg slt set up df lgsflnG5 <
s_ % v_ $
u_ # 3_ @
@!_ route sf] bfofF jfofFsf] elevation pattern study ug{ s'g levellilng ul/G5 <
s_ profile leveling v_ differential leveling
u_ cross- section leveling 3_ reciprocal leveling
@@_ b}lgs sfo{sf] cGTodf finishing point b]lv initial point ;Dd run ul/g] leveling operation nfO{ s] elgG5 <
s_ fly leveling v_ check leveling
u_ differential leveling 3_ barometric leveling
@#_ direct leveling nfO{ s] klg elgG5 <
s_ trig leveling v_ barometric leveling
u_ sprit levellilng 3_ hypsometric
@$_ bubble tube sf] longitudinal axis ;Fu tangential x'g] /]vf nfO{ s] elgG5 <
s_ line of sight v_ line of collimation
u_ axis of telescope 3_ axis of bubble tube
@%_ s'g} vf8n jf gbLsf] b'O{ lsgf/f ljrsf ljGb'x¿sf] height difference kQfnufpg s'g leveling pko'Qm x'G5 <
s_ reciprocal leveling v_ fly leveling
u_ check leveling 3_ differential leveling
@^_ s'g} bench mark b]lv project site ;Dd height carry ug]{ p2]Zon] run ul/g] leveling nfO{ s] elgG5 <
s_ simple leveling v_ fly leveling
u_ compound leveling 3_ control leveling
@&_ s'g indirect leveling sf] ljlwdf kb}{g <
s_ baro metric leveling v_ trigonometric leveling
u_ sprit levelling 3_ hypsometry
@*_ s''g syg 7Ls 5 <
s_ collimation method rapid xG5 t/ sd z'4 x'G5 .
v_ longitudinal, cross- sectional leveling / contouring sf] nflu collimation method pko'Qm x'G5 .
u_ bench mark x¿ :yfkgff ug{ Rise and fall method pko'Qm x'G5 .
3_ dflysf ;a} syg 7Ls 5g\\ .
@(_ s'g syg unt 5}g <
s_ back staff reading nfO{ fore staff reading af6 36fpbf cfPsf] difference nfO{ rise jf fall elgG5
v_ back staff reading eGbf fore staff reading yf}/} ePdf fall x'G5
u_ back staff reading eGbf fore staff reading w]/} ePdf rise x'G5 .
3_ dflysf ;a} syg c;To 5g\\
#)_ Pp6f barometer nfO{ known elevation ePsf] point df /flv csf]{ barometer nfO{ ljleGg :6];gdf /fv]/ ul/g] barometric
leveling df ljleGg stations df /flvg] barometer nfO{ s] elgG5 <
s_ control barometer v_ rover
u_ fixed barometer 3_ movable barometer
#!_ favorable condition df barometric leveling af6 df]6fdf]6L slt ;Ddsf] error leq height yfxf kfpg ;lsG5 <
s_ 1m v_ 2m
u_ 3m 3_ 4m
#@_ horizontal distance D, slope distance l, vertical angle  / zenithal angle Z eP prfO{ (h) lgsfNg] ;'q s'g xf] <
s_ h = D tan v_ h = l sin
u_ h = D cot Z 3_ dflysf ;a}
##_ barometric levelling df pressure reading df 0.1 mm of Hg error eof] eg] prfOdf slt ld6/sf] error x'G5 <
s_ ! dL6/ v_ @ dL6/
u_ # dL6/ 3_ $ dL6/
#$_ barometric leveling df temperature df 1°C csf] error x'Fbf prfOPdf slt error x'G5 <
s_ ! dL6/ v_ @ dL6/
u_ # dL6/ 3_ $ dL6/
#%_ hypsometry sf] l;4fGt s'g xf] <
s_ hj s'g} t/nkbfy{ vapour pressure jfo'd08nLo rfk ;Fu j/fj/ x'G5 Tof] t/n kbfy{ plDnG5 .
v_ ;d'b| ;txaf6 hlt prfOdf uof] Tolt jfo'd08nlo rfk 36\5
u_ higher altitude df dfgLsf] boiling point sd x'G5 ,
3_ kfgLsf] boiling point ;d'b| ;txdf 76 cm of hg x'G5 .
#^_ s'g statement 7Ls 5 <
s_ collimation method nfO{ rise and fall method eGbf /fd|f] dflgG5 .
v_ indirect leveling jf:tjdf sprit leveling eGbf z'4 x'G5 .
u_ curvature sf] sf/0f af6 j:t' jf:tljstf eGbf a9L prfOdf b]lvG5 .
3_ rise and fall method n] ;a} sights df check provide ub{5 .
#&_ olb D km b'O{ ljGb' A / B ljrsf] b'/L 5 / ljGb' A df level instrument /flvPsf] 5 / B df staff /flv reading lnOPsf] 5 eg]
staff reading df slt curvature corection nufpg' knf{ <
s_ 0.06735 D2 v_ 0.0785 D2
u_ 0.0112 𝐷 2
3_ dflysf ;a}
#*_ refraction correction sf] value slt x'G5 <
s_ 6/7th of curvature correction v_ 1/7th of curvature correction
u_ 6/7 th of combine correction 3_ 1/7 th of combine correction
#(_ 1000 ld6/ sf] b'/Ldf refraction / curvature sf] combine correction sf] value slt x'G5 <
s_ 0.06735 cm v_ 0.06735 km
u_0.06735m 3_ 0.06735 mm
$)_ pick out the correct statement
s_ curvature n] ubf{ j:t' jf:tljs eGbf sd prfO{df /x]sf] e|d x'G5
v_ refraction n] ubf{ j:t' jf:tljs eGbf dfly /x]sf] e|d x'G5 .
u_ staff reading df curvature correction – ve / refraction correction + ve x'G5
3_ dflysf ;a} statements 7Ls 5g\ .
$!_ s'g} ljGb'sf] reduced level lgsfln ;s] kl5 curvature correction nufpg k¥of] eg] RL df curvature correction nfO{ s]
ug'{ kb{5 <
s_ 36fpg' kb{5 v_ hf]8g' kb{5 .
 u_ slxn] hf]8g] / slxn] 36fpg] ug'{ k5{ . 3_ correction ug{ ldNb}g .
$@_ s'g syg c;To 5 < staff x¿ af6 j/fj/ b'/Ldf instrument /fv]/ leveling ug{fn]
s_ curvature sf] sf/0f n] x'g] q'6L a9\5 . v_ collimation sf] sf/0fn] q'6L x6\5 .
u_ refraction sf] sf/0fn] n] x'g] q'6L x6\5 . 3_ refraction sf] sf/0fn] q'6L maximize x'G5 .
$#_ staff sf] zero error nfO{ x6fpg s] ul/G5 <
s_ Even number of set ups ul/G5
v_ ;'? / cGtLd station df Pp6} :6fkmdf reading lnOG5 .
u_ s / v b'j} ul/G5 . ,
3_ b'O staff sf] ljrdf instrument /flvG5
$$_ levelling operation df temperature sf] sf/0fn]
s_ Serious error cfpF5 v_ Significant error cfpF5
u_ vf;} significant error cfpFb}g 3_ s'g} klg error cfpFb}g
$%_ K km sf] b'/ld run u/LPsf] high precision leveling df permissible error slt x'G5 <
s_ 1.1k mm v_ 1.1k cm
u_ 1.1k m 3_ 1.1k km
$^_ levelling operation sf] nflu pko'Qm ;do s'g xf]Og <
s_ Sunrise to 10 am v_ 10 am to 2 pm
u_ 2 pm to sunset 3_ s / u b'j}
$&_ precise leveling df Ps permanent bench mark b]lv csf]{ permanent bench mark ;Ddsf] b'/L slt x'G5 <
s_ 4 km v_ 3 km
u_ 2 km 3_ 1 km
$*_ permanent bench mark sf] nflu s'g mark 7Ls 5 <
s_ Brass mark v_ Steel mark
u_ Iron rivet 3_ s / v b'j}
$(_ permanent bench mark sf] dfly slt dL6/ ;Dd clear x'g' kb{5 <
s_ #=@ dL6/ v_ !=@ dL6/
u_ @=@ dL6/ 3_ $=@ dL6/
%)_ #^) km sf] b'/Ldf sltj6f permanent bench mark x'G5g\\ <
s_ #@) v_ $)%
u_ #^) 3_ #))
%!_ 205- 112/2 n] s] j'emfp5 <
s_ klxnf] bhf{sf] PBM v_ bf]>f] bhf{sf] PBM
u_ bf]>f] bhf{sf] TBM 3_ klxnf] bhf{sf] TBM
%@_ 302 – 011 / 3a df a n] s] j'empF5 <
s_ BM sf] bhf{ v_ PBMsf] position no.
u_ TBM sf] Position no. 3_ staff sf] position no.
%#_ 205 –112 .1/3a df a n] s] s'/fnfO{ j'empF5 <
s_ bf]>f] bhf{sf] PBM / klxnf] disatroyed jf additional PBM
v_ bf]>f] bhf{sf] TBM / klxnf] disatroyed jf additional TBM
u_ klxnf] bhf{sf] PBM / staff position
3_ klxnf] bhf{sf] TBM / staff position
%$_ klxnf] bf]>f] / t]>f] bhf{sf] leveling df maxim length of sight slt x'G5 <
s_ 20m, 25m, 30m v_ 25m, 30m, 35m
u_ 30m, 35m, 40m 3_ dflysf s'g} klg xf]Og
%%_ unknown station df lnOg] :6fkm reading nfO{ s] elgG5 <
s_ positive sight v_ additive sight
u_ foresight 3_ unknown sight
%^_ combine correction sf] value slt x'G5 <
 s_ 1/7 th of curvature correction v_ 6/7 th of refraction correction
u_ 1/7 th of refraction correction 3_ 6/7 th of curvature correction
%&_ s'g} ljGb'sf] RL lgsfnL ;s]kl5 refraction correction nufpg' k¥of] eg] RL df refraction correction s] ug'{ kb{5 <
s_ 36fpg' kb{5 v_ hf]8\g' kb{5
u_ slxn] hf]8\g] slxn] 36fpg] ug'{kb{5 3_ Correction neglect u/] x'G5
%*_ curvature / refraction sf] combine correction df RL df nufpFbf s:tf] x'G5 <
s_ negative v_ positive
u_ neutralized 3_ zero
%(_ 2.0 K Permissible error 5 hxfF K ls dL hDdf level route sf] b'/L 5 eg] of] s'g bhf{sf] leveling xf]nf <
s_ rf}yf v_ t];|f]
u_ bf];|f] 3_ klxnf]]
^)_ staff sf] graduation error nfO{ x6fpg s] ul/G5 <
s_ even number of set-ups ul/G5 .
v_ ;'?sf] back-sight / clGtdsf] fore-sight df Pp6} :6fkm /flvG5 .
u_ instrument nfO{ b'O{ :6fkmsf] a/fa/ b'/Ldf /flvG5 .
3_ To:tf] error x6fpg ;lsb}g .
^!_ permanent beach mark sf] j/kl/ slt dL6/ vfnL x'g'kb{5 <
s_ @ dL6/ v_ #=@ dL6/
u_ @ ;]G6LdL6/ 3_ #=@ ;]G6LdL6/

pQ/x¿M
)!_ s )@_ v )#_ u )$_ 3 )%_ s )^_ v )&_ u )*_ 3 )(_ s !)_ v
!!_ u !@_ 3 !#_ s !$_ v !%_ u !^_ 3 !&_ s !*_ v !(_ u @)_ 3
@!_ s @@_ v @#_ u @$_ 3 @%_ s @^_ v @&_ u @*_ 3 @(_ s #)_ v
#!_ u #@_ 3 ##_ s #$_ v #%_ u #^_ 3 #&_ s #*_ v #(_ u $)_ 3
$!_ s $@_ v $#_ u $$_ 3 $%_ s $^_ v $&_ u $*_ 3 $(_ s %)_ v
%!_ u %@_ 3 %#_ s %$_ v %%_ u %^_ 3 %&_ s %*_ v %(_ u ^)_ 3
^!_ s
Traverse ;Fu ;DalGwt a:t'ut k|Zgx¿
!_ Series of connected straight lines sf] angles / distance measure u/L ul/g] control survey sf] ljlw nfO{ s] elgG5 <
s_ traverse v_ triangulation
u_ trilateration 3_ triangulateration
@_ Link traverse eGgfn] s:tf] traverse nfO{ j'lemG5 <
s_ Ps point af6 ;'? eO{ ToxL point df 6'lËg]
v_ Ps known point sf] pair af6 ;'? eO{ csf]{ known point sf] pair df 6'lËg]
u_ Ps point af6 ;'? eO{ csf]{ known point df 6'lËg]
3_ dflysf ;a}
#_ Loop traverse df
s_ angular misclosure check ug{ ;lsG5 v_ closing error check ug{ ;lsG5
u_ s_ / v_ b'j} ug{ ;lsG5 3_ s'g} check x'Fb}g
$_ s'g sfo{sf] nflu traverse pko'Qm ljlw xf] <
s_ control points provide ug{ v_ linear feature x¿ locate ug{
u_ aerial features sf] boundary locate ug{ 3_ dflysf ;a} sfo{x¿ ug{
%_ s'g If]qdf traverse pko'Qm dflg+b}g .
s_ v'nf If]qsf] detain survey ug{
v_ zx/L If]qdf lgoGq0f ljGb' lj:tf/ ug{ :yfkgf
u_ h+un If]qdf lgoGq0f gfkL ug{
3_ t/fO{ If]qdf lgoGq0f ljGb' lj:tf/ ug{
^_ closed loop df exterior angles sf] sum slt x'G5 <
s_ (2n 4)  rt angle v_ (2n+4)  rt angle
u_ (2n – 4 )  rt angle 3_ (n  2)  180°
&_ s'g ljlwaf6 traverse leg sf] direction x¿ gfKg ;lsG5 <
s_ free needle method v_ fast needle method
u_ s_ / v_ b'j} 3_ subtense method
*_ s'g} Ps known ljGb'af6 ;'? eO{ s'g} csf]{ unknown ljGb'df cGTo x'g] traverse nfO{ s] elgG5 <
s_ loop traverse v_ link traverse
u_ closed traverse 3_ open traverse
(_ r'DasLo sDkf; hl8t theodolitesf] ;xfotfn] magnetic north df zero set u/L alternate backward / forward reading x¿df
telescope invert u/L bearing gfKg] / tape jf chain sf] ;xfotf n] distance gfKg] traversing sf] ljlwnfO{ s] elgG5 <
s_ fast needle method v_ free needle method
u_ loose needle method 3_ deflection angle method
!)_ N j6f station ePsf] traverse df theodolite sf] 20cc least count eP angular error of closure should not exceed
s_ 20 N2 v_ 20√N
u_ 20 N 3_ 20/√N
!!_ b'/L d / bearing  ePsf] ;e]{ /]vfsf] latitude of the line eg]sf] s] xf] <
s_ Tof] /]vf /x]sf] pQ/L cIf+z xf] v_ d sin  xf]
u_ d cos  xf] 3_ d tan  xf]
!@_ s'g syg ;To 5}g <
s_ depature of a line nfO{ delta Easting klg elgG5
v_ latitude of a line nfO{ delta Northing klg elgG5
u_ departure of a line eg]sf] d sin  xf]
3_ departure of a line eg]sf] d cos  xf
!#_ open traverse sf] angle check ug{sf] nflu s'g ljlwaf6 ug{ 7Ls 5 <
s_ cut-off lines jf cross bearing checking af6
v_  latitude = 0 sf] formula af6
 u_  departure = 0 sf] formula af6
3_  interior angle = (2N-4) right angle sf] formula af6
!$_ traverse df closing error eGgfn] s] j'lemG5 <
s_ traverse operation sf] closing day df x'g] q'6L
v_ hlt b'/Ln] 6«e;{ close x'b}g Tof] b'/L
u_ open traverse sf] ;'? / clGtd ljGb' ;Ddsf] b'/L
3_ known point af6 ;'? u/L known point df close gubf{ x'g] q'6L
!%_ previous line sf] bearing / included angle sf cfwf/df next line s]f bearing lgsfNg] ;"q s'g xf] <
s_ FB of next lilne = BB of previous line + clock wise angle 180° or +540°
v_ FB of next lilne = BB of previous line - clock wise angle 180° or -540°
u_ FB of next line = BB of previous line + clock wise angle 180° or -540°
3_ FB of next line = BB of previous line + clock wise angle  540° or - 180°
!^_ Loop traverse df s'g ;To 5 <
s_ E = 0 v_ N = 0
u_ e= (E )2 + ( )2 3_ ;a}
!&_ traverse loop nfO{ clockwise direction travel u/]/ onservation ln+bf
s_ exterior angle sf] observation x'G5
v_ interior angle sf] observation x'G5
u_ exterior / interior b'j} angle sf] observation x'G5
3_ traverse loop nfO{ clockwise direction df travel u/]/ onservation lng' x'Gg
!*_ traverse loop nfO{ counter-clockwise direction df travel u/]/ observation ln+bf===
s_ exterior angle sf] observation x'G5
v_ interior angle sf] observation x'G5
u_ exterior / interior b'j} angle sf] observation x'G5
3_ traverse loop nfO{ counter-clockwise direction df travel u/]/ onservation lng' x'Gg
1
!(_ relative error of closure
(p/e)
nfO{ s] klg elgG5 <
s_ relative accuracy v_ degree of accuracy
u_ s / v b'j} elgG5 3_ error of angular misclosure
@)_ closing error df s'g ?n af6 crrection nufpg ;lsG5 <
s_ Bowditch v_ transit
u_ axis 3_ ;a}
@!_ If angular measurements and linear measurements are of more or less same precision, the rule that suits to adjust the closing
error is
s_ Bowditch rule v_ arbitrary rule
u_ axis rule 3_ transit rule
@@ If angular measurements are more precise than linear measurements, the rule that suits to adjust the closing error is
s_ Bowditch rule v_ transit rule
u_ axis rule 3_ arbitrary rule
@#_ If angular measurements are most precise (negligible error) and there is error only in linear measurements, the rule that suits
to adjust the closing error is
s_ Bowditch rule v_ transit rule
u_ axis rule 3_ arbitrary rule
@$_ traverse plotting ug]{ best method s'g xf] <
s_ bearing and distance method v_ angle and distance method
u_ consecutive coordinates method 3_ independent coordinates method
@%_ open traverse df cltl/Qm observation gu/]df===
s_ angle / closing error s'g} df check x'b}g
v_ angle / closing error b'j}df check x'G5
u_ angle df check x'G5 t/ closing error df check x'b}g
3_ closing error df check x'G5 t/ angle df check x'b}g
@^_ open traverse df angular error check ug'{ k/] s] ug'{ k5{ <
s_ sum of all angle = ( 2n 4) 90 v_ astronomical observation
u_  latitud +  longitude = 0 3_ ckrck nase line measurement
@&_ Bowditch rule s'g cj:yfdf nufOG5 < when
s_ angular measurement is precise than linear
v_ linear measurement is precise than angular
u_ linear and angular measurements are equally precise
3_ all of the above
@*_ Link traverse df===
s_ angle df check x'G5 v_ bearing df check x'G5
u_ closing error df check x'G5 3_ bearing / closing error b'j}df check x'G5
@(_ , negative / N, positive eP closing error s'g quadrant df k5{ <
s_ 2nd v_ 3rd
u_ 4th 3_ 1st
#)_ s'g rule sf] ;'q xf] <
total error in E or N
Error in E and N of any line =  Length of that line
perimeter of the traverse
s_ arbitrary rule v_ Bowditch's rule
u_ transit rule 3_ axis rule
#!_ s'g rule sf] ;'q xf] <
total error in E
Error in E of any line =  |E|of that line
∑|∆E|
s_ arbitrary rule v_ Bowditch rule
u_ transit rule 3_ axis rule
#@_ A (100, 200) / B (-100,200) eP AB sf] b'/L slt x'G5 <
s_ 400 v_ 282. 84
u_ 244.94 3_ 200
##_ Link traverse
s_ mathematically closed traverse xf] v_observed angle check ug{ ldNg] vfnsf] traverse xf]
u_ closed loop traverse xf] 3_ dflysf ;a} u'0f ePsf] traverse xf]
#$_ closed loop traverse df interior angle sf] sum slt x'G5 <
s_ (2n ±4) right angle v_ (2n-4) right angle
u_ (2n+4) right angle 3_ (n ± 2) π radian
#%_ compass sf] ;xfotfn] bearing / tape sf] ;xfotfn distance gfk]/ ul/g] traverse sf] ljlwnfO{ s] elgG5 <
s_ free needle method v_ fast needle method
u_ loose needle method 3_ included angle method
#^_ traverse df compass rule of adjustment eGgfn] s] a'lemG5 <
s_ transit rule v_ arbitrary rule
u_ axis rule 3_ Bowditch’s rule
pQ/x¿M
)!_ s )@_ v )#_ u )$_ 3 )%_ s )^_ v )&_ u )*_ 3 )(_ s !)_ v
!!_ u !@_ 3 !#_ s !$_ v !%_ u !^_ 3 !&_ s !*_ v !(_ u @)_ 3
@!_ s @@_ v @#_ u @$_ 3 @%_ s @^_ v @&_ u @*_ 3 @(_ s #)_ v
#!_ u #@_ 3 ##_ s #$_ v #%_ u #^_ 3
Triangulation and Trilateration ;Fu ;DalGwt a:t'ut k|Zgx¿
!_ k"j{ lgwf{l/t kl/z'4tfsf b'O jf tLg cfoflds lgoGq0f ljGb'x¿ :yfkgf ug{ ul/g] control ;e]{sf] Pp6f t/Lsf h:fdf series of
connected and over lapping triangle x¿sf sf]0fx¿, Pp6f base line / s]xL check base line x¿ gflkG5 To;nfO{ triangulation
s] elgG5 <
s_ triangulation v_ trilateration
 u_ triangulateration 3_ resection
@_ triangulation df g]6js{sf
s_ ;a} b'/Lx¿ gflkG5= v_ ;a} sf]0fx¿ gflkG5=
u_ ;a} sf]0f / b'/L? gflkG5= 3_ baseline sf] bearing gflkG5
#_ triangulation
s_ detail survey sf] k|rlnt ljlw xf] v_ engineering survey sf] k|rlnt ljlw xf]
u_ control survey sf] k|rlnt ljlw xf] 3_ mining survey sf] k|rlnt ljlw xf]
$_ triangulation df s'g s'/fsf] measurement ul/G5 <
s_ angles v_ baseline
u_ check baseline 3_ dflysf ;a}
%_ triangulation df ;+efljt scale error control ug{ s] ul/G5 <
s_ check base line sf] measurement ul/G5 v_ astronomical observation ul/G5
u_ braced quadrilateral jgfOG5 3_ dflysf ;a} sfo{ ul/G5
^_ astronomical observation ul/Psf triangulation station nfO{ s] elgG5 <
s_ astro - station v_ Laplace station
u_ main station 3_ auxiliary stations
&_ astronomical observation lsg ul/G5 <
s_ azimuth lgsfNg v_ azimuth df x'g] error control ug{
u_ s / v b'j} 3_ s'g} klg xf]Og
*_ pQ/L uf]nfw{df astronomical observation ubf{ s'g tf/f nfO{ prefer ul/G5 <
s_ - Octansis v_  -Octansis
u_ - Centauri 3_ - Ursa minoris
(_ blIf0fL w|'jsf] dfly s'g tf/f 5 <
s_  - Octansis v_  -Octansis
u_ - Centauri 3_ - Ursa minoris
!)_ s'g figure df ;a} eGbf j9L check x'G5g\\ <
s_ chain of triangles v_ braced quadrilateral
u_ centered figures 3_ mixed figures
!!_ s'g cj:yfdf satellite sation /flvG5 <
s_ main station b]Vg ;lsPg eg] v_ main station df monument ePg eg]
u_ main station occupy ug{ ;lsPg eg] 3_ auxilary station :yfkgf ug{ k¥of] eg]
!@_ Pp6f braced quadrilateral sf] b'O{ unknown corner points sf] coordinate slt j6f independent routes af6 compue ug{ ;lsG5
<
s_ Ps v_ b'O{
u_ tLg 3_ rf/
!#_ triangulation df baseline measurement sf] lglDt ;jf]{Ts[i6 method s'g xf] <
s_ EDMI sf] k|of]u v_ Invar tape sf] k|of]u
u_ Tacheometer sf] k|of]u 3_ subtense bar sf] k|of]u
!$_ triangulation df basic first order triangulation network sf] nflu recommended side lengh slt xf] <
s_ 3 – 7 km v_ 30 – 65 km
u_ 9 – 15 km 3_ 20 – 30 km
!%_ olb s'g} triangulation station sf] gDa/ !%^ 5 eg] Tof] s'g bhf{sf] triangulation station xf] <
s_ basic first order v_ first order
u_ third order 3_ second order
!^_ 12 sets angular observation s'g order sf] triangulation df ul/G5 <
s_ 4th order v_ 3rd order
u_ 2nd order 3_ 1st order
!&_ 3rd order triangulation sf] nflu maximum allowable horizontal misclosure slt xf] <
s_ 15 cc v_ 10 cc
u_ 5 cc 3_ 30 cc
!*_ s'g order sf] triangulation nfO{ engineering order sf] triangulation klg elgG5 <
s_ fourth v_ fifth
u_ basic first 3_ first
!(_ monumentation ubf{ slab / pillor sf] ljrdf slDtdf slt ;]=dL= df6f] el/Psf] x'G5 <
 s_ %) ;=]dL= v_ $) ;=]dL=
u_ #) ;]=dL= 3_ ^) ;]=dL=
@)_ trilateration df s'g s'/fsf] observation ug'{ cfj:os 5}g <
s_ length of sides v_ check angles
u_ astronomical observation 3_ ckeck baselines
@!_ trilateration df
s_ scale df x'g] error controlled x'G5
v_ azimuth df x'g] error controlled x'G5
u_ azimuth / scale b'j}df x'g] error controlled x'G5
3_ dflysf s'g} klg error df control x'Fb}g
@@_ EDMI sf] sf/0fn] trilateration
s_ triangulation eGbf sd accurate ljlw dflgG5
v_ triangulation eGbf sd accurate ljlw dflgG5
u_ triangulation ;Fu a/fa/ accurate ljlw dflgG5
3_ k|of]udf cfpg 5f]8\of]
@#_ trilateration df b'/Lsf cfwf/df If]qkm (Δ) lgsln;s]kl5 sf]0f lgsfNg] ;"q s'g xf] <
s_ sinA= bcΔ v_ sinA= 12 bcΔ
u_ sinA= 2Δ bc
3_ cosA=2Δbc
@$_ trilateration df b'/ldf ul/g] correction s'g xf] <
s_ atmospheric correction v_ slope correction
u_ MSL correction 3_ all of the above
@%_ triangulation df elevated tower s] sf] nflu k|of]u ul/G5 <
s_ signals sf] ¿kdf k|of]u ug{ tyf instrument setup u/L observation ug{
v_ instrument setup u/L observation ug{
u_ signals sf] ¿kdf k|of]u ug{
3_ visibility clear ug{

pQ/x¿M
)!_ s )@_ v )#_ u )$_ 3 )%_ s )^_ v )&_ u )*_ 3 )(_ s !)_ v
!!_ u !@_ 3 !#_ s !$_ v !%_ u !^_ 3 !&_ s !*_ v !(_ u @)_ 3
@!_ s @@_ v @#_ u @$_ 3 @%_ s
PHOTOGRAMMETRY ;Fu ;DjlGwt a:t'ut k|Zgx¿
!_ Pl/on kmf]6f]u|fd]6«L eg]sf]
s_ xjfO{ kmf]6f]af6 measurements lnP/ gS;fÍg ug]{ ljlw xf] .
v_ xjfO{hxfhaf6 measurements lnP/ gs;fÍg ug]{ ljlw xf] .
u_ hldgaf6 lnOPsf kmf]6f]af6 measurements lnP/ gS;fÍg ug]{ ljlw xf] .
3_ dflysf s'g} klg xf]Og .
@_ hldgaf6 kmf]6f]u|fkm lnP/ gS;fÍg ug]{ ljlwnfO{ s] elgG5 <
s_ ground photogrammetry v_ terrestrial photogrammetry
u_ ground survey 3_ remote sensing
#_ Aerial photographs are
s_ orthographic projections v_ isometric projections
u_ perspective projections 3_ planographic projections
$_ s'g syg ;To 5 <
s_ aerial survey df 5f]6f] ;dodf w]/} If]q cover ug{ ;lsG5 .
 v_ o;df inaccessible area klg ;lhn} cover ug{ ;lsG5 .
u_ fixed height af6 p8]sf] hxfhaf6 lnPsf] hldgsf] photo nfO{ arial photograph elgG5 .
3_ dflysf ;a} syg 7Ls 5g\\ .
%_ xjfO{ ;e]{If0f s'g cj:yfdf pko'Qm dflgG5 <
s_ 7"nf] If]qdf ;fgf] dfggfksf] gs;fÍg ug'{ k/]df
v_ ;fgf] If]qdf ;fgf]] dfggfksf] gs;fÍg ug'{ k/]df
u_ ;fgf] If]qdf 7"nf]] dfggfksf] gs;fÍg ug'{ k/]df
3_ 7"nf] If]qdf 7"nf] dfggfksf] gs;fÍg ug'{ k/]df
^_ s'g photograph df perspective / orthographic projection b'j}n] ;dtn hdLgsf] similar image produce u5{g <
s_ vertical photographs with 30° tilt angle
v_ vertical photographs
u_ oblique photographs with 30° tilt angle
3_ oblique photographs that show the horizon
&_ Less than 3° sf] unintentional tilt ePsf] photographs nfO{ s] elgG5 <
s_ vertical photographs v_ low oblique photographs
u_ tilted photographs 3_ high oblique photographs
*_ Vertical photographs n] klg ground sf] true plan nfO{ represent ug{ g;Sg'sf] sf/0f s] xf] <
s_ relief displacement v_ tilt displacement
u_ perspective projection 3_ dflysf ;a}
(_ w]/} If]qnfO{ cover ug]{ x]t'n] horizon ;Dd b]lvg] u/L camera nfO{ tilt u/]/ lnOPsf] aerial photograph nfO{ s] elgG5 <
s_ high oblique photograph v_ tilted photograph
u_ terrestrial photograph 3_ oblique photograph
!)_ ;fdfGotof 3° b]lv 30° ;Ddsf] tilt angle ePsf] km6f]u|fkmnfO{{ s] elgG5 <
s_ high oblique photograph v_ low oblique photograph
u_ terrestrial photograph 3_ oblique photograph
!!_ ;fdfGotof 30° eGbf a9L] tilt angle ePsf] km6f]u|fkmnfO{{ s] elgG5 <
s_ oblique photograph v_ low oblique photograph
u_ high oblique photograph 3_ terrestrial photograph
!@_ cfk;df camera axis converge x'g]/L lnOPsf s'g} b'O{ low oblique photographs nfO{ s] elgG5 <
s_ oblique photographs v_ composite photographs
u_ trimetrogon photographs 3_ convergent photographs
!#_ Ps} ;fy Pp6f central vertical photograph / b'O jf b'O{ eGbf a9L oblique photographs lng] u/L jf ;a} oblique photographs
lng] u/L ljz]if k|sf/n] design ul/Psf] sf] camera assembly sf] k|of]u u/L lnOPsf photographs nfO{ s] elgG5 <
s_ composit photographs v_ oblique photographs
u_ trimetrogon photographs 3_ convergent photographs
!$_ Pp6f vertical / b'O{ j6f oblique photographs Ps};fy lng ;lsg] u/L design ul/Psf] camera assembly sf] k|of]u u/L horizon
b]lv horizon ;Dd cover u/]/ lnOPsf photographs nfO{ s] elgG5 <
s_ composit photographs v_ trimetrogon photographs
u_ oblique photographs 3_ convergent photographs
!%_ olb focal length (f), object distance (u) / image distance (v) eP
uv
s_ f= u-v v_ f= u-v
uv
uv
u_ f= u+v 3_ f= u+v
uv
!^_ exposure sf] a]nfdf Sofd]/fsf] n]G;sf] l;wf tn hldgsf] ;txdf /x]sf] ljGb' jf Tof] ljGb'sf] kmf]6f]u|fkmdf ePsf] k|f]h]S;g nfO{ s]
elgG5 <
s_ exposure station v_ perspective center
u_ principal point 3_ nadir point
!&_ tilted photograph df principle point / photo nadir point sf] ljrsf] dWoljGb'nfO{ s] elgG5 <
s_ isocenter v_ perspective center
u_ principal point 3_ nadir point
!*_ n]G;sf] interior perspective centre b]lv kmf]6f]u|fkmsf] ;dtn ;tx ;Dd uPsf] foot of perpendicular nfO{ s] elgG5 <
s_ isocenter v_ principal point
u_ perspective center 3_ nadir point
!(_ xjfO{ kmf]6f] lng]qmddf exposure sf] ;dodf space df ePsf] Sofd]/sf] n]G;sf] position nfO{ s] elgG5 <
 s_ isocenter v_ principal point
u_ exposure station 3_ nadir point
@)_ flat terrain sf] aerial photographs ln+bf flying height df variation cfP photo sf] s:tf] scale x'G5 .
s_ uniform u_ uniform if the tilt is not there
v_ varying if tilt is there 3_ varying
@!_ olb ;d'b| ;txb]lv 3000 dL6/sf] prfO{df p8L/x]sf] xfjfO{ hxfhn] ;d'b| ;txb]lv 500 dL6/sf] prfO{df /x]sf] ;dy/ hldgsf]
aerial photo lnbf 12.5 ;]=dL=sf] focal length k|of]u u/L vertical photo lnPsf] 5 eg] photo sf] scale slt x'G5 <
s_ 1:20000 v_ 1:24000
u_ 1:4000 3_ 1:2000
@@_ Datum scale j/fj/ slt x'G5 <
s_ air base÷altitude of the exposure station
v_ focal length÷elevation of the exposure station
u_ air base÷elevation of the exposure station
3_ focal length÷altitude of the exposure station
@#_ tnsf dWo] s'g s'/fdf parallax lge{/ ub{5 <
s_ percentage overlap v_ focal length of the camera
u_ movement of the exposure station 3_ size of the photographic format
@$ parallax bar s] s'/fsf] measurement ug{ k|of]u ul/G5 <
s_ height v_ height difference
u_ parallax difference 3_ parallax
@%_ stereoscopic vision nfO{ s] klg elgG5 <
s_ binocular vision v_ monocular vision
u_ ocular vision 3_ secular vision
@^_ b'Oj6f exposure station af6 Ps} 7fFpsf] photographs lnOPsf] 5 eg] To:tf] photographs nfO{ s] elgG5 <
s_ twin photographs v_ stereopair
u_ double photographs 3_ all the above
@&_ tnsf s'g factor n] depth perception sf] nflu d2t k'¥ofpF5g\\ <
s_ b'j} cfFvfn] simultaneously Pp6} object nfO{ x]bf{
v_ glhs / 6f9fsf] j:t'sf] relative apparent movement n] ubf{
u_ s / v b'j}
3_ s'g} klg xf]Og
@*_ Stereo-pair df b'j} photo df same terrain sf] image ePsf] portion nfO{ s] elgG5 .
s_ fusion v_ format size
u_ stereoscope 3_ overlapped portion
@(_ Stereopair sf] left photo nfO{ left cfFvfn] / right photo nfO{ right cfFvfn] b]Vg] u/L orient u/]/ x]bf{ 3d impression kg]{ u/L ul/g]
arrangement nfO{ s] elgG5 <
s_ stereoscopic fusion v_ stereoscope
u_ scaling 3_ levelling
#)_ Ps model eGgfn] s] j'lemG5 <
s_ Ps stereopair photos dWo] Pskmf]6fsf] coverage
v_ Ps stereopair photos sf] fused portion
u_ Ps stereopair photos sf] total coverage
3_ dflysf ;a}
#!_ b'O{ adjacent flight line sf photographs ljrsf] overalp nfO{ s] elgG5 <
s_ lateral overlap v_ side lap
u_ s / v b'j 3_ s'g} klg xf]Og
#@_ Flight direction df x'g] overlap nfO{ s] elgG5 <
s_ forward overlap u_ end lap
 v_ longitudinal overlap 3_ ;a}
##_ ;fwf/0ftof lateral over lap slt Ü sfod ul/G5 <
s_ 30% v_ 40%
u_ 60% 3_ 50%
#$_ ;fwf/0tof end lap slt Ü sfod ul/G5 <
s_ 30% v_ 60%
u_ <50% 3_ 40%
#%_ ;a} If]q g5'6fO{ cover ug{ x/]s stereopair df slt Ü end lap rflxG5 <
s_ exactly 60% v_ exactly 30%
u_ not lesss than 50% 3_ not more than 30%
#^_ photo-interpretation sf] nflu s'g kmf]6f]u|fkm pko'Qm xf]nf <
s_ vertical photograph v_ tilted photograph
u_ normal photograph 3_ oblique photograph
#&_ s'g kmf]6f]df detail identify ug{ ;lhnf] x'G5 <
s_ colour photograph df v_ black and white photograph df
u_ b'j}df 3_ s'g} df klg ;lhnf] x'b}g
#*_ end lap eGgfn] s] nfO{ a'emfp5 <
s_ side overlap v_ forward overlap
u_ superlap 3_ dflysf ;a}
#(_ parallax tnsf dWo] s'g s'/fdf lge{/ u5{ <
s_ exposure base df v_ relief df
u_ s / v b'j}df 3_ focal length of camera df
$)_ road sf cfwf/df bus stop identify ubf{ s'g element of photo interpretation n] clue k|bfg ub{5 <
s_ shape v_ size
u_ pattern 3_ association
pQ/x¿M
)!_ s )@_ v )#_ u )$_ 3 )%_ s )^_ v )&_ u )*_ 3 )(_ s !)_ v
!!_ u !@_ 3 !#_ s !$_ v !%_ u !^_ 3 !&_ s !*_ v !(_ u @)_ 3
@!_ s @@_ v @#_ u @$_ 3 @%_ s @^_ v @&_ u @*_ 3 @(_ s #)_ v
#!_ u #@_ 3 ##_ s #$_ v #%_ u #^_ 3 #&_ s #*_ v #(_ u $)_ 3
GEODESY AND GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM ;Fu ;DalGwt a:t'ut k|Zgx¿
!_ dfgj lgld{t e"–pku|xn] k|;f/0f u/]sf /]l8of] l;Ugnx¿ k[YjLdf cjl:yt l/l;e/n] k|fKt u/L cfˆgf] cjl:ylt yfxf kfpg] k|0fnLnfO{
s] elgG5 <
s_ GNSS v_ GPS
u_ GLONASS 3_ Galileo
@_ xfn hDdf slt j6f global coverage ePsf GNSS k|0ffnLx¿ operation df /x]sf 5g\ <
s_ kfFr j6f v_ rf/ j6f
u_ tLg j6f 3_ b'O{ j6f
#_ ;a}eGbf a9L k|of]udf /x]sf] GNSS system h'g Global Positioning System (GPS) sf] gfdn] k|l;¢ 5, Tof] s;åf/f ;~rflnt 5 <
s_ o'/f]lkog o'lgog v_ /l;of
u_ ;+o'Q /fHo cd]l/sf 3_ rLg
$_ Globalnoya Navigatsionnaya Sputnikovaya Sistema(GLONASS) gfds GNSS system s;åf/f ;~rflnt 5 <
s_ o'/f]lkog o'lgog v_ rLg
u_ ;+o'Q /fHo cd]l/sf 3_ /l;of
%_ Galileo gfds GNSS system s;åf/f ;~rflnt 5 <
s_ o'/f]lkog o'lgog v_ rLg
u_ ;+o'Q /fHo cd]l/sf 3_ /l;of
^_ COMPASS/BeiDoU gfds GNSS system s;åf/f ;~rflnt 5 <
s_ /l;of v_ rLg
u_ ;+o'Q /fHo cd]l/sf 3_ o'/f]lkog o'lgog
&_ xfn hDdf slt j6f regional coverage ePsf Navigation Satellite Sysstem (NSS) k|0ffnLx¿ operation df /x]sf 5g\ <
s_ rf/ j6f v_ tLg j6f
u_ b'O{ j6f 3_ Ps j6f
*_ Asia-Passific If]qdf dfq regional coverage ePsf] Navigation Satellite Sysstem (NSS) k|0ffnL, IRNSS s;åf/f ;~rflnt 5 <
s_ /l;of v_ rLg
u_ hfkfg 3_ ef/t
(_ Asia-Ocenia If]qdf dfq regional coverage ePsf] Navigation Satellite Sysstem (NSS) k|0ffnL, QZSS s;åf/f ;~rflnt 5 <
s_ hfkfg v_ rLg
u_ ef/t 3_ /l;of
!)_ cGtl/Ifdf dfgj lgld{t e"−pku|x klxnf] k6s slxn] launch ePsf] lyof] <
s_ ;g !(%* sf] l8;]Dj/df v_ ;g !(%& sf] cS6f]j/ $ df
u_ ;g !(%( sf] ;]K6]Dj/df 3_ ;g !(^) sf] clk|n !# df
!!_ Global Positioning System (GPS) k|0ffnL slxn] b]lv civilian k|of]hgsf nflu klg v'nf ul/Psf] lyof] <
s_ ;g !(%& b]lv v_ ;g !(^) b]lv
u_ ;g !(*) b]lv 3_ ;g !((^ b]lv
!@_ /l;ofsf] Globalnoya Navigatsionnaya Sputnikovaya Sistema(GLONASS) k|0ffnL slxn] b]lv operative ePsf] lyof] <
s_ ;g !(&) b]lv v_ ;g !(&^ b]lv
u_ ;g !(*@ b]lv 3_ ;g !((^ b]lv
!#_ lrgsf] COMPASS/BeiDoU k|0fnL global coverage df upgrade u/L BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) slxn] b]lv
operative ePsf] lyof] <
s_ ;g @)@) b]lv v_ ;g @)!@ b]lv
u_ ;g @))) b]lv 3_ ;g !(() b]lv
!$_ o'/f]lkog o'lgogsf] Galileo k|0fnL slxn] b]lv Early Opeational Capacity df GNSS service lbg ;'? u/]sf] lyof] <
s_ ;g @)@) b]lv v_ ;g @)!^ b]lv
u_ ;g @))) b]lv 3_ ;g !(() b]lv
!%_ o'/f]lkog o'lgogn] Galileo k|0fnL slxn] b]lv Full Opeational Capacity df GNSS service lbg] of]hgf u/]sf] 5 <
s_ ;g @)@# b]lv v_ ;g @)@$ b]lv
u_ ;g @)@% b]lv 3_ ;g @)#) b]lv
!^_ tnsf dWo] s'g GPS sf] segment xf] <
s_ space segment v_ control segment
u_ user segment 3_ dflysf ;a}
!&_ GNSS k|0fnLsf] satellite constellation part nfO{ s] elgG5 <
s_ space segment v_ control segment
u_ user segment 3_ satellite segment
!*_ k[YjLsf ljleGg :yfgdf /x]sf ground facilities sf] ljZj AofkL ;+hfn h;n] GPS satellite x¿nfO{ tracking ug]{, satellite af6 ePsf
transmission x¿sf] monitoring ug]{, analysis ug]{, / satellite constellation df command tyf data p7fpg] sfd ub{5 To;nfO{ s]
elgG5 <
s_ space segment v_ control segment
u_ user segment 3_ satellite segment
!(_ ;d:t GPS k|of]stf{x¿ hf] ;Fu L-band radio receiver / processors tyf antennas 5g\ h;åf/f GPS signal x¿ receive
u/L pseudoranges / other observables nfO{ determine ug{ :fS5g\ clg navigation equations nfO{ solve u/L cfˆgf]
coordinates lgsfNg tyf very accurate time lgsfNg ;S5g\ oL ;a}nfO{ ;dli6df s] elgG5 <
s_ space segment v_ control segment
u_ user segment 3_ satellite segment
@)_ Global Positioning System (GPS) k|0ffnLdf slDtdf slt j6f satellite x¿ x/bd operational x'G5g\ <
s_ #) j6f v_ @* j6f
u_ @^ j6f 3_ @$ j6f
@!_ GPS satellite sf orbit x¿ e"−dWo/]vLo ;txaf6 slt l8u|Lsf] inclination df /x]sf 5g\ <
s_ %%° v_ ^)°
u_ ^%° 3_ &)°
@@_ GPS satellite sf orbit x¿ slt j6f 5g\ <
s_ % j6f v_ ^ j6f
u_ !@ j6f 3_ @$ j6f
@#_ GPS satellite sf orbit x¿ slt l8u|L cfk;L cGt/fndf /x]sf 5g\ <
s_ $%° v_ %%°
u_ ^)° 3_ ^%°
@$_ GPS satellite sf orbit x¿ k[YjLb]lv slt ls=ld= dfly /x]sf 5g\ <
s_ !!,))) ls=ld v_ !^,))) ls=ld
u_ @),))) ls=ld 3_ @),@)) ls=ld
@%_ GPS satellite n] k[YjLnfO{ lbgdf slt k6s= kl/qmdf ub{5g\ <
s_ @ k6s v_ # k6s
u_ ! k6s 3_ $ k6s
@^_ GPS satellite sf] kl/qmd0f ult slt 5 <
s_ !@,))) ls=ld= k|lt306f v_ !$,))) ls=ld= k|lt306f
u_ !^,))) ls=ld= k|lt306f 3_ @),@)) ls=ld= k|lt306f
@&_ x/]s GPS satellite k[YjLsf] ;f]xL :yfgdf lbgsf] slt k6s b]vf k5{ <
s_ # k6s v_ @ k6s
u_ ! k6s 3_ ) k6s
@*_ GPS satellite sf] cfˆgf] sIfdf kl/qmd0f ug]{ cjwL (orbital period) slt xf] <
s_ $ 306f v_ ^ 306f
u_ * 306f 3_ !@ 306f
@(_ lh=lk=P;=sf ljBdfg Operational Control Segment (OCS) df sltj6f master control station 5g\ <
s_ Pp6f v_ @ j6f
u_ $ j6f 3_ & j6f
#)_ lh=lk=P;=sf ljBdfg Operational Control Segment (OCS) df sltj6f alternate master control station 5g\ <
s_ @ j6f v_ Pp6f
u_ & j6f 3_ $ j6f
#!_ lh=lk=P;=sf ljBdfg Operational Control Segment (OCS) df sltj6f Air Force Satellite Control Network (AFSCN) Remote
Tracking Stations 5g\ <
s_ Pp6f v_ @ j6f
u_ & j6f 3_ !) j6f
#@_ lh=lk=P;=sf ljBdfg Operational Control Segment (OCS) df sltj6f Air Force monitor station 5g\ <
 s_ Pp6f v_ @ j6f
u_ $ j6f 3_ ^ j6f
##_ lh=lk=P;=sf ljBdfg Operational Control Segment (OCS) df sltj6f National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA)
monitor station 5g\ <
s_ !) j6f v_ & j6f
u_ ^ j6f 3_ $ j6f
#$_ lh=lk=P;=sf ljBdfg Operational Control Segment (OCS) df sltj6f ground antenna 5g\ <
s_ Pp6f v_ $ j6f
u_ & j6f 3_ !) j6f
#%_ lh=lk=P;= system df binary phase shift keying (BPSK) åf/f binary coded signsl nfO{ carrier wave df modulation u/]/ k|;f/0f
ul/G5 To;nfO{ s] elgG5 <
s_ amplitude modulation v_ frequency modulation
u_ phase modulation 3_ dflysf ;a}
#^_ ;g @))) sf] d] dlxgf eGbf klxn] all user access ePsf L1 C/A code x¿df klg s]xL intensional bias accommodate u/]/ k|;/0f
ug]{ ul/GYof] h;n] GPS sf] SPS sf] accuracy nfO{ #) b]lv !)) ld6/ ;Ddsf] error df degrade u/]sf] lyof] . To;nfO{ s] elgG5 <
s_ precise positioning service (PPS) v_ standard posining service (SPS)
u_ Anti-Spoofing (AS) 3_ Selective Availability (SA)
#&_ lh=lk=P;= positioning sf] cfwf/e"t l;¢fGt s]] xf] <
s_ trilateration v_ triangulation
u_ resection 3_ modulation
#*_ lh=lk=P;=df slt lsl;dsf observables x¿ x'G5g\ <
s_ Ps v_ b'O{
u_ tLg 3_ rf/
#(_ tnsf dwo] s'g lh=lk=P;= observable xf] <
s_ carrier wave observable v_ pseudorange code observable
u_ s / v b'j} 3_ s'g} klg xf]Og
$)_ cfd public nfO{ pknAw lh=lk=P;= code s'g xf] <
s_ precise code v_ Y code
u_ pseudo random code 3_ coarse acquisition code
$!_ military k|of]hgsf] nflu 5'§fOPsf] lh=lk=P;= code s'g xf] <
s_ precise code v_ phase shift code
u_ pseudo random code 3_ coarse acquisition code
$@_ tnsf dWo] s'g s'g lh=lk=P;= receiver sf hardware part x¿ x'g <
s_ RF chain / ADC v_ antenna, RF chain, / ADC
u_ antenna / RF chain 3_ antenna / ADC
$#_ tnsf dWo] s'g s'g lh=lk=P;= receiver sf] software processing sequence xf] <
s_ tracking, acquisition, subframe identity, ephemeris and pseudorange, satellite position, user position
v_ acquisition, subframe identity, tracking, ephemeris and pseudorange, satellite position, user position
u_ acquisition, tracking, subframe identity, ephemeris and pseudorange, satellite position, user position
3_ acquisition, tracking, ephemeris and pseudorange, subframe identity, satellite position, user position
$$_ kl/z'¢tfsf] lx;fjn] tnsf dWo] s'g lh=lk=P;= receiver sf] qmd sd b]lv a9L z'¢tfsf] 5 <
s_ Navigation receivers, Geodetic Receivers, Surveying Receivers
v_ Geodetic Receivers, Surveying Receivers, Navigation receivers
u_ Geodetic Receivers, Navigation receivers, Surveying Receivers
3_ Navigation receivers, Surveying Receivers, Geodetic Receivers
$%_ lhlkP; positioning sf d'Vo b'O{ tl/sfx¿ s] s] x'g <
s_ absolute positioning / differential positioning
v_ point positioning / absolute positioning
 u_ relative positioning / differential positioning
3_ point positioning, absolute positioning / differential positioning
$^_ Pp6f dfq GPS receiver sf] ;xfotfaf6 rf/ jf ;f] eGbf a9L satellites x¿ tracking u/L position lgwf{/0f ug]{ tl/sfnO{ s] elgG5
<
s_ standalone positioning v_ differential positioning
u_ relative positioning 3_ precise point positioning
$&_ b'O{ jf ;f] eGbf a9L GPS receiver sf] ;xfotfaf6 rf/ jf ;f] eGbf a9L satellites x¿ Ps} ;fy tracking u/L position lgwf{/0f ug]{
tl/sfnO{ s] elgG5 <
s_ relative positioning v_ differential positioning
u_ s / v b'a} 3_ autonomous positioning
$*_ Pp6f dfq GPS receiver sf] ;xfotfaf6 rf/ jf ;f] eGbf a9L satellites x¿ tracking u/L position lgwf{/0f ug]{ tl/sfnO{ point
positioning jf s] klg elgG5 <
s_ standalone positioning v_ autonomous positioning
u_ absolute positioning 3_ dflysf ;a}
$(_ relative positioning df already known coordinates ePsf] station df /fv]/ observation ul/g] GPS receiver nfO{ s] elgG5 <
s_ reference receiver v_ rover receiver
u_ navigator receiver 3_ known receiver
%)_ relative positioning df unknown station x¿df /fv]/ observation ul/g] GPS receiver x¿nfO{ s] elgG5 <
s_ reference receiver v_ rover receiver
u_ base receiver 3_ unknown receiver
%!_ relative positioning df unknown station x¿df /fv]/ observation ul/g] rover receiver x¿nfO{ s] klg elgG5 <
s_ reference receiver v_ base receiver
u_ navigator receiver 3_ unknown receiver
%@_ differential GPS df realtime kinematic (RTK) cGtu{t continuously operating reference stations (CORS) eGgfn] s] a'lemG5
<
s_ standard-RTK v_ absolute-RTK
u_ PPP-RTK 3_ network-RTK
%#_ cGo cj:yfx¿ ;a} ;dfg x'bf differential GPS df s'g approach a9L z'¢ x'G5 <
s_ static approach v_ kinematic approach
u_ b'a} plTts} z'¢ x'G5g\ 3_ eGg ;ls+b}g
%$_ tnsf dWo] s'g clock related error xf]Og <
s_ satellite clock error v_ receiver noise
u_ intersystem biases 3_ receiver clock error
%%_ sagnac effect, ionesphere error, troposphere error / multipath error s; cGtu{t kb{5g\ <
s_ clock related error v_ system error
u_ signal propagation error 3_ intensional error
%^_ receiver noise / satellite orbital error s; cGtu{t kb{5g\ <
s_ clock related error v_ signal propagation error
u_ intensional error 3_ system error
%&_ selective availability, signal jamming / signal spoofing s; cGtu{t kb{5g\ <
s_ intensional error v_ signal propagation error
u_ system error 3_ clock related error
%*_ clock stability error, relativistic affect, timing group delay s] ;Fu ;DalGwt 5g\ <
s_ receiver clock error v_ satellite clock error
u_ intersystem bias 3_ selective availability
%(_ PDOP sf] k"/f ¿k s] xf] <
s_ point dilution of precision v_ precise differintial outdoor positioning
u_ position dilution of precision 3_ positional difference of points
^)_ GDOP sf] k"/f ¿k s] xf] <
s_ geodetic dilution of precision v_ geometric dilution of position
u_ geodetic dilution of position 3_ geometric dilution of precision
^!_ HTDOP sf] k"/f ¿k s] xf] <
s_ horizontal position and time dilution of precision
v_ horizon and time dilution of precision
 u_ horizontal and time dilution of position
3_ horizontal precise time dilution of position
^@_ HDOP sf] k"/f ¿k s] xf] <
s_ horizontal direction of position v_ horizontal dilution of precision
u_ horizontal distance of point 3_ horizontal dilution of position
^#_ VDOP sf] k"/f ¿k s] xf] <
s_ vertical direction of position v_ vertical distance of point
u_ vertical dilution of precision 3_ vertical dimension of precision
^$_ TDOP sf] k"/f ¿k s] xf] <
s_ time delay of propagation v_ time distortion of position
u_ time distortion of precision 3_ time dilution of precision
^%_ UERE sf] k"/f ¿k s] xf] <
s_ user equivalent range error v_ user embeded range equation
u_ user equivalent range equalization 3_ user ensured range equilibrium
^^_ GPS sf] recommended satellite elevation mask cyf{t cut off angle slt xf] <
s_ 5° v_ 15°
u_ 25° 3_ 35°
^&_ t];|f] bhf{sf] lgoGq0f ljGb' :yfkgfy{ lh= lk= P;= ;e]{ ubf{ 6 eGbf sd GDOP / 5 eGbf a9L visible satellite ePsf] cj:yfdf base
line sf] nDjfO{ bz lsnf]ld6/ eGbf sf ePsf] a]nf observation duration s'g puo'Qm xf]nf <
s_ 4 hour v_ 2 hour
u_ 45 minutes 3_ 10 minutes
^*_ t];|f] bhf{sf] lgoGq0f ljGb' :yfkgfy{ lh= lk= P;= ;e]{ ubf{ 6 eGbf sd GDOP / 5 eGbf a9L visible satellite ePsf] cj:yfdf base
line sf] nDjfO{ b'O ;o lsnf]ld6/ eGbf sf ePsf] a]nf observation duration s'g puo'Qm xf]nf <
s_ 45 minutes v_ 2 hour
u_ 3 hour 3_ 4 hours
^(_ Leica sf] lhlkP; l/l;e/sf] 8f6f 8fpgnf]8 tyf k|zf]wg ug]{ ;ˆ6j]o/ s'g xf] <
s_ SKI v_ BERNES
u_ PoPS 3_ GPSurvey
&)_ BERNES gfds lhlkP; 8f6f 8fpgnf]8 tyf k|zf]wg ug]{ j}1flgs ;ˆ6j]o/ s; ljsl;t ul/Psf] xf] <
s_ afgf/; ljZjljBfnoåf/f v_ ag{ ljZjljBfnoåf/f
u_ aln{g ljZjljBfnoåf/f 3_ lqe'jg ljZjljBfnoåf/f
&!_ Force of gravity ;Fu x/]s ljGb'df normal x'g] k[YjLsf] ;txnfO{ s] elgG5 <
s_ topo -surface v_ spheroid
u_ geoid 3_ ellipsoid
&@_ k[YjLsf] jf:tljs cfsf/ s:tf] 5 <
s_ spherical v_ ellipsoidal
u_ spheroidal 3_ geoidal
&#_ k[YjLsf] best fitting mathematical surface s:tf] dflgG5 <
s_ oblate spheroid v_ prolate spheroid
u_ sphere 3_ ellipsoid
&$_ elipse nfO{ major axis sf] about df 3'dfpbf s:tf] solid generate x'G5 <
s_ Sphere v_ Oblate spheroid
u_ Geoid 3_ Prolate spheroid
&%_ ellipse nfO{ minor axis sf] about df 3'dfpFbf s:tf] solid generate x'G5 <
s_ geoid v_ spheroid
u_ oblate spheroid 3_ ellipsoid
&^_ g]kfndf s'g sheroid adopt ul/Psf] 5 <
s_ Bessels v_ Helmert
 u_ Clark 3_ Everest
&&_ s'g syg ;To 5 < Everest (1830) spheroid sf]
s_ sami- major axis 6377276. 345 m 5 v_ semi-minor axis 6377276. 345 m 5
u_ sami- major axis 6377276. 413 m 5 3_ semi-minor axis 6356075 . 345 m 5
&*_ Geographical coordinate system df reference line s]nfO{ lnOG5 <
s_ grid v_ graticule
u_ b'j} 3_ s'g} klg xf]Og
&(_ graticule system df coordinates
s_ angular jf linear form df x'G5g\\ v_ linear form df x'G5g\\
u_ angular form df x'G5g\\ 3_ s'g} klg x'b}g\g .
*)_ s'g system df Greenwitch / equator nfO{ reference frame dflgG5 <
s_ grid / graticule system df v_ graticule system df
u_ grid / graticule afx]s cGo system df 3_ graticule system df
*!_ s'g layout sf] gS;f rectangular jf square xf]nf <
s_ grid layout sf] v_ graticule layout sf]
u_ b'j} layout sf] 3_ s'g} klg x'b}g
*@_ Grid system df northing sxfF af6 gfkLG5 <
s_ central latitude af6 v_ central meridian af6
u_ Greenwitch line af6 3_ Equator af6
*#_ gS;f s'g layout df tof/ ul/G5 <
s_ Grid layout v_ graticule layout
u_ grid cyjf graticule layout 3_ s'g} klg xf]Og\
*$_ GIS sf] k"/f ¿k s] xf] <
s_ Geological Information System v_ Geodetic Information System
u_ Global Information System 3_ Geographic Information System
*%_ Spatial feature x¿sf] u'0f jtfpg] 8f6fnfO{ s] elgG5 <
s_ attribute data v_ spatial data
u_ raster data 3_ vector data
*^_ Positional information ePsf] 8f6fnfO{ s] elgG5 <
s_ attribute data v_ spatial data
u_ raster data 3_ vector data
*&_ klxnf] k6s Sofgf8fsf 8f= /f]h/ 6dlnG;gn] gS;f k|zf]wgsf nflu sDKo'6/df cfwfl/t GIS ljsf; slxn] u/]sf lyP<
s_ ;g 1980 v_ ;g 1970
u_ ;g 1960 3_ ;g 1950
**_ georeferenced data nfO{ capture, Joj:yfkg, manipulation, ljZn]if0f, df]8]lnª / k|sfzg ug{] sDKo"6/ xf8{j]o/ / ;ˆ6j]o/sf] Ps
PsLs[t k|0ffnLnfO s] elgG5 <
s_ ef}ule{s ;"rgf k|0ffnL v_ l8lh6n gfk gS;f k|0ffnL
u_ 8f6fa]; Joj:yfkg k|0ffnL 3_ ef}uf]lns ;"rgf k|0ffnL
*(_ lhcfOP;sf] b'lgofdf ;g 1990 b]lv 2000 ;Dd sf] bzsnfO{ s] elgG5 <
s_ ef}uf]lns ;"rgf k"jf{wf/sf] o'u v_ l8lh6n gfk gS;fsf] o'u
u_ ef}ule{s ;"rgfsf] o'u 3_ ef}uf]lns ;"rgfsf] o'u
()_ Ps functional ef}uf]lns ;"rgf k|0ffnLdf xf8{j]o/, ;ˆ6j]o/ cflb sltj6f j6f k|d'v sDkf]g]G6x¿ x'G5g\ <
s_ rf/ j6f v_ kfFr j6f
u_ 5 j6f 3_ ;ft j6f
(!_ ef}uf]lns ;"rgfnfO{ capture, store, manipulate, analyse, display tyf share ug{ cfjZos ;a} k|sf/sf functions / tools ePsf]
computer application nfO{ s] elgG5 <
s_ operating system v_ GIS hardware
u_ GIS software 3_ DBMS
(@_ tnsf dWo] s'g open source software xf]Og <
s_ QGIS v_ GRASS
u_ ILWIS 3_ ArcGIS
(#_ Pgfnu 8f6f jf k]k/ 9fFrfdf ePsf] 8f6faf6 GIS 8f6f l;h{gf ug]{ k|lqmofnfO s] elgG5 <
s_ digitalization v_ scanning
u_ digitization 3_ adta acquisition
($_ ef}uf]lns ;"rgf k|0ffnLdf spatial data nfO{ e08f/0f ug]{ cfw/e"t data format s'g xf] <
s_ vector v_ vector and raster
u_ raster 3_ satellite image
(%_ ;fdfGotof continuous data sf] nflu pko'Qm data format s'g xf] <
s_ vector v_ vector and raster
u_ raster 3_ satellite image
(^_ ;a} a/fa/ size sf auf{sf/ cell ePsf] tessellations nfO{ s] elgG5 <
s_ homogeneous tessellations v_ regular tessellations
u_ region quadtree 3_ raster
(&_ TIN sf] k"/f ¿k s] xf] <
s_ triangulated irregular network v_ triangular irregular net
u_ traverse in network 3_ time independent network
(*_ ;fdfGotof discrete data sf] nflu pko'Qm data format s'g xf] <
s_ satellite image v_ vector and Raster
u_ raster 3_ vector
((_ Selection, retrieval, classification, reclassification and measurement s' cGtu{t xf] <
s_ 8f6f Ogk'6M v_ 8f6f k"j{–k|zf]wg÷k|zf]wgM
u_ 8f6f ljZn]if0f / df]8]lnª 3_ 8f6f e08f/0f / 8f6fa]; Joj:yfkgM
!))_ a. data input, b. data output, c. data pre-processing/ processing, d. data analysis and modelling e. data storage and database
management eP GIS sf] procedural sequence s'g xf] <
s_ a, b, c, d, e v_ a, c, d, e, b
u_ a, c, b, d, e 3_ a, c, e, d, b
!)!_ lsQfgfkL / e"–pkof]u;Fu ;DalGwt ef}uf]lns ;"rgfx¿ ;+sng, e08f/0f, k|zf]wg tyf ljt/0f k|0fnL nfO{ s] elgG5?
s_ Land Information System (LIS) v_ Geographic Information System (LIS)
u_ Nepal Land Information System (NeLIS) 3_ Land Use Information System (LUIS)
!)@_ d]/f] lsQf–k|0ffnL k|0ffnLdfkm{t ;]jf lng tnsf dWo] s'g s'/f cgnfOg kmf/fd ;fy k]z ug'{ kb}{g <
s_ hUufwgL btf{ k|df0f k"hf{sf] :sofg skL
v_ hUufwgLsf] kmf]6f sf] :sofg skL]
u_ /fhZj lt/]sf] k|df0f
3_ hUufwgLsf] gful/stfsf] k|df0f kqsf] :sofg skL
!)#_ d]/f] lsQf–k|0ffnL k|0ffnL dfkm{t tnsf dWo] s'g ;]jf lng ;ls+b}g <
s_ gS;f lk|G6 v_ Kn6/lh:6/ lk|G6
u_ lsQfsf6 3_ lkmN8a's lk|G6
!)$_ g]kfne/sf] lsQfgfkL ;DjGwL l8lh6n 8f6fx¿ s]Gb|Lo ;e{/df PsLs[t e08f/0f u/L ;f]xL ;e{/df /flvPsf] PlKns];g k|of]u u/]/
gfkL sfof{nox¿ dfkm{t\ ;]jf k|jfx ug]{ u/L gfkL ljefun] tof/ u/]sf] k|0fnLnfO{ s] elgG5 <
s_ GIS v_ LIS
u_ d]/f] lsQf 3_ NeLIS

pQ/x¿M
)!_ s )@_ v )#_ u )$_ 3 )%_ s )^_ v )&_ u )*_ 3 )(_ s !)_ v
!!_ u !@_ 3 !#_ s !$_ v !%_ u !^_ 3 !&_ s !*_ v !(_ u @)_ 3
@!_ s @@_ v @#_ u @$_ 3 @%_ s @^_ v @&_ u @*_ 3 @(_ s #)_ v
#!_ u #@_ 3 ##_ s #$_ v #%_ u #^_ 3 #&_ s #*_ v #(_ u $)_ 3
$!_ s $@_ v $#_ u $$_ 3 $%_ s $^_ v $&_ u $*_ 3 $(_ s %)_ v
%!_ u %@_ 3 %#_ s %$_ v %%_ u %^_ 3 %&_ s %*_ v %(_ u ^)_ 3
^!_ s ^@_ v ^#_ u ^$_ 3 ^%_ s ^^_ v ^&_ u ^*_ 3 ^(_ s &)_ v
&!_ u &@_ 3 &#_ s &$_ v &%_ u &^_ 3 &&_ s &*_ v &(_ u *)_ 3
*!_ s *@_ v *#_ u *$_ 3 *%_ s *^_ v *&_ u **_ 3 *(_ s ()_ v
(!_ u (@_ 3 (#_ s ($_ v (%_ u (^_ 3 (&_ s (*_ v ((_ u !))_ 3
!)!_ s !)@_ v !)#_ u !)$_ 3
CARTOGRAPHY ;Fu ;DjlGwt a:t'ut k|Zgx¿
!_ UTM sf] full form s] xf] <
s_ Universal Transverse Mercator v_ Universal Tellurometric measurements
u_ Underground Temperature Measurement 3_ Universal True Meridian
@_ UTM s:tf] projection syustem xf] <
s_ conical v_ cylindrical
u_ azimuthal 3_ circular
#_ UTM projection df cylinder sf] axis stf kmls{Psf] x'G5 <
s_ along the direction of minor axis
v_ perpendicular to the direction of major axis
u_ perpendicular to the direction of minor axis
3_ inclined by 45° to equator
$_ UTM projection df slt degree sf longitudinal zones 5g\\ <
s_ #° v_ $°
u_ %° 3_ ^°
%_ UTM projection system df pQ/ blIf0f slt coverage 5 <
s_ 80° S b]lv 84° N v_ 84° S b]lv 80° N
u_ 80°S b]lv 80° N 3_ 84° S b]lv 84° N
^_ UTM projection system df slt j6f longitudinal zones 5g\\ <
s_ @) j6f v_ ^) j6f
u_ #^ j6f 3_ #^) j6f
&_ UTM projection system df slt j6f latitudinal belts 5g\ <
s_ !*) j6f v_ ^) j6f
u_ @) j6f 3_ () j6f
*_ UTM projection system df slt degree sf latitudinal belts 5g\\<
s_ $° v_ *°
u_ !@° 3_ *° / !@°
(_ x/]s UTM zones sf central meridians sf] false easting slt dflgPsf] 5 <
s_ %,)),))) m v_ !),)),))))
u_ %,)),))) 3_ !),)),))) m
!)_ UTM Projection system df southern hemisphere sf] nflu false nothing at equator slt dflgPsf] 5 <
s_ %,)),))) m v_ !),)),))) m
u_ 0 m 3_ s'g} klg xf]Og
!!_ False easting central meridian sf] lnP h:t} false nothing s:sf] lnOG5 <
s_ South pole v_ North pole
u_ Equator 3_ Central latitude of the belt
!@_ g]kfndf s'g projection system ckgfOPsf] 5 <
s_ Universal Transverse Mercator projection
v_ Mercator projection
u_ Conic projection
3_ Modified Universal Transverse Mercator projection
!#_ g]kfn slt g+= UTM zones df kb{5 <
s_ $$ / $% v_ $# / $$
u_ $@ / $# 3_ $% / $^
!$_ g]kfn s'g UTM belt df kb{5 <
s_ G / H v_ R
u_ G 3_ H
!%_ UTM belts sf] label lbg s'g s'g cIf/ k|of]u ePsf 5}gg\
 s_ A / B v_ O / I
u_ A,B, O /I 3_ X / I
!^_ X g+= j]N6sf] rf}8fO{ slt degree sf] 5 <
s_ $) v_ ^)
u_ * ) 3_ !@)
!&_ UTM s:tf] projection syustem df scale factor at central meridian slt x'G5 <
s_ 0.9996 v_ 0.9999
u_ 0.9969 3_ 0.9696
!*_ MUTM projection df slt degree sf longitudinal zones 5g\\ <
s_ ^° v_ #°
u_ $° 3_ *°
!(_ MUTM s:tf] projection syustem df scale factor at central meridian slt x'G5 <
s_ 0.9996 v_ 0.9969
u_ 0.9999 3_ 0.9696
@)_ Small scale sheet numbering system df $° ^° sf] sf]7fnfO{ s'g scale sf] cGt/fli6«o dfg lrq dflgPsf] 5 .
s_ !M!,))))) v_ !M@,)))))
u_ !M%,))))) 3_ !M!),)),)))
@!_ Small scale sheet numbering system df $°÷$° sf latitudinal belts df jFf8]/ pQ/L uf]nfw{sf] lglDTf e"dWo /]vfaf6 pQ/ tkm{
s|dz A,B,C,D ub}{ gfds/0f ubf{ g]kfn s'g j]N6df kb{5 <
s_ G / H df v_ F / G df
u_ H df dfq 3_ G df dfq
@@_ G-45-B n] s'g scale sf] cGt/fli6«o dfg lrq nfO{ j'emfp5 <
s_ !M!,)),))) v_ !M%,)),)))
u_ !M@,)),))) 3_ !M!),)),)))
@#_ s'g sheet !M@,))))) sf] scale sf] xf] <
s_ G-45 v_ G-45- B
u_ G-45- xxiv 3_ G-45 – 45
@$_ G- 45-36 n] s'g scale sf] gS;fnfO{ j'emfpF5 <
s_ !M!),)),))) v_ !M%,)),)))
u_ !M@,)),))) 3_ !M!,)),)))
@%_ s'g sheet number n] !M %),))) sf] cGt/fli6«o dfg lrqnfO{ j'emfpF5 <
s_ G-45-45-D v_ G - 45- B
u_ G-45-D-b 3_ G- 45 – x xv
@^_ !M %),))) sf] scale df plotted cGt//fli6«o dfg lrqdf Ps l;6n] slt latitude / longitude cover ub{5 <
s_ @)Ú  #)Ú v_ !)Ú !%Ú
u_ %Ú  &Ú #)Æ 3_ @Ú#)Æ#Ú$%Æ
@&_ G-45 –36 –D-b n] s'g scale nfO{ hgfpF5 <
s_ !M!,)),))) v_ !M%),)))
u_ !M@%,))) 3_ !M!),)))
@*_ tnsf dWo] s'g sheet g+= n] !M!),))) sf] scale nfO{ j'emfpF5 <
s_ G45 –36 v_ G45 –36 –D –b
u_ G45-36 –0 3_ G-45-36-D-b-4
@(_ G-45-26-D bflxg] kl§ s'g sheet kb{5 <
s_ G-45-27-C v_ G-45-26-C
u_ G-45-27-A 3_ G-45-25-A
#)) G- 44- 36 sf] bflxg] tkm{ s'g sheet k5{ <
s_ G – 44- 37 v_ G – 45- 25
u_ G – 45- 36 3_ G – 45- 37
#!) UTM s'g projection xf] <
s_ equidistant v_ equal area
u_ conformal 3_ hybrid
#@) UTM k|0ffnLnfO{ k"/s agfpg 84° pQ/ / 80° blIf0f cIff+zx¿ eGbf dflysf w'j tkm{sf :yfgx¿df s'g coordinate system
kl/eflift ul/Psf] 5 <
s_ oblique conical v_ normal cylindrical
 u_ normal azimuthal 3_ polar stereographic
##) g]kfn MUTM k|0ffnLsf sltj6f longitudional zone leq kb{5 <
s_ tLg j6f v_ rf/ j6f
u_ b'O{ j6f 3_ Pp6f
#$) slt gDa/sf] MUTM zone sf] central meridian 81° E xf] <
s_ 44 v_ 44.0
u_ 44.5 3_ 45
#%) 44.5 zone gDa/sf] MUTM zone sf] central meridian slt xf] <
s_ 81° E v_ 82° E
u_ 84° E 3_ 87° E
#^) 45 .0 zone gDa/sf] MUTM zone sf] longitudinal range slt xf] <
s_ 79°30’E b]lv 82°30’E ;Dd v_ 85°30’W b]lv 88°30’E ;Dd
u_ 82°30’E b]lv 85°30’E ;Dd 3_ 85°30’E b]lv 88°30’E ;Dd
#&_ gfkL ljefun] k"jL{ tyf klZrd g]kfn topographical mapping project cGtu{t lgsfn]sf] g]kfnsf] at{dfg topographic map seris
s'g Layout df 5 <
s_ graticule layout v_ double layout
u_ grid layout 3_ single layout
#*_ 2785 l;6 gDa/ ePsf] topographic gS;fn] s'g If]q se/ u5{ <
s_ 27° N b]lv dfly 85° E eGbf k"a{
v_ 27°N – 28°N / 85° E- 86° E ljrsf]
u_ 2785 ju{ lsnf]dL6/
3_ 28° N b]lv dfly 86°E eGbf k"a{
#(_ l;6 g+= 2785–D n] s'g scale sf] gS;f nfO{ j'efpF5 <
s_ !M@%,))) v_ !M%),)))
u_ !M !)),))) 3_ !M@,)),)))
$)_ tnsf dWo] s'g l;6 gDa/n] !M%),))) sf] scale eGg] j'emfpF5 <
s_ 2785 D v_ 2785-16 D
u_ 2785 3_ 2785-16
$!_ 2785-13 C sf] lower left corner sf] value slt x'G5 <
s_ 27° N, 85°E v_ 27°07'30'E, 85° 07'30"E
u_ 27°N, 85°07'30"E 3_ 27° 07'30"N, 85°E
$@_ 2785-04 B sf] upper right corner sf] value slt x'G5 <
s_ 27° N, 85°E v_ 28° N, 86°E
u_ 27°N, 85°07'30"E 3_ 27° 07'30"N, 85°E
$#_ UTM projection df ;a} belt x¿sf] rf}8fO{ 8° sf] 5 t/ ;a} eGbf pQ/sf] belt 12° sf] 5 . lsg <
s_ lsgls of] 84° North ;Dd k'u]sf] 5 .
v_ lsgls clGtdsf] belt ePsf]n] 4° yk ul/Psf] xf] .
u_ lsgls Norway nfO{ cover ug{ belt sf] width a9fO{Psf] lyof] .
3_ dflysf ;a} sf/0f 12° sf] ePsf] xf] .
$$_ UTM projection df slt gDa/sf] latitudinal belt 12° sf] 5 <
s_ M v_ C
u_ G 3_ X
$%_ UTM belt sf] label ubf{ lsg O / I g/flvPsf] xf]nf <
s_ Zero / one confuse x'g] ePsf]n] v_ One ;Fu confuse x'g] ePsf]n]
u_ Zero ;Fu confuse x'g] ePsf]n] 3_ @) j6f dfq belt ePsf]n]
$^_ UTM projection system df northern hemispheric sf] nflu false northing at equator slt elgPsf] 5 <
s_ 500,000 m v_ 0 m
u_ 10,000,00 m 3_ 500km
$&_ 2785 16 D sf] bflxg] tkm{ s'g sheet kb{5 <
s_ 2785 16 C v_ 2785 16B
u_ 2786 13 C 3_ 2786 15 C
$*_ !M@%))) sf] Topo gS;fdf slt If]q cf]ul6G5 <
s_ 30'x30' v_ 3'45'' x3'45''
u_ 15'x15' 3_ 7'30''x7'30''
$(_ ef/tLo ;j]{If0f ljefun] ;du| ef/tLo pkdxflåknfO{ ;d]6\g]u/L tof/ u/]sf] l;6 gDal/Ë l;:6ddf rf/ b]lv rfnL; l8u|L pQ/L
cIff+z / rf}jfnL; b]lv Ps;o rf}aL; l8u|L k"jL{ b]zfGt/n] cover ug]{ e"–efunfO{ s'g cfsf/sf u|L8x¿df ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 <
s_ rf/ l8lu| jfO{ rf/ l8lu|sf lu|8df v_ b'O{ l8lu| jfO{ b'O{ l8lu|sf lu|8df
u_ Ps l8lu| jfO{ Ps l8lu|sf lu|8df 3_ tL; ldg]6| jfO{ tL; ldg]6sf lu|8df
%)_ ef/tLo ;j]{If0f ljefun] tof/ u/]sf] g]kfnsf] 6f]kf] gS;f ;]l/h s'g :s]ndf 5 <
s_ Ps OGr a/fa/ cfwf dfOnsf] v_ Ps OGr a/fa/ Ps dfOnsf]
u_ Ps OGr a/fa/ rf/ dfOnsf] 3_ Ps OGr a/fa/ ;f]x| dfOnsf]
%!_ ef/tLo ;j]{If0f ljefun] ;du| ef/tLo pkdxflåknfO{ ;d]6\g]u/L tof/ u/]sf] l;6 gDal/Ë l;:6ddf g]kfnsf] ;Dk"0f{ e"–efu s'g s'g
lu|8 leq kb{5 <
s_ 61,62,71,72 / 78 v_ 62,63,72,73 / 78
u_ 62,63,71,72 / 78 3_ 72,73,76,77 / 78
%@_ ef/tLo ;j]{If0f ljefun] tof/ u/]sf] g]knsf] sf7df08f} If]qsf] 6f]kf] l;6sf] gDa/ 72 E/6 eP, ;f] slt scale sf] xf]nf <
s_ 1/2 ″ : miles v_ 1 ″ : 2miles
u_ 1 ″ : 4 miles 3_ 1 ″ : 1mile
%#_ gS;fdf ground feature x¿nfO{ slt details df ;d]l6Psf] 5 / Tof] gS;f af6 measurement u/L lgsflnPsf] feature x¿sf]
geometry slt accurate x'G5 eGg]s'/fnfO{ s] n] indicate ub{5 <
s_ scale of map v_ contour interval
u_ level of generalization 3_ extent of ground covered by map
%$_ tnsf dWo] s'g rfxL+ ;a}eGbf 7"nf] :s]nsf] gS;f xf]nf <
s_ topographic base map v_ cadastral map
u_ atlas 3_ wall map
%%_ tnsf dWo] s'g rfxL+ ;a}eGbf ;fgf] :s]nsf] gS;f xf]nf <
s_ topographic base map v_ cadastral map
u_ globe 3_ wall map
%^_ tnsf dWo] s'g rfxL+ dWod :s]nsf] gS;f xf]nf <
s_ nautical chart v_ cadastral map
u_ globe 3_ topographic base map
%&_ sf6f]{u|fkm/nfO{ gS;fdf pknAw ;Lldt :yfgdf cfj:os ;a} detail x¿nfO{ k|efjsf/L 9+un] k|:t't ug{ s]n] d2t u5{ <
s_ gS;fsf] symbol n] v_ gS;fsf] scale n]
u_ gS;fsf] legend n] 3_ gS;fsf] title n]
%*_ sf6f]{u|kmLdf symbol nfO{ qualitative / quantitative egL s] sf cfef/df juL{s/0f ul/Psf] xf] <
s_ dimensional characteristics sf cfwf/df v_ theme sf cfwf/df
u_ scale sf cfwf/df 3_ dflysf ;a} cfwf/x¿df
%(_ sf6f]{u|kmLdf symbol nfO{ dimensional characteristics sf cfwf/df slt ju{df juL{s/0f ul/Psf] 5 <
s_ Ps v_ b'O{
u_ tLg 3_ rf/
^)_ tnsf dWo] s'g dimensional characteristics sf cfwf/df ul/Psf] sf6f]{u|kmLs symbol sf] juL{s/0f xf] <
s_ point symbol v_ line symbol
u_ area symbol 3_ dflysf ;a}
^!_ tnsf dWo] s'g graphic marker sf] shape sf cfwf/df ul/Psf] sf6f]{u|kmLs symbol sf] juL{s/0f xf]Og <
s_ point symbol v_ pictorial symbol
u_ geomatric symbol 3_ letter symbol
^@_ k|of]stf{n] map reading ubf{ legend x]l//xg' gkg]{ x'g sf6f]{u|kmLs symbol s:tf] x'g'kb{5 <
s_ ;s];Dd ;/n, :k:6 / ;fgf] x'g' kb{5
v_ ;s];Dd self explanatory x'g'k5{
u_ cGt/f{li6«o d'No dfGotf;Ffu d]nvfg] x'g' kb{5
3_ ;s];Dd draw ug{ / scribe ug{ ;lhnf] x'g' kb{5
^#_ s'g symbol self explanatory x'G5 <
 s_ letter v_ geometric
u_ pictographic 3_ all of the above
^$_ h'g ;'s} :s]nsf] gS;df klg line symbol af6 b]vfOg] feature s'g xf] <
s_ river v_ road
u_ aqua duct 3_ contour
^%_ h'g ;'s} :s]nsf] gS;df klg area symbol af6 b]vfOg] feature s'g xf] <
s_ administratie unit v_ lake
u_ city 3_ all of the above
^^_ h'g ;'s} :s]nsf] gS;df klg point symbol af6 b]vfOg] feature s'g xf] <
s_ well v_ control point
u_ city 3_ all of the above
^&_ s'g symbol draw ug{ ufx|f] t/ k9\g ;lhnf] x'G5 <
s_ letter v_ geometric
u_ pictorial 3_ none of the above
^*_ tnsf dWo] s'g letter symbol sf] ljz]iftf xf] < letter symbol
s_ j'‰m\g ;lhnf] x'G5
v_ readability df c¿ text sf] lgs} k|efj kb{5
u_ produce ug{ ;lhnf] x'G5
3_ dflysf ;a}
^(_ olb ;a} symbol x¿ ;dfg ¿kdf dflgG5Ù s'g} klg symbol c¿;Fu t'ngfTds x'Fb}g eg] visual variable sf] To:tf] perception
property nfO{ s] elgG5 <
s_ associative v_ selective
u_ ordinal produce 3_ quantitative
&)_ olb symbol x¿ km/s–km/s t x'G5g\ t/ ;d"lxs[t x'G5g\, cfFvfn] t'?Gt} oL ;d"xx¿ lrGg ;S5 eg] visual variable sf] To:tf]
perception property nfO{ s] elgG5 <
s_ associative v_ selective
u_ ordinal 3_ quantitative
&!_ olb symbol x¿nfO{ ;lhn} t'ngfTds qmddf /fVg ;lsG5 eg] visual variable sf] To:tf] perception property nfO{ s] elgG5 <
s_ associative v_ selective
u_ ordinal 3_ quantitative
&@_ olb symbol x¿n] ;xh ¿kdf kl/df0ffTds 5fk l;h{gf ub{5 eg] visual variable sf] To:tf] perception property nfO{ s] elgG5
<
s_ associative v_ selective
u_ ordinal 3_ quantitative
&#_ hldgdf ;dfg prfO ePsf ljGb'x¿nfO{ hf]8]/ hfg] sfNklgs /]vfnfO{ s] elgG5 <
s_ contour line v_ isobar
u_ isobath 3_ isotherm
&$_ hldgdf level surface / topographic surface sf] k|ltR5]bgsf] /]vfnfO{ s] elgG5 <
s_ cIf+z /]vf v_ ;df]Rr /]vf
u_ b]zfGt/ /]vf 3_ ;drfk /]vf
&%_ Pp6f ;df]Rr /]vf ;lxtsf] gS;fn]
s_ plan sf] p2]Zo k"/f ub{5 v_ section sf] p2]Zo k"/f ub{5
u_ plan / section b'j}sf] p2]Zo k"/f ub{5 3_ plan / section b'j}sf] p2]Zo k"/f ub{}g
&^_ ;df]Rr /]vfx¿nfO{ gS;fdf s;/L lrlqt ul/G5
s_ hill shadding sf] ¿kdf v_ layer tint sf] ¿kdf
u_ hachure sf] ¿kdf 3_ isoline sf] ¿kdf
&&_ ;df]Rr /]vf slt tl/sfaf6 lvRg ;lsG5 <
s_ b'O{ tl/sfaf6 v_ tLg tl/sfaf6
 u_ rf/ tl/sfaf6 3_ kfFr{ tl/sfaf6
&*_ ;df]Rr /]vf lvRg] s'g tl/sf c;xh / cJojxfl/s 5 <
s_ indirect tl/s v_ direct tl/sf
u_ indirect / direct tl/sf 3_ s'g}klg c;xh 5}g
&(_ map making df ;a} eGbf k|efjsf/L relief representation ug]{ dfWod s'g xf] <
s_ hill shading v_ spot height
u_ contouring 3_ hachure/form lines
*)_ gS;fdf ;d'b| ;txb]lv s'g} lglZrt prfO{df /x]sf] ;df]Rr/]vfnfO{ s]n] label ul/G5 <
s_ ;df]Rr /]vf cGt/fnn] v_ horizontal equivalent n]
u_ dxTjk"0f{ :yfgsf] :yfgLo gfdn] 3_ prfO{n]
*!_ gLnf] /+usf] ;df]Rr/]vfn] s:tf] hldgsf] ;txnfO{ a'emfpF5 <
s_ lxd /]vf eGbf dflysf] ;tx v_ lxd /]vf eGbf tnsf] ;tx
u_ ;d'Gb| eGbf dflysf] ;tx 3_ ;d'Gb| eGbf tnsf] ;tx
*@_ sG6'/ /]vfnfO{ k9\g ;xh xf];\ egL k|To]s kfFrf}+ contour nfO{ pxL /+usf] thicker line n] represent ul/Psf] x'G5 To;nfO{ s] elgG5
.<
s_ intermediate contour v_ index contour
u_ supplementary contour 3_ master contour
*#_ OG8]S; sG6'/sf ljrsf c¿ contour x¿nfO{ s] elgG5 . <
s_ supplementary contour v_ index contour
u_ intermediate contour 3_ middle contour
*$_ b'O{j6f intermediate contour sf] ljrsf] w/ftnLo :j¿knfO{ yk :k:6 kfg{ k/]df cfwf contour interval df pxL color sf] broken
line n] contour lvlrG5, To;nfO{ s] elgG5 . <
s_ broken contour v_ intermediate contour
u_ index contour 3_ supplementary contour
*%_ k|To]s ;df]Rr /]vfx¿sf] ;d'Gb| ;tx (mean sea level) b]lvsf] prfOnfO{ s] elgG5 . <
s_ contour value v_ horizontal equivalent
u_ contour interval 3_ contour height
*^_ Pp6f contour b]lv ;Fu}sf] csf]{ contour ;Ddsf] vertical b"/L nfO{ s] elgG5 <
s_ contour distance v_ contour interval
u_ contour gradient 3_ horizontal equivalent
*&_ ;Fu;Fu} /x]sf b'O{j6f contour x¿ ljrsf] shortest horizontal distance nfO{ s] elgG5 <
s_ contour interval v_ horizontal interval
u_ horizontal equivalent 3_ vertical equivalent
**_ sG6'/ /]vfn]] ridge line nfO{ s'g angle df cross ug{' kb{5 <
s_ 45° v_ 30°
u_ 0° 3_ 90°
*(_ s'g syg c;To 5 <
s_ e~Hofªdf Pp6f sG6'/ ljefhg eP/ b'Oj6f xfFufdf jfFl8G5
v_ x/]s contour nfO{ cfkm}df closed x'g'k5{ rfx] Tof] gS;f aflx/ lsggxf];
u_ Pp6f contour nfOgsf] x/]s point df same elevation x'G5
3_ sG6'/sf value n]Vbf j9\bf] prfO{ tkm{ kmsf{P/ n]Vg' kb{5
()_ w/ftnsf] steepest slope sf] direction, contour line ;Fu
s_ parallel x'G5 v_ Perpendicular x'G5
u_ 45° df x'G5 3_ any angle df inclined x'G5 .
(!_ s'g cj:yfdf b'O{ km/s value sf contour x¿ Pp6} point df meet x'G5g\\ <
s_ depression v_ hill
u_ vertical cliff 3_ dflysf ;a}
(@_ olb s'g} map df closed contours sf] series 5 eg] To;n] s] s'/fnfO{ hgfpF5 <
s_ kxf8 v_ vf8n
u_ ;dy/ hdLg 3_ s / v dWo] s'g} Ps
(#_ s'g cj:yfdf contour nfO{gx¿ Ps cfk;df intersect x'g ;S5g\ <
s_ over hanging cliff v_ hill
u_ vertical cliff 3_ depression
($_ cfk;df glhs glhs /x]sf sf contour nfO{gn] s:tf] hdLgnfO{ indicate ub{5g\\ <
 s_ flat ground v_ steep ground
u_ fairly leveled ground 3_ gentle slope ground
(%_ tnsf dWo] bell shaped contour n] s'g s'/fnfO{ j'emfpF5 <
s_ depression v_ ridge
u_ valley 3_ ;a}
(^_ csf]{ zAbdf valley line nfO{ s] klg elgG5 <
s_ watershed v_ ridge
u_ contour 3_ thalweg
(&_ csf]{ zAbdf ridge line nfO{ s] klg elgG5 <
s_ watershed v_ thalweg
u_ valley 3_ contour gradient
(*_ gS;fdf contour value n]Vbf stf lt/ kmsf{P/ n]lvG5 <
s_ pQ/ lbzf lt/ kmsf{P/ v_ j9\bf] prfO{ tkm{ kmsf{P/
u_ 36\bf] prfO{ tkm{ kmsf{P 3_ blIf0f lbzf lt/ kmsf{P
((_ lIflth;Fu ;dfg em'sfjdf kf; x'g] /]vfnfO{ elgG5 s] elgG5 <
s_ inclined contour v_ thalweg
u_ contour gradient 3_ slope contoue
!))_ s'g lbzfdf k|sfzsf] >f]t /x]sf] dfg]/ hill shading ul/G5 <
s_ pQ/ k"j{ lbzfdf v_ blIf0f k"j{ lbzfdf
u_ blIf0f klZrd lbzfdf 3_pQ/ klZrd lbzfdf
!)!_ gS;fsf] :s]n / p2]Zo adf]lhd pko'Qm ljj/0fsf] rog / tL ljj/0fx¿sf] ;/nLs[t representation ug]{ k|s[ofnfO{ s] elgG5 <
s_ generalization v_ hill shading
u_ contouring 3_ visualization
!)@_ 8f6fsf] dxTjk"0f{ ljz]iftfx¿sf] determination ug]{, oL dxQ\jk"0f{ ljz]iftfx¿sf] retention / ;Defljt exaggeration ug]{, tyf
cjf+l5t ljj/0f sf] elimination ug]{ sfo{nfO{ s] elgG5 <
s_ generalization v_ simplification
u_ selection 3_ visualization
!)#_ 8]6fnfO{ qmda4 jf :s]ln+u ug]{ / 8]6fsf] ;d"xLs/0f ug]{ sfo{nfO{ s] elgG5 <
s_ generalization v_ simplification
u_ classification 3_ visualization
!)$_ 8]6fnfO{ ;"rgfdf ¿kfGt/0f -inference_sf] logical process nfO{ sf6f]{u|fkmLdf ptfg]{ sfdnfO{ s] elgG5 <
s_ generalization v_ simplification
u_ classification 3_ induction
!)%_ 3gf al:tnfO{ built-up area sf] ¿kdf lrq0f ug]{ sfo{ s] cGtu{t kb{5 <
s_ aggregation v_ amalgamation
u_ smoothing 3_ simplification
!)^_ glhs glhs /x]sf ;fgf;fgf tfnx¿sf] ;d"xnfO{ ufe]/ Pp6} tfn If]qsf] ¿kdf b]vfpg] sfd s] cGtu{t kb{5 <
s_ aggregation v_ amalgamation
u_ smoothing 3_ simplification
!)&_ nfOgdf ePsf sharp turning x¿nfO{ x6fP/ smooth appearance lbg] sfdnfO{ s] elgG5 <
s_ aggregation v_ amalgamation
u_ smoothing 3_ simplification
!)*_ nfOg feature sf] cfs/ / position df significant change gcfpg] u/L cgfjZos vertex x¿ x6fpg] sfdnfO{ s] elgG5 <
s_ aggregation v_ amalgamation
u_ smoothing 3_ simplification
!)(_ 7"nf] dfggfksf] gS;fdf yf]/} dfq} gap df ePsf Pp6} feature sf km/s km/s component nfO{ 5'§f5'§} b]vfOPsf] t/ reduceed scale
df Tof] gap b]vfpg] u/L plotable gePsf] cj:yfdf gap x6fO{ Pp6} dfq symbol af6 k|:t't ug]{ sfdnfO{ s] elgG5 <
s_ merging v_ collapsing
 u_ refinement 3_ typification
!!)_ 7"nf] dfggfksf] gS;fdf yf]/} dfq} gap df ePsf Pp6} feature sf km/s km/s component nfO{ 5'§f5'§} b]vfOPsf] t/ reduceed scale
df Tof] gap b]vfpg] u/L plotable gePsf] cj:yfdf gap x6fO{ Pp6} dfq symbol af6 k|:t't ug]{ sfdnfO{ s] elgG5 <
s_ merging v_ collapsing
u_ refinement 3_ typification
!!)_ 7"nf] dfggfksf] gS;fdf ePsf] s'g} aerial feature nfO{ reduced scale df area feature s} ¿kdf b]vfpg too small eP line jf point
feature sf] ¿kdf b]vfpg] sfo{nfO{ s] elgG5 <
s_ merging v_ collapsing
u_ refinement 3_ typification
!!!_ p:t} k|s[ltsf ;fgf 7"nf w]/} j6f detail x¿ ;Fu;Fu} 5g\ eg] 6"nf details nfO{ sfod} /fvL ;fgf details nfO{ 56gL ug]{ sfdnfO{ s]
elgG5 <
s_ merging v_ collapsing
u_ refinement 3_ typification
!!@_ Ps}} k|s[ltsf w]/} j6f detail x¿ ;Fu;Fu} 5g\ eg] 56gL u/L s]xL k|ltlglw feature x¿nfO{ dfq b]vfpg] sfdnfO{ s] elgG5 <
s_ merging v_ collapsing
u_ refinement 3_ typification
!!#_ lbPsf] scale df plot ug{ too small detail nfO{ 7"nf] cfs/df plot u/]/ b]vfpg] sfd nfO{ s] elgG5 <
s_ exaggeration v_ enhancement
u_ displacement 3_ classification
!!$_ dxTjk"0f{ feature nfO{ cfsf/df cyjf brightness df a9f]Q/L u/L visual focus a9fpg] sfdnfO{ s] elgG5 <
s_ exaggeration v_ enhancement
u_ displacement 3_ classification
!!%_ b'O{ jf b'O{ eGbf a9L feature x¿ cfk;df lgs} glhs eP/ jf hf]l8P/ jf overlap eP/ graphic limitation sf] sf/0fn] symbolize
u/L map df lrq0f ug{ ldn]g jf s7Lg eof] eg] s'g} Pp6f deail nfO{ To;sf] original planimetric position af6 shift u/]/ lrq0f
ug]{ sfdnfO{ s] elgG5 <
s_ exaggeration v_ enhancement
u_ displacement 3_ classification
!!^_ ;dfg jf p:t} attribute ePsf feature x¿nfO{ ;d"xLs[t u/]/ lrq0f ug]{ sfdnfO{ s] elgG5 <
s_ exaggeration v_ enhancement
u_ displacement 3_ classification
!!&_ ef}uf]lns gfd cyjf geographical name nfO{ csf]{ zAbdf s] klg elgG5 <
s_ toponym v_ typonym
u_ geonym 3_ geo name
!!*_ ljleGg >f]taf6 collect u/]/ gS;df ;dfa]; ul/Psf gfd x¿nfO{ english jf cGo efifdf cg'jfb ug{ ljsf; ul/Psf] script
standard nfO{ s] elgG5 <
s_ transformation system v_ transliteration system
u_ translation language 3_ transverse system
!!(_ gfkL ljefuåf/f cjnDjg ul/Psf] transliteration system df g]kfnL gfdx¿nfO{ c+u|]hLdf /f]dgfOh ubf{ ′`′ sf] cIf/nfO{ s;/L
ul/G5 <
s_ n v_ ng
u_ ñ 3_ nh
!@)_ gfkL ljefuåf/f cjnDjg ul/Psf] transliteration system df g]kfnL gfdx¿nfO{ c+u|]hLdf /f]dgfOh ubf{ ′0f′ sf] cIf/nfO{ s;/L
ul/G5 <
s_ ṅ v_ nh
u_ ñ 3_ ṇ
!@!_ gfkL ljefuåf/f cjnDjg ul/Psf] transliteration system df g]kfnL gfdx¿nfO{ c+u|]hLdf /f]dgfOh ubf{ ′ª′ sf] cIf/nfO{ s;/L ul/G5
<
s_ ṅ v_ ng
u_ ñ 3_ ṇ
!@@_ gfkL ljefuåf/f cjnDjg ul/Psf] transliteration system df g]kfnL gfdx¿nfO{ c+u|]hLdf /f]dgfOh ubf{ ′g′ sf] cIf/nfO{ s;/L
ul/G5 <
s_ ṅ v_ n
u_ ñ 3_ ṇ
!@#_ gS;df lrq0f ul/Psf geographic object x¿sf] gfd pNn]v ug]{ sfd nfO{ s] elgG5 <
s_ naming v_ texting
 u_ labeling 3_ scripting
!@$_ lbPsf] lrqsf cfwf/df name placement hierarchy s'g x'G5 <
s_ ABCDEF v_ ACFDBE
u_ CFADBE 3_ CDAFBE
!@%_ ljGb'sf] n]an ubf{ stf lt/ label ug'{ jf+5g\Lo dflgb}+g <
s_ l;w} afofF jf l;w} bfofF lt/ v_ laGb'sf] dflyNnf] bfofF 5+]pdf
u_ laGb'sf] tNnf] bfofF 5+]pdf 3_ laGb'sf] dflyNnf] afofF 5]pdf
!@^_ laGb' / o;sf] n]an aLrsf] ;DaGwnfO{ :ki6 kfg{ Pscsf{sf] glhs /fVg' kb{ 5 . To;f] ug{ g;lsPdf laGb' / n]an h8fg ug{ nL8/
nfOgx¿ k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . nL8/ nfOgx¿ k|of]u ubf{
s_ point df 5'g' k5{ / arrow klg /fVg' k5{ v_ point df 5'g' x'Gg / arrow klg /fVg' x'Gg
u_ point df 5'g' x'Gg / arrow /fVg' k5{ 3_ point df 5'g' k5{ / arrow /fVg' x'Gg
!@&_ ljB't k|;/0f nfO{g h:tf l;wf cfsf/sf linear feature x¿sf] n]an ubf{ s'g blzfdf orient ug{ x'Gg <
s_ bfofFb]lv jfofF v_ dlyb]lv tn
u_ bfofFb]lv jfofF / dlyb]lv tn 3_ afofFb]lv bfofF / tnb]lv dfly
!@*_ If]qLo jf polygon feature x¿ n]an ubf{
s_ ;Dk"0f{ polygon 9fSg] u/L label sf] text km}lnPsf] x'g'k5{
v_ n]ansf] b'a} 5]pdf Sof/]S6/ :k];sf] a/fa/ x'g]u/L dflh{g 5f]8]sf] x'g'k5{
u_ cfjZostf cg';f/ feature leq label lkm6 ug{ text sf] orientation 3'dfpg ;lsG5
3_ dflysf ;a} s'/fx¿ Wofg blPsf] x'g'k5{
!@(_ æs] gS;fdf Kn6 ul/Psf] feature sf] horizontal tyf vertical b'j} positions 7Ls 5g\ t<æ eGg] s'/fnfO{ s] n] OlËt ub{5 <
s_ spatial accuracy v_ attribute accuracy
u_ temporal accuracy 3_ lineage
!#)_ æs] k|:t'tul/Psf feature x¿sf] cy{ 7Ls 5 <æ eGg] s'/fnfO{ s] n] OlËt ub{5 <
s_ spatial accuracy v_ attribute accuracy
u_ temporal accuracy 3_ lineage
!#!_ æs] gS;fn] ck 6' 8]6 8f6f b]vfPsf] 5 <æ eGg] s'/fnfO{ s] n] OlËt ub{5 <
s_ spatial accuracy v_ attribute accuracy
u_ temporal accuracy 3_ lineage
!#@_ æs'g ;|f]taf6 8f6f k|fKt ul/Psf] lyof] < eGg] s'/fnfO{ s] n] OlËt ub{5 <
s_ spatial accuracy v_ attribute accuracy
u_ temporal accuracy 3_ lineage
pQ/x¿M
)!_ s )@_ v )#_ u )$_ 3 )%_ s )^_ v )&_ u
)*_ 3 )(_ s !)_ v !!_ u !@_ 3 !#_ s !$_ v
!%_ u !^_ 3 !&_ s !*_ v !(_ u @)_ 3 @!_ s
@@_ v @#_ u @$_ 3 @%_ s @^_ v @&_ u @*_ 3
@(_ s #)_ v #!_ u #@_ 3 ##_ s #$_ v #%_ u
#^_ 3 #&_ s #*_ v #(_ u $)_ 3 $!_ s $@_ v
$#_ u $$_ 3 $%_ s $^_ v $&_ u $*_ 3 $(_ s
%)_ v %!_ u %@_ 3 %#_ s %$_ v %%_ u %^_ 3
%&_ s %*_ v %(_ u ^)_ 3 ^!_ s ^@_ v ^#_ u
^$_ 3 ^%_ s ^^_ v ^&_ u ^*_ 3 ^(_ s &)_ v
&!_ u &@_ 3 &#_ s &$_ v &%_ u &^_ 3 &&_ s
&*_ v &(_ u *)_ 3 *!_ s *@_ v *#_ u *$_ 3
*%_ s *^_ v *&_ u **_ 3 *(_ s ()_ v (!_ u
(@_ 3 (#_ s ($_ v (%_ u (^_ 3 (&_ s (*_ v
((_ u !))_ 3 !)!_ s !)@_ v !)#_ u !)$_ 3 !)%_ s
!)^_ v !)&_ u !)*_ 3 !)(_ s !!)_ v !!!_ u !!@_ 3
!!#_ s !!$_ v !!%_ u !!^_ 3 !!&_ s !!*_ v !!(_ u
!@)_ 3 !@!_ s !@@_ v !@#_ u !@$_ 3 !@%_ s !@^_ v
!@&_ u !@*_ 3 !@(_ s !#)_ v !#!_ u !#@_ 3
EQUIPMENTS AND THEIR USE ;Fu ;DalGwt a:t'ut k|Zgx¿
!_ freely suspended magnet n]
s_ magnetic north b]vfpF5 v_ grid north b]vfpF5
u_ arbitrary north b]vfpf5 3_ true north b]vfpF5 .
@_ s'g sDkf;df quadrantal bearing kl9G5 <
s_ prismatic compass df v_ surveyors compass df
u_ trough compass df 3_ tubular compass df
#_ magnetic compass s'g sfdsf] nflu k|of]u x'G5 <
s_ magnetic pQ/ kQfnufpg v_ s'g} /]vfsf] magnetic bearing kQfnufpg
u_ s / v b'j} ug{ 3_ dflysf] s'g} klg xf]Og
$_ s'g compass df south tkm{ zero / north df 180° x'G5 <
s_ tubular compass df v_ surveyors compass df
u_ trough compass df 3_ prismatic compass df
%_ s'g sDkf;df pN6f cIf/af6 graduation ul/Psf] x'G5
s_ prismatic compass df v_ surveyors compass df
u_ trough compass df 3_ tubular compass df
^_ s'g compass df vertical angle j9\g ;lsG5 <
s_ prismatic compass v_ Brunton's compass
v_ surveyors compass 3_ ;a}
&_ s'g compass nfO{ mining compass elgG5 <
s_ prismatic v_ surveyors
u_ Brunton's 3_ ;a}
*_ Gunter's chain sf] nDjfO{ slt x'G5 <
s_ 100 ft v_ 33 ft
u_ 20m 3_ 66 ft
(_ Gunters chain df slt links x'G5g\\
s_ 100 links v_ ## links
u_ 66 links 3_ 16 links
!)_ engineers chain df Ps link sf] nDjfO{ slt x'G5 <
s_ 0.66 ft v_ 0.2 m
u_ 1ft 3_ 0.3m
!!_ 30 m sf] metric chain df sltj6f links x'G5g\\ <
s_ !)) j6f v_ #) j6f
u_ !%) j6f 3_ %) j6f
!@_ @) m sf] metric chain df circular tally slt dL= df /flvG5 <
s_ @) dL v_ % dL6/
u_ !%dL6/ 3_ !) dL6/
!#_ Ps km"6 nDjfO{ ePsf] links s'g chain df x'G5 .
s_ engineers chain df v_ metric chain df
u_ Gunters chain df u_ revenue chain df
!$_ revenue chain df slt links x'G5g\\ <
s_ 100 links v_ 16 links
u_ 33 links 3_ 66 links
!%_ ;a} eGbf z'4 tape s'g xf] <
s_ cloth tape v_ steel tape
u_ invar tape 3_ metallic tape
!^_ ;fwf/0ftof off set measurement df / sd z'¢tf ePklg k'Ug] sdx¿df k|of]u x'g] tape s'g xf] <
s_ invar tape v_ metallic tape
 u_ steel tape 3_ cloth tape
!&_ metallic tape s]af6 ag]sf] x'G5 <
s_ steel af6 v_ linen af6
u_ metal af6 3_ linen df metallic wires j'g]/
!*_ Invar tape s] af6 ag]sf] x'g5 .
s_ steel v_ alloy of steel & nickel
u_ nickel 3_ cloth or lilnen
!(_ 64% steel / 36% nickel sf] alloy sf] thermal expansion coefficient slt x'G5 <
s_ 0.122  10-6 mm/°C v_ 0.122  10-6 mm/°F
u_ 0.122 10-6 m /°C 3_ 0.122  10-6 m/°F
@)_ s'g 6]k ;a} eGbf dx+uf] 6]k xf] <
s_ linen tape v_ steel tape
u_ metallic tape 3_ invar tape
@!_ s'g tape triangulation sf] base line gfKg k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 <
s_ invar tape v_ steel tape
u_ metallic tape 3_ linen tape
@@_ plane table sf] size s'g xf] <
s_ 76  61 v_ 75 cm  60 cm
u_ 75  60 3_ 76 inch  61 inch
@#_ plumbing fork ( U –frame ) sf] sfd s] xf] <
s_ levelling ug]{ v_ orientation ug]{
u_ centering ug]{ 3_ ;a}
@$ theodilite s'g sfo{ df k|of]u x'g] instrument xf] <
s_ horizontal angle gfKg v_ vertical angle gfKg
u_ bearing gfKg 3_ dflysf ;a} s'/fx¿ gfKg .
@%_ theodolite nfO{ vertical plane df trunion axis sf] about df turn ug]{ sfo{nfO{ s] elgG5 <
s_ transiting v_ face left
u_ swing 3_ face right
@^_ vertical axis sf] about df theodolite nfO{ horizontal plane df 3'dfpg] sfof{nfO{ s] elgG5 <
s_ traversing v_ swing
u_ surveying 3_ transiting
@&_ vertical circle observer sf] left df ePsf] cj:ynfO{ s] elgG5 <
s_ telescope invested v_ bubble down
u_ face left position 3_ face right position
@*_ vertical circle observer sf] bfofF ePsf] cj:yfnfO{ s] elgG5 .
s_ bubble up v_ face left position
u_ telescope normal 3_ face right position
@(_ telescope inverted eGGfn] s'g position nfO{ j'emfpF5 <
s_ bubble down v_ face left
u_ s / v b'j} 3_ s'g} klg xf]Og
#)_ telescope normal eGgn] s'g position nfO{ j'emfpF5 <
s_ bubble down v_ face left
u_ s / v b'j} 3_ s'g} klg xf]Og
#!_ theodolite sf] ;xfotfaf6 b'O{j6f cfk;df gb]lvg] points nfO{ hf]8\g] l;wf /]vfsf] ljrdf point establish ug]{ sfo{nfO{ s] elgG5 <
s_ lining in v_ centring
u_ balancing in 3_ levelling
#@_ b'O{ j6f cfk;df b]lvg] ljGb' nfO{ hf]8\g] l;wf /]vfdf kg]{ ljGb' theodolite sf] ;xfotfn] :yfkgf ug]{ sfdnfO{ s] elgG5 <
s_ balancing in v_ levellilng
u_ traversing 3_ lining in
##_ theodolite sf] vertical axis To;sf] plate level ;Fu
s_ perpendicular xg'k5{
u_ coinciding x'g' k5{
v_ parallel x'g' k5{
3_ independent x'g' k5{
#$_ line of collimation / axis of telescope sf] s:tf] ;djGw x'g' kb{5 <
s_ perpendicular v_ coinciding
u_ parallel 3_ ;a}
#%_ cross hairs sf] point of intersection / objective lens sf] optical centre nfO{ hf]8\g] /]vf / To;sf] lg/Gt/tfnfO{ s] elgG5 <
s_ axis of telescope v_ trunion axis
u_ line of collimation 3_ vertical axis
#^_ trunion axis
s_ vertical line ;Fu perpendicular x'g' k5{
v_ line of collimation ;Fu perpendicular x'g' k5{
u_ lline of collimation ;Fu parallel x'g' k5{
3_ s / v b'j} x'g' kb{5 .
#&_ eye piece / objective lens sf] optical centers hf]8\g] /]vfnfO{ s] elgG5 <
s_ axis of telescope v_ line of sight
u_ line of collimation 3_ horizontal axis
#*_ vertical plane df direct vertical distance gfKg k|of]u ul/g] instrument nfO{ s] elgG5 <
s_ chain v_ level
u_ staff 3_ tape
#(_ level instrument df telescope lsg /flvG5 <
s_ line of sight horizontal jgfpg v_ bubble nfO{ centre df Nofpg
u_ line of sight provide ug{ 3_ dflysf ;a} sfo{ ug{
$)_ axis of bubble tube / vertical axis sf] ;DjGw s:tf] x'g' kb{5 <
s_ conceding v_ parallel
u_ independent 3_ perpendicular
$!_ level instrument sf] diaphragm df ePsf horizontal / vertical cross hairs s:tf] x'g' k5{ <
s_ perpendicular v_ parallel
u_ independent 3_ coinciding
$@_ level instrument df axis of telescope / lilne of collilmation
s_ intersect x'g' k5{ v_ coincide ug'{ k5{
u_ perpendicular x'g' k5{ 3_ parallel horizontal plane df kg'{k5{.
$#_ EDM sf] full form s] xf] <
s_ electromagnetic distance meter v_ electronic distance meter
u_ electronic distance measurement 3_ electrical distance measurement
$$_ EDM sf] accuracy slt x'G5 <
s_ part per hundred v_ part per thousand
u_ part per hundred thousand 3_ part per million
$%_ visible light k|of]u x'g] EDM instrument nfO{ s] elgG5 .
s_ light wave instrument v_ infrared wave instrument
u_ micro wave instrument 3_ radio wave instrument
$^_ photographs df 3-d viewing sf] nflu k|of]u x'g] instrument s'g xf] <
s_ periscope v_ stereoscope
u_ telescope 3_ microscope
$&_ pocket stereoscope df s:tf] lens k|of]u ul/G5 <
s_ concave v_ plano-convex
u_ convex 3_ mirror
$*_ normal eye base slt dflgG5 <
s_ 51 mm v_ 138 mm
u_ 230 mm 3_ 66 mm
$(_ pocket stereoscope af6 x]bf{ fusion x'g feft kmf]6f]sf] image / right photo sf] image ljr slt b'/L x'g' k5{ <
 s_ 51 mm v_ 138 mm
u_ 66 mm 3_ 20 mm
%)_ 23 cm  23 cm sf] format size ePsf] photographs df 60% overlap eP slt rf}8f model form x'G5 <
s_ 230mm v_ 138mm
u_ 255mm 3_ 66mm
%!_ mirror stereoscope df wing mirror / object mirror x¿ horizontal plane ;Fu slt degree df inclined x'G5g\\
s_ 0° v_ 90°
u_ 45° 3_ 60°
%@_ mirror stereoscope df fusion ug{ left image / right image ljrdf spacing slt x'g' kb{5 <
s_ 51 mm v_ 138 mm
u_ 230mm 3_ 255 mm
%#_ telescopic alidade sf] working edge nfO{ s] elgG5 <
s_ fiducial edge v_ straight edge
u_ rular 3_ sight vane
%$_ telescopic alidade df telescope
s_ Psbd ridid x'G5 3'Db} 3'Db}g v_ vertical plane df dfq 3'D5
u_ vertical / horizontal b'j} plane df 3'D5 3_ horizontal plane df dfq 3'D5
%%_ telescope sf] line of sight, fiducial edge
s_ ;Fu perpendicular x'G5 v_ lt/ aligned x'G5
u_ ;Fu parallel x'G5 3_ ;Fu independent x'G5
%^_ telescopic alidade af6 horizontal distance lgsfNg] ;'q s'g xf] <
s_ H 100 – IH v_ H 100 – I
u_ I 100 – H 3_ I  ( 100 – H )
%&_ tacheometer sf] ljz]iftf s] xf] <
s_ o;df stadia diaphragm x'G5 v_ o;df object lens x'G5
u_ o;df cross hair x'G5 3_ o;df line of sight x'G5
%*_ Self reading tacheometer df base cure / distance tyf height curve ljrsf] intercepts x¿ qmdz SH / SV eP, / f curve
factor eP HD lgsfNg] ;'q s'g xf] <
s_ HD = 100  f  SV v_ HD = 100  SH
u_ HD = 100  SV 3_ HD = 100  f  SH
%(_ ;a}eGbf dimensionally stable drawing material s'g xf] .
s_ drafting film v_ drawing paper
u_ plastic sheets 3_ mounted paper
^)_ drawing material s:tf] x'g' k5{ <
s_ dimensionally stable v_ mat surfaced and ink adhesive
u_ durable and stiff 3_ dflysf ;a} u'0f ePsf]
^!_ s'g plastic sheet jl9 dimensionally stable 5 <
s_ polyester v_ polyvinyl chloride ( PVC)
u_ cellulose acetate 3_ s'g} klg xf]Og .
^@_ drawing af6 tof/ ePsf] map s:tf] map xf] <
s_ RR negativeve v_ RR positive
u_ MR positive 3_ MR negativeve
^#_ parallel nfOg draw ug'{ k/]df s'g pen k|of]u ul/G5 <
s_ crowquill pen v_ reservoir pen
u_ line pen 3_ s'g} klg xf]Og .
^@_ good drawing ink df x'g' kg]{ u'0f s] xf] <
s_ water proof x'g' k5{ v_ quick hardening x'g' k5{
u_ non –volatite x'g' k5{ 3_ ;a} u'0f x'g' k5{
^%_ scribing af6 tof/ ePsf] map s'g xf]
s_ RR negativeve v_ MR negativeve
u_ RR positive 3_ MR positive
^^_ scribe coat df coated material sf] thickness slt x'G5 <
s_ 0.005" v_ 0. 0005"
u_ 0.05' 3_ 0.5'
^&_ scribe sheet sf] base material s:tf] x'g' k5{ <
s_ opaque v_ opaque or transparent
u_ transparent 3_ translucent
^*_ symbol scribe ug{ s'g graver k|of]u x'G5 <
s_ pen type graver v_ rigid graver
u_ swival graver 3_ special graver
^(_ curved / parallel lines draw ug'{ k/]df s'g graver k|of]u ul/G5 <
s_ swival graver v_ rigid graver
u_ pen type graver 3_ special graver
&)_ ;fwf/0f tof s:tf original ePdf vacuum contact printer af6 copy lgsflnG5 <
s_ translucent v_ opaque
u_ transparent 3_ ;a}
&!_ vacuum contact printer af6 reflex method ckgfO{ copy s:tf] original 5 eg] lgsflnG5 <
s_ transparent v_ translucent
u_ opaque 3_ s'g} klg x'b}g
&@_ reflex method sf] nflu film sf] base material s:tf] x'g'k5{ <
s_ translucent v_ opaque
u_ transparent or opaque 3_ transparent
&#_ contact printer df reflex method ckgfO{ copy lgsfNbf original stf k§L x'g'k5{ <
s_ rubber blanket k§L v_ glass k§L
u_ htf /fv] klg x'G5 3_ cabinet eGbf afxL/
&$_ RR positive af6 incontact copy lgsfNbf s:tf] out put cfpF5 <
s_ RR positive v_ MR negative
u_ RR negative 3_ MR positive
&%_ contact printer af6
s_ enlarged size sf] copy lgsflnG5 v_ reduced size sf] copy lgsflnG5
u_ same size sf] copy lgsflnG5 3_ ;a} vfnsf] copy lgsflnG5 .
&^_ process camera af6
s_ same size sf] copy lgsflnG5 v_ reduced size sf] copy lgsflnG5
u_ enlarged size sf] copy lgsflnG5 3_ dflysf ;a} vfn] size sf] copy lgsflnG5
&&_ single room camera nfO{ s] klg elgG5 <
s_ gallary or cassette camera v_ gallary camera
u_ cassette camera 3_ monoroom camera
&*_ two rom camera s:tf] vfnsf] x'G5 <
s_ over head jf floor type v_ over head jf floor type jf vertical
u_ floor type jf vertical 3_ over head jf vertical
&(_ process camera df negative /fVg] plane nfO{ s] elgG5 <
s_ foal plane jf negative plane v_ foal plane
u_ foal plane jf negative plane jf screen 3_ screen
*)_ process camera df original nfO{ /fVg] plane nfO{ s] elgG5 <
s_ original holder v_ copy board
u_ object plane 3_ dflysf ;a}
*!_ scheimpflug condition df s] x'g' k5{ <
s_ focal plane, lens plane / object plane parallel jf Pp6} /]vfdf intersect x'g' k5{
v_ focal plane, lens plane / object plane Pp6} /]vfdf intersect x'g' k5{
u_ focal plane, lens plane / object plane parallel x'g' k5{
3_ dflysf] s'g} klg cj:yf x'g' x'b}g
*@_ chesis ceilling tkm{ ePsf] camera nfO{ s] elgG5 <
 s_ vertical camera v_ overhead camera
u_ floor type camera 3_ gallery camera
*#_ off- set press df s:tf] original (plate) x'G5 <
s_ MR positive v_ RR negative
u_ RR positive 3_ MR negative
*$_ offset printer sf] plate type s'g xf] <
s_ intaglio jf relief v_ relief
u_ intaglio 3_ surface
*%_ off-set press sf] blanket cylinder df s:tf] image jGb5 <
s_ MR positive v_ MR negative
u_ RR positive 3_ RR negative
*^_ printing process df damping lsg ul/g5 <
s_ ink kftnf] jgfpg v_ non image part df ink kg{ glbg
u_ image part df ink kg{ glbg 3_ dflysf ;a} sfo{ ug{ .
*&_ yf]/} k|lt dfq print lgsfNg' k/]df s'g plate k|of]u xf]nf <
s_ metallic v_ glass
u_ paper 3_ plastic
**_ w]/} k|lt pTkfbg ug'{ k/] s'g plate /fd|f]
s_ paper v_ plastic
u_ glass 3_ metallic
*(_ slt weight ePsf] sfuhnfO{ /fd|f] dflgG5 <
s_ 100 g/m2 v_ 50 g /cm2
u_ 50 g/m2 3_ 100 g/cm2
()_ map reproduction df j9L s'g plate k|of]u ul/G5 <
s_ paper v_ aluminum
u_ polyester 3_ none
pQ/x¿M
)!_ s )@_ v )#_ u )$_ 3 )%_ s )^_ v )&_ u
)*_ 3 )(_ s !)_ v !!_ u !@_ 3 !#_ s !$_ v
!%_ u !^_ 3 !&_ s !*_ v !(_ u @)_ 3 @!_ s
@@_ v @#_ u @$_ 3 @%_ s @^_ v @&_ u @*_ 3
@(_ s #)_ v #!_ u #@_ 3 ##_ s #$_ v #%_ u
#^_ 3 #&_ s #*_ v #(_ u $)_ 3 $!_ s $@_ v
$#_ u $$_ 3 $%_ s $^_ v $&_ u $*_ 3 $(_ s
%)_ v %!_ u %@_ 3 %#_ s %$_ v %%_ u %^_ 3
%&_ s %*_ v %(_ u ^)_ 3 ^!_ s ^@_ v ^#_ u
^$_ 3 ^%_ s ^^_ v ^&_ u ^*_ 3 ^(_ s &)_ v
&!_ u &@_ 3 &#_ s &$_ v &%_ u &^_ 3 &&_ s
&*_ v &(_ u *)_ 3 *!_ s *@_ v *#_ u *$_ 3
*%_ s *^_ v *&_ u **_ 3 *(_ s ()_ v
SURVEY COMPUTATIONS ;Fu ;DalGwt a:t'ut k|Zgx¿
!_ prfO{ ;+u0fgf ug{sf]nflu levelling field book df elevation compute ubf{ ckgfOg] ljlw dWo] s'g ljlwnfO{ collimation ljlw
elgG5 <
s_ height of instrument method v_ rise method
u_ fall method 3_ rise and fall method
@_ lkmN8a's r]s ubf{ s'g method df  Back sight -  fore sight = RL of last satiion – R.L. of fist station eGg] ;'q k|of]u ul/G5
<
s_ rise and fall method v_ height of instrument method
u_ fall method 3_ rise method
#_ prfO ;+u0fgfsf] height of instrument method df height of instrument kQf nfufpg k|To]s instrument setup df back station
sf] elevation df
s_ fore staff reading hf]l8G5 v_ back staff reading 36fOG5
u_ back staff reading hf]l8G5 3_ fore staff reading 36fOG5
$_ cFufl8sf intermediate tyf forward :6];gx¿'sf] reduced level lgsfNf s] ul/G5 < height of instrument df
s_ back staff reading 36fOG5 v_ back staff reading hf]l8G5
u_ fore staff reading hf]l8G5 3_ tt\tt\ laGb'df /flvPsf :6fkmx¿sf l/l8ª 36fOG5
%_ n]elnªsf] lkmN8a's r]s ubf{ s'g method df Pp6f dfq check x'G5g\ <
s_ height of instrument method v_ rise and fall method
u_ fall method 3_ rise method
^_ n]elnªsf] lkmN8a's r]s ubf{ s'g method df tLgj6f check x'G5g\ <
s_ height of instrument method df v_ rise and fall method df
u_ collimation method df 3_ ;a} method x¿df
&_  Back sight -  Fore sight =  Rise -  fall = R.L. of last station – R.L. of first station s'g method sf] check ug]{ ;'q xf] <
s_ height of instrument method sf] v_ collimation method sf]
u_ rise and fall method sf] 3_ ;a} method x¿sf]
*_ olb B.S=back staff reading, F.S=fore staff reading, I.S=intermediate staff reading eP tnsf dWo] s'g rfxL+n] rise jf fall
lbG5 <
s_ B.S.-I.S. or I.S.-F.S. v_ I.S.-F.S. or B.S.-F.S.
u_ B.S.-I.S. or B.S.-F.S. 3_ B.S.-I.S. or I.S.-F.S. or B.S.-F.S.
(_ ;fdfGotof traversing df
s_ previous leg df RO u/L next leg sf] angle k9]/ k'gM RO df g} station close ul/G5
v_ previous leg df RO u/L next leg df station close ul/G5
u_ s'g} prominent point df RO u/L angle x¿ k9]/ k'gM RO df g} station close ul/G5
3_ next leg df RO u/L previous leg df station close ul/G5
!)_ x/]s traverse leg sf] bearing calculate ubf{ previous line sf] back bearing df clockwise included angle hf]8]/ cfPsf]
of]ukmn b'O{ ;dsf]0f eGbf sd eof] eg]
s_ Ps ;dsf]0f hf]8\g'k5{ v_ b'O{ ;dsf]0f hf]8\g'k5{
u_ Ps ;dsf]0f 36fpg'k5{ 3_ tLg ;dsf]0f hf]8\g'k5{
!!_ x/]s traverse leg sf] bearing calculate ubf{ previous line sf] back bearing df clockwise included angle hf]8]/ cfPsf]
of]ukmn ^ ;dsf]0f eGbf a9L eof] eg]
s_ Ps ;dsf]0f 36fpg'k5{{ v_ b'O{ ;dsf]0f 36fpg'k5{{
u_ ^ ;dsf]0f 36fpg'k5{ 3_ rf/ ;dsf]0f 36fpg'k5{
!@_ x/]s traverse leg sf] bearing calculate ubf{ previous line sf] back bearing df clockwise included angle hf]8]/ cfPsf]
of]ukmn ^ ;dsf]0f eGbf sd / b'O{ ;dsf]0f eGbf a9L eof] eg]
s_ $ ;dsf]0f 36fpg'k5{{ v_ # ;dsf]0f 36fpg'k5{{
u_ @ ;dsf]0f hf]8\g'k5{ 3_ @ ;dsf]0f 36fpg'k5
!#_ s'g} traverse line sf] bearing () / measured horizontal distance ( D) eP relative coordinates compute ug]{ ;'q s'g xf] <
s_ E = d sin , N = d cos  v_ E = d cos , N = d sin 
 u_ E = d csd , N = d sec { 3_ E = d tan , N = d cot 
!$_ s'g} traverse line sf] bearing () / measured horizontal distance ( D) eP d cos  n]
s_ relative easting lbG5 v_ relative northing lbG5
u_ easting lbG5 3_ northing lbG5
!%_ s'g} traverse loop sf] closing error sf] direction lgsfNg] ;'q s'g xf] <
E E
s_ sin  = N v_ cos  = N
E E
u_ tan  = N 3_ cot  = N
!^_ s'g syg 7Ls 5 < closed loop traverse df
s_ relative error of closure nfO{ relative accuracy klg elgG5
v_ relative error of closure nfO the degree of accuracy klg elgG5
u_ relative error of closure = e/p=1/(p/e) x'G5
3_ dflysf ;a} sygx¿ 7Ls 5g\
!&_ d"ntM 6\«ofË'n];g adjustment df s'g s'g kb{5g\ <
s_ single angle adjustment, station adjustment / figure adjustment
v_ single angle adjustment / figure adjustment
u_ station adjustment / figure adjustment
3_ single angle adjustment / station adjustment
!*_ Pp6} angle nfO{ repeatedly k9]/ mean lng' of horizontal circle sf] different position df R.O. set u/L meany set reading
lnP/ To;sf] mean lng' s'g adjustment cGtu{t kb{5 <
s_ figure adjustment v_ single angle adjustment
u_ station adjustment 3_ reference object adjustment
!(_ spherical excess sf] ;+u0fgf u/]/ ul/g] adjustment s'g cGtu{t kb{5 <
s_ single angle adjustment v_ station adjustment
u_ figure adjustment 3_ network adjustment
@)_ 6\«ofË'n];g adjustment ;a} set sf observed angle x¿sf] of]ux¿sf] of]u S eP ;f]sf] result (R1 ) s'g xf] <
s_ R1 = 14 MOD(S,400) v_ R1 =2MOD(S,400)
u_ R1 =MOD(S,400) 3_ R1 = 12 MOD(S,400)
pQ/x¿M
)!_ s )@_ v )#_ u )$_ 3 )%_ s )^_ v )&_ u
)*_ 3 )(_ s !)_ v !!_ u !@_ 3 !#_ s !$_ v
!%_ u !^_ 3 !&_ s !*_ v !(_ u @)_ 3
TECHNIQUES OF MAP MAKING ;Fu ;DalGwt a:t'ut k|Zgx¿
!_ sf6{f]u|fkm/n] gS;f agfpgsf] nflu ;a{k|yd s] ug'{kb{5 <
s_ gS;fsf] p2]Zo kl/eflift ug{'k5{{ v_ 8]6f ;+sng ljlw to ug'{k5{{
u_ gS;fsf] n]cfp6 sgfpg'k5{ 3_ gS;sf] l;6 gDal/ª ug{'k5{
@_ ;fgf] dfggfksf] gS;f agfpg] ;Gbe{df 8]6f ;Íngsf] nflu s'g ljlw /fd|f] xf]nf <
s_ lh lk P; v_ xjfO{kf]6f]u|fkmL
u_ Kn]g6]jn{ 3_ 6\Øflsof]d]6«L
#_ df}h'bf gS;f compilation ljlwjf6 small scale maps tof/ ubf{ larger scale map x¿nfO{ required scale df reduction ug{ s] ug{
;lsG5 <
s_ photographic technique ckgfpg v_ pantograph k|of]u ug{
u_ s / v b'a} ug{ 3_ coordinatograph k|of]u ug{
$_ xjfO{ kmf]6f]af6 gS;f tof/ ubf{ ground control points s;/L establish ug{ ;lsG5 <
s_ pre-pointing technique af6 v_ post-pointing technique af6
u_ aerial triangulation technique af6 3_ s / v b'a}af6
%_ :of6nfO{6 Od]haf6 gS;f tof/ ubf{ ground control points s;/L establish ug{ ;lsG5 <
s_ post-pointing technique af6 v_ pre-pointing technique af6
u_ aerial triangulation technique af6 3_ dflysf ;a}af6
^_ s'g} lglZrt ;dodf k[YjLsf] ;txsf] s'g} efudf /x]sf ef}uf]lns ljifoj:t'x¿sf] k|ltlglwTj ug]{u/L Ps lglZrt :s]ndf lrq0f
ul/Psf] e"w/ftnLo :j¿ksf] u|flkms k|:t'ltnfO{ s] elgG5 <
s_ aerial photograph v_ topographic map
u_ digital landscape model 3_ satellite image
&_ :yn¿k gS;fdf ef}uf]lns ljifoj:t'x¿nfO{ s]åf/f lrq0f ul/Psf] x'G5 <
s_ photograph v_ contours
u_ cartographic symbols 3_ bar and pie diagrams
*_ :yn¿k gS;fdf e"–w/ftnLo :j¿knfO{ s]åf/f lrlqt ul/Psf] x'G5 <
s_ orthophotograph v_ bar and pie diagrams
u_ cartographic symbols 3_ contours
(_ ljleGg ljifout gS;fx¿ k|fKt ug{sf]nflu cfwf/sf] ¿kdf sfd ug]{ ljljw ljifoj:t' ;d]l6Psf]] general gS;fnfO{ s] elgG5 <
s_ cfwf/ gS;f v_ lyDofl6s gS;f
u_ P6n; 3_ k|fs[lts gS;f
!)_ s'g}klg b]zsf] 6f]kf]u|flkms cfwf/ gS;fnfO{ >[+vnfdf pTkfbg Pj+ maintain s;n] u5{ <
s_ b]zsf] l8km]G; Ph]G;Ln] v_ b]zsf] PGf Pd cf] n]
u_ b]zsf] gfkL ljefun] 3_ sf6f]{u|fkm/n]
!!_ g]kfnsf] ;Dk"0f{ b]znfO{ ;d]l6Psf] klxnf] 6f]kf]u|flkmsn cfwf/ gS;f s'g :s]ndf lyof] <
s_ 1”=1 dfOn :s]ndf v_ 1:63360 :s]ndf
u_ s / v b'a}df 3_ 1:50000 :s]ndf
!@_ g]kfnsf] 1”=1 dfOn :s]nsf] 6f]kf]u|flkmsn cfwf/ gS;f slxn] ag]sf] lyof] <
s_ ;g 1816 df v_ ;g 1990-00 df
u_ ;g 1980-86 df 3_ ;g 1950-60 df
!#_ g]kfnsf] klxnf] 6f]kf]u|flkmsn cfwf/ gS;f 1”=1 dfOn :s]nsf] gS;fn] slt l;6 ;+Vofdf ;+k"0f{ g]kfnnfO{ ;d]6]sf] 5 <
s_ 266 v_ 662
u_ 626 3_ 226
!$_ ;g\ !(*) b]lv !(*% ;Dd ;~rfng ul/Psf] e"ld ;|f]t gS;fÍg kl/of]hgfaf6 g]kgnsf] s:tf] gS;f agfOPsf] lyof] <
s_ 6f]kf]u|flkms gS;f v_ lyDofl6s gS;f
u_ cfwf/ gS;f 3_ Ol~hlgol/ª gS;f
!%_ e"ld ;|f]t gS;fÍg kl/of]hgfaf6 tof/ ul/Psf gS;fx¿ slt ;fnsf] xjfO kmf]6f]df cfwfl/t lyP <
s_ ;g\ !(*) / !(*! v_ ;g\ !(*$ / !(*%
u_ ;g\ !(&* / !(&( 3_ ;g\ !(&( / !(*)
!^_ ;g\ !(*) b]lv !(*% ;Dd ;~rfng ul/Psf] e"ld ;|f]t gS;fÍg kl/of]hgf s;sf] ;xof]udf ;~rfng ePsf] lyof] <
s_ hfkfg ;/sf/sf] v_ lkmgNof08 ;/sf/sf]
u_ ef/t ;/sf/sf] 3_ Sofg]l8og ;/sf/sf]
!&_ ;g\ !(*) b]lv !(*% ;Dd ;~rfng ul/Psf] e"ld ;|f]t gS;fÍg kl/of]hgfaf6 tof/ ePsf ef}ule{s gS;f (geological map) /
hnjfo' gS;f (climatological Map) s'g :s]ndf 5g <
s_ !M!,@%,))) v_ !M %),)))
 u_ !M@%,))) 3_ !M!, %),)))
!*_ ;g\ !(*) b]lv !(*% ;Dd ;~rfng ul/Psf] e"ld ;|f]t gS;fÍg kl/of]hgfaf6 tof/ ePsf e"ld k|0ffnL gS:ff cyf{t ;f]On Dofk
(land system map), e"ld Ifdtf gS;f (land capability map) / e"ld pkof]u gS;f (land utilization map) s'g :s]ndf 5g <
s_ !M @%,))) v_ !M%),)))
u_ !M!, %),))) 3_ !M!,@%,)))
!(_ g]kfnsf] ljBdfg cfwf/ gS;f slxn] agfOPsf] lyof] <
s_ ;g 1980 b]lv 1985 ;Dddf v_ ;g 2001 b]lv 2011 ;Dddf
u_ ;g 1991 b]lv 2001;Dddf 3_ ;g 1950 b]lv 1960 ;Dddf
@)_ g]kfnsf] ljBdfg cfwf/ gS;f s'g :s]ndf 5 <
s_ 1:50000 v_ 1:25000
u_ 1:63360 3_ 1:50000 / 1:25000
@!_ g]kfnsf] ljBdfg cfwf/ gS;f s;sf] ;xof]udf agfOPsf] lyof] <
s_ lkmgNof08 ;/sf/sf] v_ hfkfg ;/sf/sf]
u_ ef/t ;/sf/sf] 3_ Sofg]l8og ;/sf/sf]
@@_ g]kfnsf] ljBdfg cfwf/ gS;fsf slt l;6x¿ 5g <
s_ @^^ v_ &)^
u_ %() 3_ !!^
@#_ g]kfnsf] ljBdfg cfwf/ gS;fdf !M@%))) :s]nsf slt l;6x¿ 5g <
s_ @^^ v_ &)^
u_ %() 3_ !!^
@$_ g]kfnsf] ljBdfg cfwf/ gS;fdf !M%)))) :s]nsf slt l;6x¿ 5g <
s_ @^^ v_ &)^
u_ %() 3_ !!^
@%_ “A government cannot do any scientific work of more value to the people at large than by causing the construction of proper
topographic maps of the country” s;sf] egfO{ xf] <
s_ John Wesley Powell v_ Roger Tomlinson
u_ Jack Dangermond 3_ Eratosthenes
@^_ ;fdfGotof cfls{6]Sr/n jf l;len–OlGhlgol/ª\ 8«Oªsf user x¿ s:tf x'G5g <
s_ hg/n x'G5g v_ :k];nfO{H8 x'G5g
u_ hg/n / :k];nfO{H8 b'a} x'G5g 3_ ;fOlG6i6 x'G5g
@&_ ;fdfGotof :yn¿k gS;fsf user x¿ s:tf x'G5g <
s_ hg/n x'G5g v_ :k];nfO{H8 x'G5g
u_ hg/n / :k];nfO{H8 b'a} x'G5g 3_ ;fOlG6i6 x'G5g
@*_ gS;f k'gMpTkfbg ljlw (map reproduction method) sf] 5gf]6nfO{ k|efj kfg{] d"n sf/s s] xf]÷x'g<
s_ final drawing sf] u'0f:t/ v_ k'gMpTkfbg pks/0fsf] k|sf/
u_ d'lb|t pTkfbgsf] u'0f:t/ 3_ dflysf ;a}
@(_ kmf]6f]u|fd]l6«s Kn6lªsf] ;Gbe{df tnsf dWo] s'g orientation ul/+b}g <
s_ excessive orientations v_ successive orientations
u_ exterior orientations 3_ relative orientations
#)_ ckf/bzL{ original af6 g]u]l6e slk s;/L lgsflnG5 <
s_ contact printing v_ process photography
u_ in contact printing 3_ out contact printing
#!_ nfOg k|'km s]sf cwf/df lgsflnG5 <
s_ sticking sheets v_ peeled sheets
u_ scribed sheets 3_ all of the above
#@_ sn/ k|'km s]sf cwf/df lgsflnG5 <
s_ sticking sheets v_ peeled sheets

cfwf/e't ;e]{If)f – efu b'O{ 347

 u_ scribed sheets 3_ all of the above
##_ gfkL ljefun] cjnDjg u/]sf] standard cg';f/ six colour map df s'g sn/sf] sticking sheet x'Fb}g <
s_ yellow v_ green
u_ black 3_ red
#$_ gfkL ljefun] cjnDjg u/]sf] standard cg';f/ six colour map df s'g sn/sf] peeling sheet x'Fb}g <
s_ yellow v_ brown
u_ black 3_ red
#%_ sticking sheet df text / symbol x? stick ul/;s]kl5 aGg] image s:tf] image xf] <
s_ MR positive v_ RR negative
u_ RR positive 3_ MR negative
#^_ MR negative original nfO{ negative film df in contact print ug]{ xf] eg] s:tf] image bG5 <
s_ MR positive v_ RR negative
u_ MR negative 3_ RR positive
#&_ MR negative original nfO{ direct positive film df out contact print ug]{ xf] eg] s:tf] image bG5 <
s_ MR negative v_ RR negative
u_ MR positive 3_ RR positive
#*_ MR original nfO{ RR / RR original nfO{ MR agfpg' k/]df s] ug'{k5{ <
s_ negative film k|of]u ug'{ k5{ v_ in contact print ug'{ k5{
u_ direct positive film k|of]u ug'{ k5{ 3_ out contact print ug'{ k5{
#(_ positive original nfO{ negative / negative original nfO{ positive agfpg' k/]df s] ug'{k5{ <
s_ out contact print ug'{ k5{ v_ in contact print ug'{ k5{
u_ negative film k|of]u ug'{ k5{ 3_ direct positive film k|of]u ug'{ k5{
$)_ s'g ;a}egbf accurate x'G5 <
s_ xeroscopy v_ out contact printing
u_ reflex printing 3_ in contact printing
$!_ developing, fixing / washing gub]{ exposed film df s:tf] image ag]sf] x'G5 <
s_ latent v_ positive
u_ negative 3_ wrong reading
$@_ continuous tone nfO{ halftone agfpg s] ug'{k5{ <
s_ scribing v_ screening
u_ peeling 3_ printing
$#_ black and white film df slt j6f layer x? x'G5g <
s_ two v_ three
u_ four 3_ five
$$_ color film df slt j6f color dye x? x'G5g <
s_ 6 v_ 5
u_ 4 3_ 3
pQ/x?M
)!_ s )@_ v )#_ u )$_ 3 )%_ s\ )^_ v )&_ u )*_ 3 )(_ s !)_ v
!!_ u !@_ 3 !#_ s !$_ v !%_ u !^_ 3 !&_ s !*_ v !(_ u @)_ 3
@!_ s @@_ v @#_ u @$_ 3 @%_ s @^_ v @&_ u @*_ 3 @(_ s #)_ v
#!_ u #@_ 3 ##_ s #$_ v #%_ u #^_ 3 #&_ s #*_ v #(_ u $)_ 3
$!_ s $@_ v $#_ u $$_ 3
CADASTRAL SURVEY AND RECORDS ;Fu ;DalGwt a:t'ut k|Zgx¿
^_ Control point plotting ug{ s'g ljlw z'4 5 <
s_ Independent coordinate method v_ Distance and angle method
u_ s / v b'j} 3_ s'g} klg 5}g .
!_ g]kfnsf] lsQf gfkLsf] k|of]u ul/Psf] large scale sheet numbering system df slt degree sf longitudinal zone x? 5g <
s_ # v_ $
u_ % 3_ ^
@_ g]kfn large scale sheet numbering system sf slt j6f zone x?df kb{5 <
s_ b'O{j6f v_ tLgj6f
u_ rf/j6f 3_ kfFrj6f
#_ g]kfn large scale sheet numbering system sf s'g s'g zone number df kb{5<
s_ $#, $$, $% v_ $#, $#=%, $$
u_ $$, $$=%, $% 3_ $%, $%=%, $^
$_ $$=% gDa/ zone sf] central meridian s'g xf] <
s_ )° E v_ 87° E
u_ 81° E 3_ 84° E
%_ *!° E central meridian ePsf] zone s'g xf] <
s_ $$ v_ $$=%
u_ $% 3_ $^
^_ *&° E central meridian ePsf] zone s'g xf] <
s_ $$ v_ $%
u_ $$=% 3_ $^
&_ g]kfn e"–dWo /]vfaf6 pQ/ tkm{ slt b]lv slt lsnf] dL6/sf] b'/Ldf kb{5 <
s_ #$)) km –#()) km v_ #))) km – #%)) km
u_ @()) km –#$)) km 3_ !()) km – @$)) km
*_ g]kfnnfO{ ;d]6\g] e"–dWo /]vfaf6 @()) km b]lv #$)) km ;Ddsf] pQ/ tkm{sf] e"—efunfO{ sltj6f a]N6x?df afFl8Psf] 5 <
s_ !^)) j6f v_ !*) j6f
u_ @% j6f 3_ !) j6f
(_ g]kfnnfO{ ;d]6\g] e"–dWo /]vfaf6 @()) km b]lv #$)) km ;Ddsf] pQ/ tkm{sf] e"—efu / *)°#)’E b]lv **°#)’E ;Ddsf] e"—
efunfO{ sltj6f u|L8x?df afFl8Psf] 5 <
s_ !*) j6f v_ $) j6f
u_ @% j6f 3_ !) j6f
!)_ k|To]s longitudional zone df sltj6f u|L8x? kb{5g <
s_ !* j6f v_ ^) j6f
u_ @% j6f 3_ !) j6f
!!_ k|To]s horizontal belt df sltj6f u|L8x? kb{5g <
s_ !*) j6f v_ ^) j6f
u_ !* j6f 3_ !) j6f
!@_ Ps u|L8 l;6n] approximately slt If]q cover u5{ <
s_ 20 km  20 km v_ 30 km  30 km
u_ 40 km  40 km 3_ 50 km  50 km
!#_ u|L8 l;6 gDjl/ª ubf{ stfaf6 ;'? ul/Psf] 5 <
s_ Northwest corneraf6 v_ Southeast corner af6
u_ Northeast corner af6 3_ Southwest corner af6
!$_ s'g u|L8 l;6 Northeast corner df kb{5 <
s_ ! gDa/ v_ !@^ gDa/
u_ %% gDa/ 3_ !*) gDa/
!%_ s'g u|L8 l;6 Southeast corner df kb{5 <
s_ ! gDa/ v_ !@^ gDa/
u_ %% gDa/ 3_ !*) gDa/
!^_ g]kfnsf] lgoGq0f ljGb'sf coordinate system sf] nflu false easting / false northing slt xf] <
s_ (1000000, 500000) v_ (0, 500000)
u_ (500000, 1000000) 3_ (500000, 0)
!&_ Ps u|L8 l;6nfO{ !M@%)) sf] dfg gfksf slt l;6df ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 <
s_ !^)) v_ !*)
u_ $ 3_ ^)
!*_ !—^, ^!—^^, !@!—!@^ gDa/sf u|L8 x?sf] Go"gtd northing value slt xf] <
s_ #$))))) dL6/ v_ ##%)))) dL6/
u_ ##))))) dL6/ 3_ #@%)))) dL6/
!(_ !M@%)) sf] scale sf] sheet n] hdLgdf slt If]q cf]u6\5 <
s_ @%) m  @%) m v_ ^@% m  ^@% m
u_ !@%) m  !@%) m 3_ @%)) m  @%)) m
@)_ )%^ –))!& –$ n] s'g scale sf] gS;f l;6nfO{ hgfpF5 <
s_ !M%))) v_ !M@%))
u_ !M%)) 3_ !M!@%)
@!_ s'g sheet number !M%)) sf] scale sf] xf] <
s_ !%&–))!&–)* v_ !%&–)))*–#
u_ !%& –)!$$ 3_ !%&
@@_ !M%)) sf] scale sf] Ps sheet n] slt If]q cf]u6\5 <
s_ @%)) m  @%)) m v_ @%) m  @%) m
u_ %),)) m  %,))) m 3_ !@%) m  !@%) m
@#_ !%& –))!&–$ sf] bflxg] tkm{ s'g sheet k5{ <
s_ !%& –))!& –# v_ !%& –))!& –$
u_ !%& –))!* –# 3_ !%& –))!& –%
@$_ !(%–!^@)–## n] s'g scale sf] gS;fnfO{ j'emfpF5 <
s_ !M@%)) v_ !M!@%)
u_ ! M %)) 3_ To:tf] gS;f l;6 x'b}g
@%_ !%&–))!&–# sf] jfofF s'g sheet k5{ <
s_ !%& – ))!^ –$ v_ !%& – ))!& –@
u_ !%& –))!& – ! 3_ !%& –))!&– #
@^_ )^! b]lv !@) ;Dd lu|8 l;6 gDa/x? kg]{ large scale sheet numbering sf] zone s'g xf] <
s_ $$ v_ $$=%
u_ $# 3_ $%
@&_ g]kfndf lsQfgfkLsf] nflu gS;fÍg ug]{ efu / dflh{g ;d]t u/L df]6fdf]6L s'g ;fOhsf] gS;f l;6 k|of]u x'G5 <
s_ %) ;]= dL= %) ;]= dL= v_ %) ;]= dL= ^) ;]= dL=
u_ ^) ;]= dL= &% ;]= dL 3_ ^) ;]= dL= ^) ;]= dL=
@*_ ;+s]t lrGx, :s]n, gS;fsf] ;"rL, k|d"v gfkL clws[t, gfkL clws[t, 6f]nL k|d"v, gfkL lg/LIfs / cldgsf] gfd n]Vg] 7fpF lsQfgfkLsf
gS;f l;6sf] stf lt/sf] dflh{gdf /flvPsf] x'G5 <
s_ dfly lt/sf] dflh{gdf v_ bfofF lt/sf] dflh{gdf
u_ jfofF lt/sf] dflh{gdf 3_ tn lt/sf] dflh{gdf
@(_ g]kfndf lsQfgfkLsf] gS;f l;6df gS;fÍg ug]{ efu s'g ;fOhsf] x'G5 <
s_ %) ;]= dL= %) ;]= dL= v_ %) ;]= dL= ^) ;]= dL=
u_ ^) ;]= dL= &% ;]= dL 3_ ^) ;]= dL= ^) ;]= dL=
#)_ Easting=False Easting+(z]if-4)50000 dL6/ s]sf] lowerleft corner sf] easting xf] <
s_ !M@%)) sf] gS;f l;6sf] v_ u|L8 l;6sf]
u_ !M%)) sf] gS;f l;6sf] 3_ !M!@%) sf] gS;f l;6sf]=
#!_ s'g pks/0f sf] k|of]u u/L lgoGq0f ljGb' Kn6 u/] a9L z'¢ x'G5 <
s_ 6«Øfª\u'n/ :s]n v_ u06/ :s]n
cfwf/e't ;e]{If)f – efu b'O{ 359
 u_ sf]cl8{g]6f]u|fkm 3_ Knflgld6/
#@_ lsQfgfkLsf] gS;f l;6df slDtdf sltj6f lgoGq0f ljGb'x? Kn6 ul/Psf] x'g'k5{ <
s_ b'O{j6f v_ tLgj6f
u_ kfFrj6f 3_ rf/j6f
##_ cldgnfO{ gfk gS;f sfo{ z'? ug{ egL lg/LIf0f k'l:tsfdf lnlvt lgb{]zg s;n] lbG5<
s_ 6f]nL k|d'vn] v_ gfkL lg/LIfsn]
u_ gfkL clws[tn] 3_ k|d"v gfkL clws[tn]
#$_ gfk gS;f ug{ nfu]sf] 7fpFsf] hUufwgLx?, df]xLx? / cGo ;/f]sf/jfnfnfO{ gfk hfFr x'g] ljifodf hfgsf/L s;n] u/fpF5 <
s_ 6f]nL k|d'vn] v_ cldgn]
u_ gfkL lg/LIfsn] 3_ gfkL clws[tn]
#%_ hUuf gfk hfFr u/L gS;fdf lsQf gDa/ sfod ub{f gS;fsf] stf lt/af6 gDal/ª ug'{ k5{ <
s_ pQ/ k"jL{ s'gfaf6 v_ blIf0f klZrd s'gfaf6
u_ pQ/ klZrd s'gfaf6 3_ blIf0f k"jL{ s'gfaf6
#^_ s'g} lsQf Ps eGbf a9L l;6df k/]df lsQf gDa/ sfod ub{f
s_ ;a} l;6df Pp6} gDa/ lbg'k5{ v_ ;'?sf] l;6df gDa/ lbP k'U5
u_ clGtdsf] l;6df gDa/ lbP k'U5 3_ k|To]s l;6sf] nflu 5'§f5'§} gDa/ lbg'kb{5
#&_ l8lh6n k|ljlwaf6 gfk gS;f ug{] 7fpFdf s] nfO{ Pp6f Ans dfgL lsQf gDa/ ! af6 z'? ul/ l;nl;n]jf/ gDa/ lbg'kb{5 <
s_ k|To]s j8fnfO{ v_ k|To]s l;6nfO{
u_ k|To]s :yfgLo txnfO{ 3_ k|To]s lhNnfnfO{
#*_ gfk gS;f u/L lkmN8a's tof/ ug{'k"j{ gfk gS;f ug{] sd{rf/Ln] s'g 8s'd]G6 tof/ u5{ <
s_ If]qkmnsf] kmf/fd v_ k|f/lDes t]/Lh
u_ hUuf wgL btf{ >]:tf 3_ hUuf wgL btf{ k"hf{
#(_ gfk hfFr ;DkGg ul/;s]sf lsQf hUufx? lgodfjnLsf] lgod @) adf]lhd ljefhg ul/Psf] If]q dWo] s'g If]qdf kg{] xf] 5'§ofO{ -
ju{Ls/0f kmf/d cg';f/_ s;n] lkmN8a'ssf] ;DalGwt dxndf r9fpg'kb{5 <
s_ cldgn] v_ gfkL lg/LIfsn]
u_ 6f]nL k|d'vn] 3_ gfkL clws[tn
$)_ gfk hfFr ePsf lsQfx?df d;L e/L k|To]s lsQf hUufsf] slthgf sd{rf/Ln] If]qkmn ;+u0fgf u/L lgodfjnLsf] cg';"rL & jdf]lhdsf]
kmf/fddf r9fpF5g\ <
s_ Pshgfn] v_ b'O{ hgfn]
u_ tLg hgfn] 3_ rf/ hgfn]
$!_ If]qLo lstfjdf If]qkmn r9fpFbf ju{dL6/ PsfO{df bzdnj k5fl8 slt c+s ;Dd cfpg] ul/ r9fpg' kb{5 <
s_ b'O{ c+s ;Dd v_ tLg c+s ;Dd
u_ Ps c+s ;Dd 3_ rf/ c+s ;Dd
$@_ lgodfjnL] adf]lhd hUuf btf{sf] k|s[of slt lbg] ;"rgfaf6 cf/De x'G5 <
s_ kGw| lbg] ;"rgfaf6 v_ ;ft lbg] ;"rgfaf6
u_ k}+tL; lbg] ;"rgfaf6 3_ PSsf; lbg] ;"rgfaf6
$#_ hUuf gfk hfFr eO{ btf{ sfo{ z'? ePsf] slt dlxgf ;Dd klg :jo+ pkl:yt eO{ jf k|ltlglw k7fO{ hUuf btf{ u/pg gcfPsf
hUufwgL / df]xLnfO{ hUuf btf{ u/fpg cfpg egL bf]>f] k6ssf] ;"rgf ul/G5 <
s_ ^ dlxgf v_ $ dlxgf
u_ # dlxgf 3_ @ dlxgf
$$_ hUuf btf{ ug{ afFsL /fv]sf hUufwgL / df]xLnfO{ hUuf btf{ u/fpg cfpg egL hf/L ul/Psf] bf]>f] k6ssf] ;"rgf slt lbg] x'G5 <
s_ PSsf; lbg] v_ ;ft lbg]
u_ k}+tL; lbg] 3_ kGw| lbg]
$%_ kGw| lbgsf] Dofbleq hUufwgL jf lghsf] k|ltlglw pkl:yt x'g cfPdf xsef]usf] k|df0f / df}h'bf >]:tf ;d]t le8fO{ gfkL 6f]nLn]
k|lt lsQf slt ?k}+ofF hl/jfgf u/L ;f] hUuf ;DalGwt JolQmsf gfpFdf If]qLo lstfjdf ;xL5fk u/fO{ btf{ ug{'kb{5 <
s_ kfFr ?k}+ofF v_ krf; ?k}+ofF]
u_ kfFr ;o ?k}+ofF 3_ kfFr xhf/ ?k}+ofF
$^_ kGw| lbgsf] Dofbleq s'g} sf/0fn] btf{ 5'6 x'g uPdf ;DalGwt JolQmn] To:tf] hUuf btf{ ug{sf nflu cfjZos k|df0f -sfuhft_ ;lxt
sxfF lgj]bg lbg'b{5 <
s_ gfkL 6f]nLdf v_ gfkL sfo{fnodf
u_ dfnkf]t sfof{nodf 3_ gfkL ljefudf
$&_ bf]>f] k6s lbOPsf] Dofbleq klg hUuf btf{ u/fpg pkl:yt gx'g] jf cfˆgf] k|ltlglw klg gk7fpg] hUufjfnfsf] hUuf df}h'bf >]:tfdf
ePsf] ljj/0f le8fO{ s;sf] /f]xj/df gfkL 6f]nLn] If]qLo lstfjdf btf{ ul/lbg ;Sb5 <
s_ ;Flwof/sf] v_ xsjfnfsf]
 u_ j8f ;ldltsf Pshgf k|ltlglwsf] 3_ ufpF÷gu/ kflnsf k|d'vsf]
$*_ bf]>f] k6s lbOPsf] Dofbleq klg hUuf btf{ u/fpg pkl:yt gx'g] jf cfˆgf] k|ltlglw klg gk7fpg] hUufjfnfsf] hUuf df}h'bf >]:tfdf
ePsf] ljj/0f le8fO{ j8f ;ldltsf Pshgf k|ltlglwsf] /f]xj/df s;n] If]qLo lstfjdf btf{ ul/lbg ;Sb5 <
s_ gfkL ljefun] v_ gfkL sfo{fnon]
u_ dfnkf]t sfof{non] 3_ gfkL 6f]nLn]
$(_ gfk hfFr ul/g] hUufnfO{ ;f] hUufsf] pkof]usf] cfwf/df slt If]qdf ljefhg ul/G5 <
s_ b'O{ If]q v_ kfFr If]q
u_ cf7 If]q 3_ P3f/ If]q
%)_ gfk hfFr ul/g] hUufnfO{ s[lif If]q - s[lif pTkfbg -cGg jfnL, gub] afnL, afujfgL cflb_ kz'kfng, lghL hUufdf ePsf a[Iff/f]k0f
jf agjfl6sf ;d]t ePsf hUufx¿_ / Joj;flos tyf a;f]af; -ljleGg pBf]u Jofkf/ lzIff, :jf:Yo, ;+rf/ / dgf]/~hg cflb
Joj;fo ;+rfng x'g] tyf ;a} lsl;dsf a;f]jf; If]q_ u/L hDdf If]q b'O{ If]qdf ljefhg ug]{ ;ldltsf] cWoIftf s;n] ub{5<
s_ k|d'v gfkL clws[tn] v_ k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/Ln]
u_ dfnkf]t clws[tn] 3_ lhNnf ;dGjo k|d'vn]
%!_ gfk hfFr ul/g] hUufnfO{ ;f] hUufsf] pkof]usf] cfwf/df s[lif If]q / Joj;flos tyf a;f]af; If]q u/L b'O{ If]qdf ljefhg ug]{
;ldltdf slthgf kbflwsf/Lx? x'G5g\ <
s_ gf} hgf v_ ;ft hgf
u_ kfFr hgf 3_ tLg hgf
%@_ gfk hfFr ul/g] hUufnfO{ ;f] hUufsf] pkof]usf] cfwf/df s[lif If]q / Joj;flos tyf a;f]af; If]q u/L b'O{ If]qdf ljefhg ug]{
;ldltsf] ;b:o ;lrj sf] x'G5 <
s_ lhNnf ;dGjo k|d'v v_ k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L
u_ dfnkf]t clws[t 3_ k|d'v gfkL clws[t
%#_ ;ldltn] If]q ljefhg ul/;s]kl5 ;DalGwt ufp“ ljsf; ;ldlt jf gu/kflnsfsf] k|ltlglwsf] /f]xj/df s;n] hUuf gfk hfFr
lgodfjnLsf] cg';"rL !@ df lbOPsf] cÍsf] cfwf/df s[lif If]qsf] nflu– !s, !v, !u, !3 / !ª u/L hDdf % lsl;ddf / Joj;flos
tyf a;f]jf; If]qsf] nflu– @s, @v, @u, @3 / @ª u/L hDdf % lsl;ddf auL{s/0f ub{5
s_ gfkL 6f]nL k|d'vn] v_ gfkL lg/LIfsn]
u_ cldgn] 3_ gfkL clws[tn]
%$_ hUufsf] lsl;d juL{s/0f df s;}nfO{ lrQ ga'em]df sxfF ph'/L ug{ ;lsG5 <
s_ gfkL 6f]nLdf v_ ;DalGwt ;ldltdf
u_ gfkL sfof{nodf 3_ gfkL ljefudf]
%%_ hUufsf] lsl;d juL{s/0f df s;}nfO{ lrQ ga'em]df ufpFkflnsfsf] xsdf ;DalGwt ufpFFkflnsfsf] cWoIf / gu/kflnsf If]qsf] xsdf
gu/kflnsfsf] k|d'vsf cWoIftfsf] dfnkf]t clws[t / gfkL clws[t ;b:o /x]sf] tLg ;bZoLo ;ldltdf / ph'/L ug{ ;Sb5 . of]
;ldltn] u/]sf] lg0f{odf g} lrQ ga'em]df s] ug{ ;lsG5 <
s_ lhNnf cbfntdf ph'/L ug{ ;lsG5 v_ k'g/fj]bg cbfntdf ph'/L ug{ ;lsG5
u_ ;ldltn] u/]sf] lg0f{o g} clGtd lg0f{o x'G5 3_ gfkL ljefudf ph'/L ug{ ;lsG5
%^_ sfo{fnodf /x]sf gSzf, ;|]:tf ;+/If0f u/L /fVg] ef}lts k|aGw ldnfpg] bfloTj s;sf] x'G5 <
s_ kmfF6jfnf cldgsf] v_ ;DblGwt ;e]{Ifssf]
u_ gfkL lg/LIfssf] 3_ gfkL clws[tsf]
%&_ gfkL sfo{fnodf k|fKt gS;fsf] l8lh6n 8f6f, lkmN8a'ssf] l8lh6n 8f6fsf] Jofsck k|fKt ePs} cj:yfdf ;+/If0f u/L ;DalGwt
sfo{fnodf / ljefudf ;+/If0f ul/ /fVg' kb{5 <
s_ ;DalGwt sfo{fnodf / gfkL ljefudf v_ e";'rgf tyf clen]v ljefudf
u_ dfnkf]t ljefudf 3_ e"ld ;'wf/ dGqfnodf
%*_ ;dfGotof gfkL sfof{non] s'g ;dodf lkmN8/]vfÍg sf] lglDt k|fljlws v6fpg] ub{5 <
s_ h]i7 dlxgf b]lv sflt{s dlxgf ;Dd v_ sflt{s b]lv h]i7 dlxgf ;Dd
u_ sflt{s dlxgfdf 3_ h]i7 dlxgfdf
%(_ lkmN8/]vfÍg sf] lglDt cfjZos oGq pks/0fsf] ef8f s;n] tf]S5 <
s_ lsQf gfkL dxfzfvn] v_ k|d'v gfkL clws[tn]
u_ gfkL ljefusf] dxflgb]{zsn] 3_ lkmN8 vl6g] cldgn]

cfwf/e't ;e]{If)f – efu b'O{ 361

^)_ lkmN8/]vfÍg k|ltj]bg s;af6 k|dfl0ft u/fO{ gfkL sfo{fnosf] k|zf;g kmfF6df ;'/lIft u/L /fVg' kb{5 <
s_ lkmN8 vl6g] cldgaf6 v_ k|d'v gfkL clws[taf6
u_ gfkL ljefusf] dxflgb]{zsaf6 3_ gfkL clws[taf6
pQ/x?
)!_ s )@_ v )#_ u )$_ 3 )%_ s )^_ v )&_ u
)*_ 3 )(_ s !)_ v !!_ u !@_ 3 !#_ s !$_ v
!%_ u !^_ 3 !&_ s !*_ v !(_ u @)_ 3 @!_ s
@@_ v @#_ u @$_ 3 @%_ s @^_ v @&_ u @*_ 3
@(_ s #)_ v #!_ u #@_ 3 ##_ s #$_ v #%_ u
#^_ 3 #&_ s #*_ v #(_ u $)_ 3 $!_ s $@_ v
$#_ u $$_ 3 $%_ s $^_ v $&_ u $*_ 3 $(_ 3
%)_ v %!_ u %@_ 3 %#_ s %$_ v %%_ u %^_ 3
%&_ s %*_ v %(_ u ^)_ 3
ENGINNERING SURVEY ;Fu ;DalGwt a:t'ut k|Zgx¿
!_ s[ifLsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu s'g} kfgLsf] >f]tjf6 farm land ;Dd kfgL k'¥ofpg] sfo{nfO{ s] elgG5 <
s_ irrigation v_ water supply
u_ canal 3_ project
@_ s'g} lglZrt jfnL pTkfbgsf] nflu l;+rfO df cfjZos kg]{ kfgLsf] dfqfnfO{ s] elgG5 <
s_ irrigation water v_ irrigation requirement
u_ crop pattern 3_ agriculture requirement
#_ l;+rfO{df afFw (dam), 5]saf/ (weir) jf barrage /xg] If]qnfO{ s] elgG5 <
s_ dam site v_ irrigation dam
u_ headworks 3_ source
$_ s'g} l;+rfO{ cfof]hgfsf] intake area eGgfn] s] j'lemG5 <
s_ l;+lrt If]q v_ canal df kfgL hfg] inlet
u_ canal jf6 kfgL k'¥ofpg] :yfg 3_ kfgLsf] d'xfg If]q
%_ d'xfg If]qsf] water reservoir af6 canal df kfgL Jojl:ty ¿kdf k7fpg jgfOPsf] bell shaped structure nfO{ s] elgG5 <
s_ intake v_ canal opening
u_ bell mouth 3_ source
^_ d'xfg If]qsf] intake df river – borne trashes nfO{ /f]Sg s] ul/Psf] x'G5 <
s_ intake nfO{ bell shaped jgfOG5 v_ trash racks jgfOG5
u_ 7"nf] reservoir lgdf{0f ul/G5 3_ dflysf ;j} sfo{x¿ ul/G5
&_ l;+rfO{ cfof]hgfsf] canal df water flow, minimum permissible velocity eGbf sd x'g glbg s] ug'{ k5{ <
s_ intake df trace racks /fVg' k5{ v_ gradient sd kfg'{k5{
u_ gradient j9L kfg'{ k5{ 3_ s'g} klg x'b}g
*_ lsg canal alignment lb+bf maximum permissible velocity nfO{ Wofgdf /fVg' k5{ <
s_ kfgL /fd|f] ;Fu flow xf];\ eg]/
v_ Canal bed df lxnf] afn'jf cflb deposit gxf]; eg]/
u_ Canal sf] bed s6fg gxf]; eg]/
3_ dflysf] ;j} xf]; eg]/
(_ l;+rfO{df s'g} Pp6f canal sf] sdfG8 Pl/of eGgfn] s] nfO{ j'emfpF5 <
s_ To; canal jf6 l;+rfO x'g ;Sg] s[lif of]Uo e"dL
v_ To; canal eGbf tnkl6sf] ;Dk"0f{ e"dL
u_ To; canal sf] bfofF jfofF kg]{ lglZrt b'/L ;Ddsf]] e"dL
3_ To; canal n] cf]u6]sf] e"dL
!)_ l;+rfO{sf] ;Gwe{df CCA eGgfn] s] j'lemG5 <
s_ cross—section of canal alignment
v_ cultivable command area
u_ cultivation by conventional agriculture
3_ challenges of command area
!!_ s'g syg unt 5 < 6f]kf] gS;fdf gx/ jf zfvf gx/x¿sf] nflu tentative alignment lrGx nufpFbf
s_ lrGx nufOPsf] alignment n] gx/sf] ;Dk"0f{ If]qnfO{ ;d]6\g' k5{
v_ Dff6f] sf6\g] eg{] balance eO{ lgdf{0f nfutx¿ sd x'g] u/L alignment sf] 5gf]6 ug{'k5{
u_ o;n] gbLx¿, ;8sx¿, /]nj] nfOgx¿ cflbnfO{ nDajt kf/ ug{' x'Fb}g
3_ ax'd"No hUuf, wfld{s tyf ;+/lIft :yn OToflb eP/ alignment n}hfg x'Fb}g
!@_ l;+rfO{ cfof]hgfsf] ;e]{ ubf{ k|To]s slt ld6/sf] cGt/fndf alignment sf] bfofFafofF water table sf] cWoog ul/G5 <
s_ %) v_ !))
u_ !%) 3_ @))
!#_ s'g} ;8s alignment sf] chainage eGgfn] s] a'lemG5 <
s_ /f]8sf] ;'?b]lv To;sf] s'g} ljGb' ;Ddsf] b'/L
v_ control poiont b]lv road sf] s'g} ljGb';Ddsf] b'/L
u_ /f]8sf] clGtd ljGb' b]lv s'g} point ;Ddsf] b'/L
3_ /f]8sf] s'g} ljGb' b]lv To;sf] clGtd ljGb' ;Ddsf] b'/L
!$_ ;8s cfof]hgfsf] ;Gbe{df haul distance eg]sf] s] xf] <
s_ road ;'?sf] ljGb' b]lv clGtd ljGb' ;Ddsf] b'/L
v_ construction site b]lv borrow pit ;Ddsf] b'/L
 u_ road sf] s'g} ljGb' b]lv clGtd ljGb' ;Ddsf] b'/L
!%_ ;8s cfof]hgfsf] ;Gbe{df borrow pit eÌfn] s] j'lemG5 <
s_ budget gk'u ePdf pwf/f] lng] 7fp jf a}Í
v_ cltl/Qm labour rflxPdf lng] 7fpF
u_ clt/Qm earthwork ug'{ kg]{ 7fpF
3_ /f]8sf] ;'?b]lv To;sf] s'g} ljGb' ;Ddsf] b'/L
!^_ s'g syg ;To 5 < road alignment df ;s] ;Dd
s_ cut / fill balance x'g' kb{5
v_ haul minimize x'g' kb{5
u_ gradient ruling gradient eGbf sd x'g' kb{5
3_ dflysf ;j}
!&_ ;8sdf curve x¿ s'g plane df set ul/G5 <
s_ horizontal plane / vertical plane df v_ vertical plane df
u_ horizontal plane df 3_ inclined plane df
!*_ ;8s alignment sf b'O{j6f straight line x¿ horizontal plane df intersect x'Fbf s:tf] curve /fVg' kb{5 <
s_ circular curve u_ horizontal curve
v_ vertical curve 3_ parabolic curve
!(_ ;8s alignment sf b'O{j6f straight line x¿ vertical plane df intersect ePsf] cj:yfdf s'g se{ /flvG5 <
s_ horizontal curve u_ transition curve
v_ vertical curve 3_ parabolic curve
@)_ s'g syg ;To 5 <
s_ circular curve sf] radius constant x'G5 v_ transition curve sf] radius variable x'G5
u_ verticle curve parabolic x'g' kb{5 3_ dflysf ;j} syg ;To 5g
@!_ curve ;'? x'g' eGbf klxn]sf] l;wf /]vfnfO{ s] elgG5 <
s_ back tangent v_ back leg
u_ back line 3_ back chord
@@_ back tangent / curve sf] common point nfO{ s] elgG5 <
s_ point of tangent v_ point of curvature
u_ centre of curve 3_ all the above
@#_ point of tangency nfO{ s] klg elgG5 <
s_ vertex v_ point of curvature
u_ curve tangent point(CT) 3_ tangent curve point ( TC)
@$_ vertex b]lv curve sf] mid point ;Ddsf] b'/LnfO{ s] elgG5 <
s_ apex distance v_ external distance
u_ exsec of the curve 3_ all the above
@%_ point of cure b]lv vertex ;Ddsf] b'/LnfO{ s] elgG5 <
s_ tangent length v_ apex distance
u_ forward tangent 3_ back tangent
@^_ point of curvature / point of tangency nfO{ hf]8\g] l;wf /]vfnfO{
s_ length of the curve elgG5 v_ long chord elgG5
u_ mid ordinate elgG5 3_ tabgent distance elgG5
@&_ tangent distance eGgfn] s] a'lemG5 <
s_ curve ;'? x'g' eGbf klxn]sf] straight line sf] b'/L
v_ curve ;lsP k5f8L l;wf /]vfsf] b'/L
u_ vertex b]lv PC jf PT ;Ddsf] b'/L
3_ PC b]lv PT ;Ddsf] l;wf b'/L
@*_ lbPsf] lrqdf intersection angle s'g xf] < A
B
cfwf/e't ;e]{If)f – efu b'O{ 379
D
C
 s_ D v_ C
u_ B 3_ A
@(_ mid-ordinate eGgfn] s] a'lemG5 <
s_ mid- point of curve b]lv mid- point of long chord ;Ddsf] b'/L
v_ vertex b]lv mid point of the curve ;Ddsf] b'/L
u_ centre b]lv mid – point of the long chord ;Ddsf] b'/L
3_ centre b]lv mid- point of curve ;Ddsf] b'/L
#)_ Tangent length a/fa/ slt x'G5 <
I I
s_ R cot
2
v_ R tan
2
1 I 1 𝐼
u_ R
tan
2
3_ 𝑅
𝑐𝑜𝑡
2
#!_ Long chord sf] length slt x'G5 <
I I
s_ R sin
2
v_ R cos
2
I I
u_ 2R sin
2
3_ 2R cos
2
#@_ length of curve a/fa/ slt x'G5 <
R
s_ 180  I olb I degree df 5 eg]
v_ RI olb I radian df 5 eg]
u_ specified length
degree of curve
I olb degree of curve / I Pp6} unit df 5g\ eg]
3_ dflysf ;j}
##_ versed sine of the curve eGgfn] a'lemG5 <
s_ mid ordinate v_ apex distance
u_ external distance 3_ v / u b'j}
#$_ The length of perpendicular offset from a point at distance from the mid-point of the long chord is
s_ √R2 -x2-(R+O0 ) u_ √R2 -x2-(R-O0 )
v_ √R2 -x2+(R-O0 ) 3_ √R2 +x2-(R-O0 )
#%_ Offset from tangent at a distance x from PC is approximately equal to
s_ x2/R v_ 2x2/R
u_ x2/2R 3_ 2R/x2
#^_ mid –ordinate a/fa/ slt x'G5 <
L 2 I
s_ R-√R2 - ( ) v_ R versine
2 2
I
u_ R ( 1-cos 2 ) 3_ dflysf ;j}
#&_ s'g method of curve seting df curve sf point x¿ nf]s]6 ubf{ linear measurement ug'{ kb}{g <
s_ two theodolite method v_ Rankine’s method
u_ radial offset method 3_ tape and theodolite method
#*_ curve setting sf] s'g method nfO{ Rankine’s method elgG5 <
s_ total station method v_ two theodolite method
u_ offset from the long chord method 3_ tape and theodolite method
#(_ curve sf] tangent point df transition se{sf] radius slt x'G5 <
s_ variable v_ radius of circular curve l;t j/fj/
u_ infinity 3_ dflysf] s'g} klg xf]Og
$)_ Transition curve /fVg' sf] pb]Zo s] xf] <
s_ straight line b]lv circular curve ;Dddf direction df x'g] kl/jt{g nfO{ gradual kfg]{
v_ gradual super elevation /fVg d2t ug]{
u_ passangers discomfort nfO{ minimize ug]{
3_ dflysf ;a}
$!+_ centrifugal ratio a/fa/ slt x'G5 <
s_ Wv2 /Rg v_ v 2 /Rg
2
u_ mv /R 3_ s'g} klg xf]Og
$@_ l=k√∅ ideal transition curve sf] equation xf], o;nfO{ tnsf dWo] s'g gfdn] lrlgb+}Fg <
s_ Glover spiral v_ Gauss spiral
u_ Eular spiral 3_ Clothoid curve
$#_ g1 / g2 b'j} positive / g1 >g2 eP s'g curve aGb}g <
s_ summit curve v_
hogging curve
u_ sagging curve 3_
crest curve
$$_ s'g syg ;To 5 <
s_ rising / falling ul/ b'O{ lsl;dsf gradient xG5g\
v_ rising gradient nfO{ positive gradient klg elgG5
u_ falling gradient nfO{ negative gradient klg elgG5
3_ dflysf ;a} syg ;To 5g\
$%_ g1 / g2 b'j} positive / g1<g2 eP s'g curve aG5<
s_ sag curve v_ summit curve
u_ s / v b'j} 3_ dflysf s'g} klg xf]Og
$^_ tn kl§ emf]lnPsf] curve nfO{ s] elgb}+g <
s_ sag curve v_ summit curve
u_ sagging curve 3_ valley curve
$&_ vertical curve s:tf] x'g' k5{ <
s_ circular v_ elliptic
u_ parabolic 3_ hyperbolic
$*_ vertical curve /fVg' sf] pb]Zo s] xf] <
s_ adequate visibility provide ug]{
v_ passenger’s discomfort nfO{ minimize ug]{
u_ accident sf] probability nfO minimize ug]{
3_ dflysf ;a} sfd ug]{
$(_ road sf] L-section eg]sf] s] xf]
s_ af6f]sf] nDajt lbzfdf elevation pattern
v_ af6f]sf] lbzfdf elevation pattern
u_ s / v b'j}
3_ s'g} klg xf]Og
%)_ profile plot ubf{ ;fdfGotof
s_ horizontal / vertical scale same /flvG5
v_ vertical scale nfO{ horizontal scale eGbf 7"nf] kfl/G5
u_ vertical scale nfO{ horizontal scale eGbf ;fgf] kfl/G5
3_ cj:yf cg';f/ dflysf ;a} ul/G5
%!_ profile plot ubf{ horizontal scale 1: 1000 eP vertical scale slt /flvG5 <
s_ 1:1000 u_ 1:500
v_ 1:100 3_ 1:200
%@_ s'g syg ;To 5 <
s_ profile levelling / L- sectioning Pp6} s'/f xf]
v_ change in gradient profile df b]lvG5 eg] change in horizontal direction plan df b]lvG5
u_ profile levelling ;+ej eP ;Dd BM jf6 ;'? u/L BM df 6'Ëfpg'k5{
3_ dflysf ;a} syg ;To 5g\
%#_ route sf] right angle sf] 6f]kf]u|fkmL b]vfpg] levelling nfO{ s] elgG5 <
s_ cross- sectioning u_ L- sectioning
v_ profile levelling 3_ dflysf ;j}
%$_ X-section plot ubf{ ;fdfgotof
s_ horizontal scale exaggerate ul/G5 v_ horizontal / vertical scale a/fa/ /flvG5
u_ vertical scale exaggerate ul/G5 3_ dflysf] s'g} klg xf]Og
%%_ ;fdfGo tof L-section X- section sf] horizontal scale df
cfwf/e't ;e]{If)f – efu b'O{ 381
 s_ L-section / X-section sf] a/fa/ x'G5
v_ L-section sf] X-section sf] eGbf bz u'0f a9L x'G5
u_ X-section sf] L-section sf] eGbf bz u'0ff a9L x'G5
3_ dflysf] s'g} klg xF'b}g
%^_ olb af6f]df rf}8fO{ B 5, uf8Lsf] ult v 5 / curve sf] radius R 5 eg] super elevation jf cant a/fa/ slt x'G5 <
s_ gv2/RB u_ B2 v/Rg
2
v_ Rv /Bg 3_ B v2 / Rg
%&_ ;fdfGotof pedestrian bridge sf] case df glbsf] tndfly slt ;Ddsf] topography lnOG5 <
s_ up stream 300 / down stream 200 v_ up stream 200 / down stream 300
u_ up stream 300 / down stream 500 m. 3_ up stream 500 / down stream 500
%*_ bridge sf] b'j} 5]psf] supporting structure nfO{ s] elgG5 <
s_ bridge axis v_ abutments
u_ piers 3_ central support
%(_ bridge sf] aLrdf lbOg] glb dfly p7fPsf] support nfO{ s] elgG5<
s_ abutments v_ bridge pillor
u_ piers 3_ bridge axis
^)_ RCC moterable bridge sf] case df up-stream / down stream df slt ld6/ sf] topographical survey ul/G5 <
s_ 300 / 200 u_ 200 / 300
v_ 300 / 500 3_ 500 / 300
^!_ bridge sf] abutment sxfF af6 gflkG5<
s_ control point jf6 u_ river crossing jf6
v_ bridge axis jf6 3_ dflysf] ;j} jf6
^@_ lbPsf] lrqdf
s_ A abutment / B pier xf]
v_ A / B b'j} abutment x'g\
u_ B abutment / A pier xf
3_ C abutment xf]
^#_ xfO8«f] On]lS6«s kfj/ k|f]h]S6x¿df intake site sf project component x¿sf] ;e]{If0f sfo{nfO{ s] elgG5 <
s_ dam site sf] ;e]{If0f v_ weir site sf] ;e]{If0f
u_ head works site sf] ;e]{If0f 3_ barrage site sf] ;e]{If0f
^#_ xfO8«f] On]lS6«s kfj/ k|f]h]S6x¿df intake site sf project component x¿sf] ;e]{If0f sfo{nfO{ s] elgG5 <
s_ dam site sf] ;e]{If0f v_ weir site sf] ;e]{If0f
u_ head works site sf] ;e]{If0f 3_ barrage site sf] ;e]{If0f
^$_ hnljB't KnfG6sf] a]l;g If]q hxfF kfgL OG6]s r]Da/df hfg' cl3 c:yfoL ¿kdf e08f/ ul/G5 s] elgG5 <
s_ forebay v_ intake
u_ reservoir 3_ forebay
^%_ forebay b]lv turbine ;Dd kfgL k'¥ofpg] ;+/rgf (structure) nfO{ s] elgG5 <
s_ penstoke v_ tailrace
u_ intake 3_ canal
^^_ kl/of]hgf If]qsf] pknAw ;a}eGbf 7"nf] :s]nsf] 6f]kf] gS;f / xjfO{ kmf]6f]x¿ ;Íng ug]{ / cfjZos ePdf kmf]6 f]u|fd]l6«s ljlwåf/f To;
6f]kf] gS;fnfO{ !M!)))) :s]ndf enlarge ug]{ sfd hydroelectric power survey sf] s'g stage df ul/G5 <
s_ reconnaissance survey v_ pre-feasibility survey
u_ feasibility survey 3_ detail survey
^&_ tailrace eg]sf] s'g structure xf] <
s_ turbine b]vL kfgL afxL/ kmfNg] v_ forebay b]lv turbine ;Dd kfgL k'¥ofpg]
u_ intake b]lv forebay ;Dd kflg k'Gofpg] 3_ hydropower production
^*_ Transmission sf] alignment lbFbf
s_ tf/ hdLgsf] glhsaf6 uPsf] x'g' x'Fb}g v_ tf/ lgs} steep af6 hfg' x'Fb}g
u_ tf/ jl:tsf] dfly jf6 hfg' x'Fb}g 3_ dflysf ;j} cj:yf Vofn ug'{ k5{
^(_ pknAw !M@%,))) :s]n 6f]kf]–zL6x¿ k|of]u u/L k|;f/0f dfu{x¿sf] ;Defljt ljsNkx¿ tof/ kfg{sf nflu jfscf]e/ ;e]{If0f ug]{
sfd hydroelectric power survey sf] s'g stage df ul/G5 <
s_ feasibility survey v_ reconnaissance survey
u_ pre-feasibility survey 3_ desk study survey
&)_ ljB't u[xdf pTkflbt wf/fljB'tnfO{ setp up tyf step down transformer af6 cfjZos voltage df ¿kfGt/0f u/L k|;f/0f s]an
dfkm{t k|;f/0f :6];g, k|;f/0f ;j :6];g tyf ljt/0f :6];g ;Dd k'¥ofpg cfjZos kg]{ k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0fsf] nflu ;~rfng ul/g]
;e]{If0f sfo{nfO{ s] elgG5 <
s_ reconnaissance survey v_ transmission line survey
u_ pre-feasibility survey 3_ desk study survey
&!_ urban survey eGgfn] s] j'lemG5 <
s_ building site sf] ;e]{ v_ building sf tNnfx¿sf] ;e]{
u_ zx/L If]qsf] ;e]{ 3_ u|fld0f If]qsf] ;e]{
&@_ urban survey s'g scale df ul/G5 <
s_ Small v_ Very large
u_ Medium 3_ Large
&#_ ejg lgdf{0f ;e{]If0fsf] ;Dk"0f{ sfd ;DkGg slxn] x'G5 <
s_ as-built drawing agfP kl5 v_ landscspe, site plan tof/ u/]kl5
u_ utility services lrq0f u/]kl5 3_ building foot print layout u/]kl5
&$_ k|zf;g, e"–pkof]u, cadastre, jf lj:t[t of]hgfsf] nflu urban survey ubf{ s'g scale pko'Qm x'G5<
s_ 1:500 eGbf 7"nf] v_ 1:500 b]lv 1:2000 ;Dd
u_ 1:5000 b]lv 1:50,000 ;Dd 3_ 1:1000 eGbf ;fgf]
&%_ urban planning gS;f s'g ljlw af6 ul/G5 <
s_ Ground survey v_ Photogrammetry
u_ s / v b'j} 3_ s'g} klg xf]Og
&^_ Setting out of building corner point s;/L check ul/G5 <
s_ 3:4:5 sf] ratio jf6
v_ Peg x¿ corner point eGbf @– $ dL 6f9f u/]/
u_ Wall sf] center line calculate u/]/
3_ Diagonal gfk]/
&&_ hdLgsf] ;tx eGbf tn /x]sf detail sf] ;e]{If0f ug]{ sfo{nfO{ s] elgG5 <
s_ mine survey u_ tunnel survey
v_ ground survey 3_ marine survey
&*_ mine survey df s'g sfo{ ul/b}g<
s_ vein sf] location determine ug]{
v_ vlgh kbfy{ gsfNg]
u_ underground levelling ug]{
3_ surface / underground survey nfO{ connect ug]{
&(_ vein eGgfn] s] a'lemG5 <
s_ pkof]uL vlghsf] ;tx v_ vfgL;Dd k'Ug] vertical passage
u_ vfgL;Dd k'Ug] horizontal passage 3_ vfgL leqsf] jf6f]
*)_ Underground survey, surface survey eGbf ufx|f] x'g' sf] sf/0f s] xf] <
s_ Poor light u_ Humid surrounding
v_ Smooky atmosphere 3_ ;a}
*!_ vfgL ;Dd k'Ug] horizontal or nearly horizontal passage nfO{ s] elgG5 <
s_ adit v_ vein
u_ shaft 3_ gateways
*@_ vfgL ;Dd k'Ug] vertical or nearly vertical passage nfO{ s] elgG5<
s_ gangway v_ shaft
u_ adit 3_ veins
*#_ underground survey df s'g s'/fsf] vt/f x'G5 <
s_ suffocation v_ collapse of roof
cfwf/e't ;e]{If)f – efu b'O{ 383
 u_ s / v b'j} 3_ s'g} klg xf]Og
*$_ shaft / vein nfO{ hf]8\g] horizontal passage nfO{ s] elgG5 <
s_ gateway u_ adit
v_ gangway 3_ cross cut
*%_ gangway eGgfn] s] a'lemG5 <
s_ vfgL leqsf] jf6f] u_ adit
v_ shaft 3_ cross-cut
*^_ mining theodolite df auxiliary telescope s'g k|of]hgsf] nflu /flvPsf] x'G5g\ .
s_ horizontal angle v_ vertical angle
u_ distance 3_ light
*&_ s'g k|of]hgsf] nflu opened tunnel agfOb}+g <
s_ highway u_ canal
v_ mining 3_ railway
**_ underground survey nfO{ surface survey ;Fu s] dfkm{t connect ul/G5 <
s_ Vein u_ Adit
v_ Shaft 3_ v / u b'j}
*(_ vfgLsf] roof wall nfO{ s] klg elgG5 <
s_ hanging wall v_ foot wall
u_ passage 3_ vein
()_ gyro-theodolite af6 s] k9\g ;lsG5 <
s_ magnetic bearing v_ true bearing
u_ arbitrary-bearing 3_ grid bearing
(!_ gyro- theodolite ;w} north orient s] n] u/]sf] x'G5 <
s_ horizontal scale u_ additional telescope
v_ gyroscope 3_ level
(@_ mining theodolite ordinary theodolite eGbf w]/} s'/fdf ldNbf] h'Nbf] eP klg s] s'/fdf km/s x'G5 <
s_ of] cfsf/df ;fgf] x'G5 u_ illuminator /flvPsf] x'G5
v_ auxiliary telescope /flvOsf] x'G5 3_ dflysf ;a} s'/fdf km/s x'G5
(#_ cf]kgsf:6 s:tf vfgLx¿df dfq vfgL ;j{]If0fdf hLkLP; k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 <
s_ cf]kgsf:6 u_ coal mining
v_ iron mining 3_ tunnelling
($_ s'g pks/0f plumb line kQf nufpg, w]/} ulx/f :ffˆ6x¿sf] kL+b ;Dd tn dfly plumbing operation ug{ tyf coordinate x¿
transfer ug{ lgs} ;lhnf / kl/z'¢ pks/0fx¿ x'g <
s_ hfO/f] lyof]8f]nfO6 v_ n]h/ KnDd]6
u_ c6f]d]l6s n]en 3_ GPS
(%_ s'g gS;fn] ljleGg k|sf/sf r§fg / ;txL lgIf]kx¿ (surficial deposit) sf] ljt/0f tyf fault / fold x¿ h:tf ef}ule{s agf]6
/x]sf :yfgx¿ b]vfpFb5 <
s_ 6f]kf]u|flkms gS;f v_ vlgh >f]t gS;f
u_ ef}ule{s gS;f 3_ physical map
(^_ ef}ule{s gS;fx¿df ljleGg k|sf/sf ef}ule{s ljz]iftfx¿ jf PsfOx¿ -pd]/ range yfxfePsf ljz]if k|sf/sf r§fgx¿_ sf] k|ltlglwTj
ug{ s] sf] k|of]u ul/G5 <
s_ cIf/x¿sf] v_ ;+s]t lrGx¿sf]
u_ lrqx¿sf] 3_ /ªx¿sf]
(&_ ef}ule{s gS;fx¿df r§fgL y|:6, kmN6, kmf]N8 c¿nfO{ s:tf] ;+s]tn] k|:t't ul/G5 <
s_ /]vf ;+s]t lrGxn] v_ cIf/x¿sf] ;+s]t lrGxn]
u_ lrqx¿sf] ;+s]t lrGxn] 3_ /ªx¿sf] ;+s]t lrGxn]
(*_ cfjZostf / pko'Qmtfsf cfwf/df ljleGg e"–pkof]u k|of]hgsf nflu e"ldsf] juL{s/0f u/L tof/ ul/Psf] gS;fnfO{ s] elgG5 <
s_ geological map v_ land use zoning map
u_ land capability map 3_ land system map
((_ e"ld ;|f]t gS;fÍg kl/of]hgfaf6 tof/ gS;f dWo] s'g gS;f !M!,@%,))) :s]ndf 5 <
s_ land capability map v_ land use zoning map
u_ geological map 3_ land system map
!))_ /fli6«o e"–pkof]u cfof]hgfaf6 gu/ klnsf tyf ufpFkflnsf :t/df tof/ gS;f s'g :s]ndf 5 <
s_ !M!,@%,))) v_ !M%),)))
 u_ !M@%,)))) 3_ !M!),)))

pQ/x¿
)!_ s )@_ v )#_ u )$_ 3 )%_ s )^_ v )&_ u )*_ 3 )(_ s !)_ v
!!_ u !@_ 3 !#_ s !$_ v !%_ u !^_ 3 !&_ s !*_ v !(_ u @)_ 3
@!_ s @@_ v @#_ u @$_ 3 @%_ s @^_ v @&_ u @*_ 3 @(_ s #)_ v
#!_ u #@_ 3 ##_ s #$_ v #%_ u #^_ 3 #&_ s #*_ v #(_ u $)_ 3
$!_ s $@_ v $#_ u $$_ 3 $%_ s $^_ v $&_ u $*_ 3 $(_ s %)_ v
%!_ u %@_ 3 %#_ s %$_ v %%_ u %^_ %&_ s %*_ v %(_ u ^)_ 3
^!_ s ^@_ v ^#_ u ^$_ 3 ^%_ s ^^_ v ^&_ u ^*_ 3 ^(_ s &)_ v
&!_ u &@_ 3 &#_ s &$_ v &%_ u &^_ 3 &&_ s &*_ v &(_ u *)_ 3
*!_ s *@_ v *#_ u *$_ 3 *%_ s *^_ v *&_ u **_ 3 *(_ s ()_ v
(!_ u (@_ 3 (#_ s ($_ v (%_ u (^_ 3 (&_ s (*_ v ((_ u !))_ 3

cfwf/e't ;e]{If)f – efu b'O{ 385

RELATED TO MAPPING, CONSTITUTION, ACT AND RULE
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s_ hol:ytL dNnn] v_ /fd zfxn]
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s_ ;g\\ (&^ df v_ ;g\\ !)&^ df
u_ ;g\\ !!&^ df 3_ ;g\\ !@&^ df
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s_ tIfsf/ v_ If]qsf/
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s_ tnl;+x v_ df]xL
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s_ tnl;+x v_ df]xL
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lyP <
s_ ;g\\ !#*! Df v_ ;g\\ !$*! df
u_ ;g\\ !%*! df 3_ ;g\\ !^*! df
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s_ ;g\\ !&() df v_ ;g\\ !^() df
u_ ;g\\ !%() df 3_ ;g\\ !$() df
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s_ ;g\\ !&() df v_ ;g\\ !&(( df
u_ ;g\\ !*!) df 3_ ;g\\ !*@) df
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s_ cf}Bf]lus s/ v_ Aofkfl/s s/
u_ e"ld s/ 3_ rf}kfof s/
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s_ !^ efusf] ! efu v_ !@ efusf] ! efu
u_ !) efusf] ! efu 3_ * efusf] ! efu
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s_ axfb'/ zfxn] v_ /0f axfb'/ zfxn]
u_ /fd zfxn] 3_ hol:ylt dNnn]
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s_ /fd zfxn] v_ hol:ylt dNnn]
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s_ led;]g yfkfn] v_ h+u axfb'/n]
u_ /0f2Lkn] 3_ aL/ zd;]/n]
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 s_ jL/ zd;]/n] v_ b]j zd;]/n]
u_ rGb| zd;]/n] 3_ eLd zd;]/n]
!*_ t/fO{lt/ gfkL ug]{ JolQmnfO{ s] eGg] ul/Gyof] <
s_ gfkL v_ d'lG;km
u_ u0fs 3_ ;e]{Ifs
!(_ sfe|]knf~rf]s, l;g\w'kfNrf]s -klxnfsf] k"jL{ g+= !_ lhNnfdf ;k{6 gfkL slxn] ePsf] lyof] <
s_ lj=;++ !($$ df v_ lj=;++ !($* df
u_ lj=;++ !(%@ df 3_ lj=;++ !(%^ df
@)_ kfNkf, cf5fd, a}t8Ldf ;'?sf] lsQfgfkL slxn] gfkL ePsf] lyof] <
s_ lj=;++ !($^ df v_ lj=;++ !($* df
u_ lj=;++ !(%) df 3_ lj=;++ !(%@ df
@!_ 8+uf]n gfkL slxn] z'? ePsf] lyof] <
s_ lj=;+= !(#) df v_ lj=;+= !($) df
u_ lj=;+= !(%) df s_ lj=;+= !(^) df
@@_ t/fO{sf] ;Kt/L / dxf]Q/L lhNnfdf b]v hfFr -8+uf]n_ gfkL slxn] ePsf] lyof] <
s_ lj=;+= !(## df v_ lj=;+= !($# df
u_ lj=;+= !(%# df 3_ lj=;+= !(^# df
@#_ lj=;+= !(^) df hUufdf km/s–km/s PsfO{nfO{ ;dfKt u/L Ps?ktf s;n]] u/fP <
s_ jL/ zd;]/n] v_ b]j zd;]/n]
u_ rGb| zd;]/n] 3_ eLd zd;]/n]
@$_ dfn c8\6fsf] k|rng s;n] rnfPsf x'g\ <
s_ h+u axfb'/n] v_ jL/ zd;]/n
u_ b]j zd;]/n] 3_ rGb| zd;]/n]
@%_ g]kfndf sDkf;åf/f ;e]{ u/L gS;f ;lxtsf] lsQfgfkL ug]{ Joj:yf slxn] EfPsf] lyof] <
s_ lj=;+= !(*) df v_ lj=;+= !(&) df
u_ lj=;+= !(^) df 3_ lj=;+= !(%) df
@^_ lj=;++ !(*) df eQmk'/ lhNnfdf s;sf] g]t[Tjdf sDkf; af6 gfkgS;f z'? ul/Psf] lyof]] <
s_ s0f]{n /d]z a= j:g]t sf] g]t[Tjdf v_ s0f]{n u0f]z a= j:g]t sf] g]t[Tjdf
u_ s0f]{n ch'{g a= j:g]t sf] g]t[Tjdf v_ s0f]{n l;l2 a= j:g]t sf] g]t[Tjdf
@&_ eQmk'/df sDkf; åf/f ul/Psf] gfk gS;fsf] sfd slxn] ;dfKt eof] <
s_ lj=;+= !(*) df v_ lj=;+= !(*$ df
u_ lj=;+= !(*& df 3_ lj=;+= !(() df
@*_ klxnf] k6s lsQfgfkL sxF z'? ePsf] lyof] <
s_ t/fO{df v_ sfe|]df
u_ dsjfgk"/df 3_ sf7df08f}+ pkTosfdf
@(_ gfkL ljefusf] :yfkgf slxn] ePsf] lyof] <
s_ lj=;+= @)!$ df v_ lj=;+= !((& df
u_ lj=;+= !(*) df 3_ lj=;+= !(^) df
#)_ e"ld;'wf/ sfo{qmd slxn] nfu' eof] <
s_ _ lj=;+= @)!$ df v_ lj=;+= @)@! df
u_ _ lj=;+= @)@$ df 3__ lj=;+= @)@^ df
#!_ ;e]{ ljefunfO{ gfkL ljefu / ;]6nd]G6 clkm;nfO{ gfkL clws[t slxn] b]lv dfGg yflnPsf] xf] <
s_ lj=;+= @)!$ b]vL v_ lj=;+= @)@! b]vL
u_ lj=;+= @)@^ b]vL 3_ lj=;+= @)#! b]vL
#@_ uf]Zjf/f k|d'v nfO{ slxn] /f=k= t[lto >]0fLaf6 /f=k= lålto >]0fLdf :t/ a[l4 ul/of] <
s_ lj=;+= @)@! Df v_ lj=;+= @)@^ df
u_ lj=;+= @)#! Df 3_ lj=;+= @)#^ df
##_ National Geodetic Control lj:tf/sf] qmddf Doppler Survey Stations sf] :yfkgf slxn] ePsf] xf]<
s_ lj=;++ @)#& df v_ lj=;+= @)#) df
u_ lj=;+= @)@^ df 3_ lj=;+= @)@! d
#$_ lj=;+= @)@! ;fndf cfw'lgs lsQfgfkL cGt{ut klxnf kfOn6 k|f]h]S6 sxfF z'? ul/Psf] lyof] <
s_ eQmk"/sf] emf}v]ndf v_ emfkfsf] a'waf/]df
u_ dsjfgk"/sf] 6f}v]ndf 3_ sfe|]sf] g+v]ndf
#%_ lsQfgfkLsf nfuL Pp6f gS;f sheet df slt j6f lgoGq0f ljGb' x'g'k5{ <
 s_ ! — # ;Dd v_ @ — $ ;Dd
u_ # — % ;Dd 3_ % — * ;Dd
#^_ xs lx:;f btf{ k|0ffnLsf] nflu s'g lsl;dsf] e"ldnut -cadastre) lng' knf{ <
s_ xs lx:;f nut ( Title cadastre) v_ ax'p2]zLo nut (Multi purpose cadastre)
u_ cfly{s nut (Fiscal cadastre) 3_ sfg"gL nut (Legal cadastre)
#&_ g]kfnsf] hUuf btf{ k|0ffnL s'g k|sf/sf] xf] <
s_ lnvt btf{ v_ 3/;f/sf] lnvt
u_ xs lx:;f btf{ 3_ dfnc8\8f btf{
#*_ lsQf gfkLsf] gS;f ;L6df lsQf gDa/ sxfF af6 lbg z'? ul/ sxfF nu]/ cGTo ul/G5 <
s_ klZrdaf6 z'? u/L k"j{ df cGTo ul/G5
v_ pQ/ klZrdaf6 z'? u/L blIf0f k"j{df cGTo ul/G5
u_ pQ/ af6 z'? u/L blIf0fdf cGTo ul/G5
3_ blIf0fklZrdaf6 z'? u/L pQ/ k"j{ df cGTo ul/G5
#(_ btf{ gePsf lsQfnfO{ lkmN8a's af6 ptf/ ul/Psf sfuhftnfO{ s] elgG5 <
s_ ! g+= kmf/d v_ t]l/h
u_ n'h lnkm 3_ Kn6 /lhi6/
$)_ gfkL kmf/d g+= ! b]vL % ;Dd s]–s] x'g\ <
a. kmf/d g+= ! i. hUuf wgL btf{ >]:tf
b. kmf/d g+= @ ii. If]qkmn lx;a
c. kmf/d g+= # iii. lkmN8a's
d. kmf/d g+= $ iv. t]l/h
e. kmf/d g+= % v. hUUf wgL btf{ k|df0fdf k"hf{
s_ a- i, b- ii, c-iii, d-iv, e-v v_ a- ii, b- i, c-iv, d-v, e-ii
u_ a- iii, b- ii, c-i, d-iv, e-v 3_ a-iii, b- iv, c-i, d-v, e-ii
$!_ Pp6f gS;f l;6sf] j/Lk/L slt j6f l;6 hf]l8G5g\\ <
s_ * j6f v_ ^ j6f
u_ $ j6f 3_ ( j6f
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s_ @%))  @%)) Ö ^@,%),))) ju{ ld6/
v_ !@%)  !@%) Ö !%,^@,%)) ju{ ld6/
u_ %))  %)) Ö @,%),))) ju{ ld6/
3_ @%)  @%) Ö ^@,%)) ju{ ld6/
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s_ ^@,%),))) ju{ ld= v_ !%,^@,%)) ju{ ld=
u_ #,(),^@% ju{ ld= 3_ ^@,%)) ju{ ld=
$$_ xfn ;+rfnLt k"g M gfkLdf z'4 ;Fu sfd ug{sf nfuL lgoGq0f ljGb'x? slt b'/Ldf x'g'k5{ <
s_ ! M %)) df !)) ld6/ jf ;f] eGbf glhs
v_ ! M !@%) df @)) ld6/ jf ;f] eGbf glhs
u_ !M @%)) df #)) ld6/ jf ;f] eGbf glhs
3_ Dflysf ;a}
$%_ !M %)) dfggfkdf gfkL ubf{ Ps l;6df slt If]qkmn x'G5 <
s_ ^@,%)) ju{ ld= v_ !%,^@,%)) ju{ ld=
u_ #,(),^@% ju{ ld= 3_ ^@,%),))) ju{ ld=
$^_ xfn k'gM gfkL eO{/x]sf] ;g\be{df lsQfgfkLdf a9L z'4tfsf] nflu !M@%)) sf] :s]ndfdf :6fkm l/l8Ë !)) ld6/ eGbf nfdf] b'/Ldf
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s_ @) ld6/ eGbf a9L lng'' x'Fb}g v_ #) ld6/ eGbf a9L lng'' x'Fb}g
u_ !)) ld6/ eGbf a9L lng'' x'Fb}g 3_ @)) ld6/ eGbf a9L lng'' x'Fb}g
$&_ u|flkmsn lsQfgfkLdf Knl6ª q'6L (plotting error) slt dflgG5 <
s_ )=@%  gS;fsf] dfgfÍ dL= v_ )=@%  gS;fsf] dfgfÍ ;]= dL=
u_ )=@%  gS;fsf] dfgfÍ ;]= ld=dL= 3_ )=@%  gS;fsf] dfgfÍ ;]= ls=dL=
$*_ g]kfndf cjnDjg ul/Psf] hUuf bftf{ k|0ffnL s'g xf]<
s_ 3/;f/sf] lnvt btf{ k|0fnL (private conveyancing system)
v_ lnvt btf{ k|0fnL (deed registration system)
 u_ xslx:;f btf{ k|0fnL (title registration system)
3_ ;'wfl/Psf] lnvt btf{ k|0fnL (modified deed registration system)
$(_ g]kfndf lsQfsf6 kl5 l;hf{gf x'g] gofF lsQfx?df lsQf gDa/ lb+bf s'g k|yfdf cfwfl/t eP/ lbOG5<
s_ :jtGq gDal/ª k|yf (independent numbering system)
v_ a§] k|yf (fractional system)
u_ lkmlnP;g\ k|yf (filiation system)
3_ dflysf ;a} (all of the above)
%)_ g]kfndf l6«u l;6af6 lsQfgfkL ug]{ sfo{ slxn]b]lv z'? ePsf] lyof] <
s_ lj=;+= @)!$ b]lv v_ lj=;+= @)@^ b]lv
u_ lj=;+= @)#^ b]lv 3_ lj=;+= @)$^ b]lv
%!_ l6«u l;6af6 lsQf gfkL ug]{ sfo{ ;j{k|yd s'g lhNnfdf ePsf] lyof] <
s_ dsjfgk'/ v_ wgs'6f
u_ dsjfgk'/ / wgs'6f 3_ eQmk"/
%@_ g]kgnsf] hUuf k|zf;g\df k|rlnt zAb Ædf]7Æ s] ;Fu ;DalGwt 5 < hUuf wgL btf{ >]:tf
s_ lkmN8a's v_ t]l/h
u_ hUuf wgL btf{ k|df0f k'hf{ 3_ hUuf wgL btf{ >]:tf
%#_ e"'lds/ p7fpg] Kf|of]hgsf] nflu tof/ ul/Psf] e"ld nutnfO{ s] elgG5 <
s_ fiscal cadastre v_ legal cadastre
u_ multi-purpose cadastre 3_ revenue cadastre
%$_ hUufdf hUuf wgLsf] :jfldTfsf] Uof/]lG6 ePsf] hUuf bftf{ k|0ffnL s'g xf]<
s_ 3/;f/sf] lnvt btf{ k|0fnL (private conveyancing system)
v_ xslx:;f btf{ k|0fnL (title registration system)
u_ lnvt btf{ k|0fnL (deed registration system)
3_ ;'wfl/Psf] lnvt btf{ k|0fnL (modified deed registration system)
%%_ k|flrg ;dodf kof]u ul/]g] Ps df6f] d'/L OsfO{n] slt If]qkmn ePsf] hUufnfO{ a'emfpFYof] <
s_ Ps /f]kgL v_ cf7 cfgf
u_ rf/ cfgf 3_ Ps cfgff
%^_ g]kfndf k'gMgfkL ubf{ s'g :s]ndf ul/Psf] 5 <
s_ ! M @%)) v_ ! M !@%)
u_ ! M %)) 3_ dflysf ;a}
%&_ hUuf bftf{sf] 6f]/]G; k|0ffnL (Tonners system) s'g b]z af6 ljsl;t ePsf] xf] <
s_ Australia v_ England
u_ Switzerland 3_ Austria
%*_ lsQfgfkLsf] gS;fdf sltj6f /+u k|of]u ul/Psf] x'G5 <
s_ Ps -sfnf]_ v_ b'O{ -sfnf] / /ftf]_
u_ tLg -;]tf] sfnf] / /ftf]_ 3_ rf/ -;]tf] gLnf], sfnf] / /ftf]_
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clwstd xb slt xf] <
s_ &% /f]kgL v_ #) /f]kgL
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^)_ s:tf] hUufdf df]lxofgL xs nfUb}g <
s_ 3/jf/Lsf] hUuf v_ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] :jfldTj ePsf] hUuf
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^!_ btf{ e};s]sf lsQfx?sf] lkmnN8a'ssf cfwf/df b{'O{ gDa/ t]l/h tof/ eO{;s] kl5 r]s hfFr ug]{ ;e]{Ifsn] slt k|ltzt ?h' u/L
b:tvt ug'{kb{5 <
s_ ztk|ltzt v_ &% k|ltzt
u_ %) k|ltzt 3_ !) k|ltzt
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6f]nL k|d'vaf6 lkmN8a'ssf] k|To]s kfgfsf]] slt k|ltzt lsQfsf] ?h' u/L b:tvt ug'{kb{5 <
s_ ztk|ltzt v_ %) k|ltzt
u_ !) k|ltzt 3_ lkmN8a'ssf] k|To]s kffgfsf] Ps lsQf
^#_ btf{ e};s]sf lsQfx?sf] lkmnN8a'ssf cfwf/df b{'O{ gDa/ t]l/h tof/ eO{ r]s hfFr ug]{ ;e]{Ifs / 6f]nL k|d'vaf6 ?h' u/L b:tvt
ul/;s]kl5 gfkL clws[tn] tf]s]sf] clws[taf6 slt lsQf ?h' u/L b:tvt ug'{kb{5<
s_ lkmN8a'ssf] k|To]s kffgfsf] ztk|ltzt lsQf
 v_ lkmN8a'ssf] k|To]s kffgfsf %) k|ltzt lsQf
u_ lkmN8a'ssf] k|To]s kffgfsf] Ps lsQf
3_ lkmN8a'ssf] k|To]s kffgfsf % lsQf
^$_ hUufwgL btf{ k|df0f k"hf{ ljt/0f ePsf] ldltn] slt lbg lat]kl5 btf{ >]:tf dfnkf]t sfof{nonfO{ / gS;f >]:tf gfkL sfof{nonfO{
x:tfGt/0f ug{' kb{5 <
s_ #) lbg leq v_ #% lbg leq
u_ ^) lbg leq 3_ !@) lbg leq
^%_ lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] nfndf]x/ / k|sfzg slxn] ePsf] lyof] <
s_ @)%).@.$ v_ @)%).!.$
u_ @)$(.@.$ w_ @)$).!@.$
^^_ lghfdtL ;]jfsf] u7g, ;~rfng / ;]jfsf] zt{;DaGwL Joj:yf sxfF ul/Psf] 5 <
s_ g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgdf v_ lghfdtL ;]jf P]gdf
u_ lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnLdf 3_ ;'zf;g\ lgodfjnLdf
^&_ lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] kl/efiff adf]lhd lghfdtL sd{rf/L;Fu a:g] tyf lgh cfkm}n] kfng kf]if0f ug'{kg]{ eP klg tnsf dWo]
sf] ækl/jf/Æ leq kb]{g <
s_ aHo} v_ ;f}t]gL cfdf
u_ ljjflxtf 5f]/L 3_ cljjflxtf wd{k'qL
^*_ lghfdtL ;]jfsf] u7g ;DaGwL Joj:yf g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f sltdf ul/Psf] 5 <
s_ wf/f !$# v_ wf/f @$#
u_ wf/f !*% 3_ wf/f @*%
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s_ @)%).#.@* v_ @)%).@.$
u_ @)%).!@.@* 3_ @)%).!@.$
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dfly s;n] u/]sf] JofVof clGtd x'G5<
s_ ;fdfGo k|zf;g\ dGqfno v_ g]kfn ;/sf/
u_ lhNnf cbfnt 3_ ;af]{Rr cbfnt
&!_ g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg sdf]lhd ;Ldfgfsf] ;'/Ifsf] ljifo s'g cGt/ut kb{5 <
s_ df}lns xs v_ gful/s st{Jo
u_ /fli6«o lxt 3_ ;fj{ef}d;Qf
&@_ g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg sdf]lhd ;/sf/L sfdsfhsf] lnlk s'g xf] <
s_ a|XdL lnlk v_ /~hgf lnlk
u_ g]kfnL lnlk 3_ b]jgfu/L lnlk
&#_ g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] slt efudf gful/stf ;DaGwL Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 <
s_ efu @ v_ efu #
u_ efu $ 3_ efu %
&$_ g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] slt efudf df}ls xs / st{Jo ;DaGwL Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 <
s_ efu @ v_ efu #
u_ efu $ 3_ efu %
&%_ g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] slt efudf /fHosf lgb]{zs l;¢fGt, gLlt tyf bfloTj ;DaGwL Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 <
s_ efu @ v_ efu #
u_ efu $ 3_ efu %
&^_ g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] slt efudf /fHosf] ;+/rgf / ;fHo zlQmsf] afF8kmfF8 ;DaGwL Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 <
s_ efu @ v_ efu #
u_ efu $ 3_ efu %
&&_ g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgdf s[lif / e"ld;'wf/ ;DaGwL gLlt cGt/ut tnsf dWo] s'g ljifodf af]lnPsf] 5}g<
s_ u'7L hUufsf] ;+/If0f v_ bf]x]/f] e":jfldTj
u_ cg'kl:yt e":jfldTj 3_ hUufsf] rSnfaGwL
&*_ g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgdf pNn]v eP adf]lhd Æ;fj{hlgs ;DklQsf] ;'/Iff / ;+/If0f ug'{Æ s;sf] st{Jo xf]<
s_ /fHosf] st{Jo v_ gful/ssf] st{Jo
u_ ;+3Lo ;/sf/sf] st{Jo 3_ :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] st{Jo
&(_ g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgdf pNn]v eP adf]lhd s'g k|of]hgsf nflu /fHon] JolQmsf] ;DklQ clwu|x0f ug]{, k|fKt ug]{, ug{ ;Sb5<
s_ k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0fsf] lglDt v_ snsf/vfgsf] lglDt
u_ ;fa{hlgs lxtsf] lglDt 3_ hnljB'tsf] lglDt
*)_ g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] df}lns xsdf g]kfnsf] s'g} klg efudf cfjthfjt / a;f]af; ug{] :jtGqtf lbPsf] 5, ;'s'Daf;Lsf] a;]sf] hdLg
s;/L vfnL x'g ;Dej 5 t <
s_ ;/sf/sf] lg0f{on] v_ k|fb]lzs clwsf/n]
u_ P]gdf ePsf] Aoj:yfn] 3_ ;+ljwfgs} k|ltjGwfTds Aoj:yfn]
*!_ g]kfndf slt lsl;daf6 gful/stf k|bfg ul/G5<
s_ rf/ v_ b'O{
u_ tLg 3_ Ps
*@_ lghfdtL ;]jfsf] u7g ;DaGwL Joj:yf lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] slt bkmfdf 5 <
s_ rf/ v_ tLg
u_ b'O{ 3_ Ps
*#_ lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( df sltj6f lghfdtL ;]jfsf] u7g x'g] Joj:yf 5 <
s_ !@ v_ !!
u_ ! ) 3_ (
*$_ lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( adf]lhd lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf sltj6f /fhkqflÍt >]0fLx? 5g\\ <
s_ ( v_ !)
u_ ^ 3_ $
*%_ lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( adf]lhd lghfdtL ;]jfsf sltj6f /fhkqcglÍt >]0fLx? 5g\\ <
s_ % v_ (
u_ ^ 3_ $
*^_ ljutdf lghfdtL ;]jfdf /x]sf >]0fL ljxLg sd{rf/Lx? lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] bf]>f] ;+zf]wg @)^$ kl5 lghfdtL ;] jfsf] s'g
>]0fLdf cfa¢ x'g uP<
s_ /fhkq cg+lst k|yd v_ /fhkq cg+lst kfFrf}+
u_ /fhkqf+lst kfFrf}+ 3_ /fhkqf+lst t[tLo
*&_ b]zsf] k|zf;g\ ;~rfng ug{ lghfdtL ;]jfsf] u7g, ;~rfng / ;]jf zt{x¿ tyf lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] Joj:yfkg / ;~rfngsf
;DaGwdf s;n] s]Gb|Lo lgsfosf] ¿kdf sfd ub{5 <
s_ cflwsfl/s 6«]8o'lgogn] v_ nf]s;]jf cfof]un]
u_ ;fdfGo k|zf;g\ dGqfnon] 3_ u[x dGqfnon]
**_ /fhkqflÍt ljlzi6 >]0fL ;Dd g} ;]jf ljlzi6Ls/0f ug]{ k|of]hgsf] nflu slt j6f ;]jfsf] ;d"xLs/0f -Sni6/_ ul/Psf] 5 <
s_ # j6f v_ $ j6f
u_ % j6f 3_ ^ j6f
*(_ lghfdlt ;]jfsf] ;j}eGbf dflyNnf] kb s'g xf] <
s_ d'Vo ;lrj v_ k|d'v ;lrj
u_ ;lrj 3_ ;x ;lrj
()_ k'?if lghfdtL sd{rf/Ln] dfq lng ;Sg] ljbf s'g xf] <
s_ lsl/of ljbf v_ k|;"lt :ofxf/
u_ c;fwf/0f ljbf 3_ cWoog ljbf
(!_ k'?if lghfdtL sd{rf/Ln] lng g;Sg] ljbf s'g xf] <
s_ k|;"lt :ofxf/ ljbf v_ a]tnjL ljbf
u_ k|;"lt ljbf 3_ cWoog ljbf
(@_ cfwf lbg dfq klg lng ldNg] ljbf s'g xf] <
s_ 3/ ljbf v_ kj{ ljbf
u_ e}kl/ cfpg] ljbf 3_ v / u b'j}
(#_ lghfdtL sd{rf/Ln] cfkm"n] ksfPsf] 3/ljbf slt lbg;Dd ;+lrt u/L /fVg kfpF5 <
s_ Ps;o c;L lbg v_ b'O; { o c;L lbg
u_ tLg;o ;f7L lbg 3_ @&@ lbg
($_ s'g >]0fLsf] kbdf ztk|lzt a9'jfaf6 kbk"tL{ x'G5 <
s_ /fhkqf+lst t[tLo >]0fLsf] kbdf v_ /fhkqf+lst ljlzi6 >]0fLsf] kbdf
u_ /fhkqcg+lst kfrf}+ >]0fLsf] kbdf 3_ /fhkqcg+lst k|yd >]0fLsf] kbdf
(%_ lghfdlt sd{rf/LnfO{ x'g ;Sg] ljefuLo ;hfo dWo] b'O{ jif{b]lv kfFr jif{;Dd a9'jf /f]Ssf ug]{ jf b'O{b]lv kfFr tna j[l4;Dd /f]Ssf
ug]{ s:tf] ;hfo xf] <
s_ Go"gtd ;fwf/0f ;hfo v_ dWod :t/sf] ;fwf/0f ;hfo
u_ clwstd ;fwf/0f ;hfo 3_ ljz]if ;hfo
(^_ lghfdlt sd{rf/LnfO{ x'g ;Sg] ;fwf/0f / ljz]if ;hfo u/L hDdf slt lsl;dsf ;hfosf] Joj:yf 5 <
s_ 5 ls;ldsf] v_ tLg ls;ldsf
 u_ rf/ ls;ldsf 3_ kfFr ls;ldsf
(&_ /fhkqf+lst k|yd >]0fLsf] kbdf sfo{/t lghfdtL sd{rf/LnfO{ ljefuLo ;hfo lbg] clwsf/L sf] xf]<
s_ g]kfn ;/sf/ v_ ;DalGwt ;lrj
u_ ;DalGwt dGqL 3_ laefuLo k|d'v
(*_ lghfdtL sd{rf/Ln] g]kfn ;/sf/sf] k"j{ :jLs[lt glnO{ k|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd btf{ u/fpg'kg]{ s'g} Jofkf/ jf Joj;fo ug'{x'Fb}g t/
tnsf s'gsfdsf] nflu :jLs[lt lnO{/xg' kb}{g <
s_ a}+s jf sDkgLsf] :yfkgf ug{ v_ ;flxlTos, j}1flgs jf snfTds sfo{ ug{
u_ /f]huf/ d'ns Joj;fo ug{ 3_ k|fWofkg ug{
((_ lghfdtL sd{rf/Ln] s'g} klg /fhg}lts kbsf] nflu x'g] lgjf{rgdf tnsf dWo] s] ug{ ldN5 <
s_ s;}sf] lgldQ dt dfUg v_ lgjf{rgdf efu lng
u_ dtbfgsf] clwsf/ k|of]u ug{ 3_ /fhg}lts bnsf] Ph]G6 a:g
!))_ s'g} lghfdtL sd{rf/Ln] ;do kfng gu/]df, ;/sf/L sfd;DaGwL s'/fdf cfkm"eGbf dflysf] sd{rf/Ln] lbPsf] cf1f kfng gu/]df
jf sfof{no;DaGwL sfddf nfk/afxL jf l9nf;':tL u/]df To:tf] sd{rf/LnfO s;n] r]tfjgL lbg ;Sg]5
s_ ljefuLo k|d'vn] v_ sfof{no k|d'vn]
u_ Ps tx dflysf] clwsf/Ln] 3_ ;DalGwt ;'k/Lj]Ifsn]
pQ/x¿
)!_ s )@_ v )#_ u )$_ 3 )%_ s )^_ v )&_ u )*_ 3 )(_ s !)_ v
!!_ u !@_ 3 !#_ s !$_ v !%_ u !^_ 3 !&_ s !*_ v !(_ u @)_ 3
@!_ s @@_ v @#_ u @$_ 3 @%_ s @^_ v @&_ u @*_ 3 @(_ s #)_ v
#!_ u #@_ 3 ##_ s #$_ v #%_ u #^_ 3 #&_ s #*_ v #(_ u $)_ 3
$!_ s $@_ v $#_ u $$_ 3 $%_ s $^_ v $&_ u $*_ 3 $(_ s %)_ v
%!_ u %@_ 3 %#_ s %$_ v %%_ u %^_ %&_ s %*_ v %(_ u ^)_ 3
^!_ s ^@_ v ^#_ u ^$_ 3 ^%_ s ^^_ v ^&_ u ^*_ 3 ^(_ s &)_ v
&!_ u &@_ 3 &#_ s &$_ v &%_ u &^_ 3 &&_ s &*_ v &(_ u *)_ 3
*!_ s *@_ v *#_ u *$_ 3 *%_ s *^_ v *&_ u **_ 3 *(_ s ()_ v
(!_ u (@_ 3 (#_ s ($_ v (%_ u (^_ 3 (&_ s (*_ v ((_ u !))_ 3
!)!_ g]kfnsf] lnlDkofw'/f, lnk'n]s / sfnfkfgL ;d]6]/ tof/ ul/Psf] /fhgLlts tyf k|zf;lgs gS;f k|sfzg ug]{ lg0f{o g]kfn ;/sf/
dlGqkl/ifb slxn] ePsf]] lyof] < → @)&& h]7 % ut]
!)@_ g]kfnsf] lnlDkofw'/f, lnk'n]s / sfnfkfgL ;d]6]/ tof/ ul/Psf] /fhgLlts tyf k|zf;lgs gS;f g]kfn /fhkqdf slxn] k|sfzg
ePsf]] lyof] < → @)&& h]7 % ut]
!)#_ e"ld Joj:yf, ;xsf/L tyf ul/aL lgjf/0f dGqL kb\df co{fnåf/f g]kfnsf] lnlDkofw'/f, lnk'n]s / sfnfkfgL ;d]6]/ tof/ ul/Psf]
/fhgLlts tyf k|zf;lgs gS;f g]kfn 6]lnlehgdf Ps ;df/f] aLr slxn] ;fj{hlgs ug{'ePsf] lyof] < → @)&& h]7 & ut]
!)$_ gfkL ljefun] cfkm}n] ;u/dfyfsf] prfO dfkg ug]{ lznlzndf ;u/dfyfsf] r'r'/f]sf] lhlkP; tyf lhlkcf/ cJh/e];g slxn] u/]sf]
lyof < → @)&^ h]7 * ut] ljxfg #M!% ah]
!)%_ gfkL ljefun] cfkm}n] dfkg u/]sf] ljZjsf] ;jf]{Rr lzv/ ;u/dfyfsf] gofF prfO{ **$*=*^ ld6/ 3f]if0ff ug{ g]kfn ;/sf/
dlGqkl/ifbn] e"ld Joj:yf, ;xsf/L tyf ul/aL lgjf/0f dGqfnonfO{ slxn] :jLs[lt lbPsf] lyof < → @)&& d+l;/ !) ut]
!)^_ gfkL ljefudf cfof]lht kqsf/ ;Dd]ngdf g]kfnsf k//fi6«dGqL k|bLks'df/ 1jfnL g]kfnaf6 / lrlgofF ljb]z dGqL jfª oL rLgaf6
er{'cn dfWoddf ;+o'Qm ¿kdf ;u/dfyfsf] gofF prfO **$*=*^ ld6/ slxn] ;fj{hlgs u/]sf lyP < → @)&& d+l;/ @# ut]
!)&_ gfkL ljefu cGt/ut sltj6f dxfzfvfx? 5g < → $ j6f -:yn¿k gfkL tyf e"–pkof]u Joj:yfkg dxfzfvf, vuf]n tyf e"–
dfkg dxfzfvf, lsQf gfkL dxfzfvf, ef}uf]lns ;"rgf k"j{fwf/ dxfzfvf_
!)*_ gfkL ljefun] g]kfn e/sf tfTslng &% lhNnfsf] Ps;/f] ?kdf lsQfgfkL ug{] sfo{ slxn] ;DkGg u/]sf] lyof] < → lj=;+= @)%%
;fndf
!)(_ gfkL ljefun] lj=;+= @)%% ;fn ;Dddf g]kfn e/sf tfTslng &% lhNnfsf] Ps;/f] ?kdf lsQfgfkL ug{] sfo{ slxn] ;DkGg ubf{
slt lhNnf lk|m–l;6df gfk gS;f u/]sf] lyof] < → #* lhNnf
!!)_ gfkL ljefun] lj=;+= @)%% ;fn ;Dddf g]kfn e/sf tfTslng &% lhNnfsf] Ps;/f] ?kdf lsQfgfkL ug{] sfo{ slxn] ;DkGg ubf{
slt lhNnf lgoGq0f ljGb'df cfwfl/t /xL gfk gS;f u/]sf] lyof] < → #& lhNnf
!!!_ gfkL ljefu cGt/ut topographical survey unit sf] :yfkgf slxn] ePsf] lyof]] < → ;g\ !(&@ df -lj=;+= @)#) df_
!!@_ gfkL ljefu cGt/ut topographical survey unit nfO{ slxn] :yn?k gfkL dxfzfvfsf] ?kdf :t/f]Gglt ul/Psf] lyof]] < → ;g\
!(&^ df -lj=;+= @)#$ df_
!!#_ gfkL ljefu cGt/utsf] :yn?k gfkL dxfzfvfnfO{ slxn] :yn?k gfkL tyf e"–pkof]u Aoj:yfkg dxfzfvfsf] ?kdf :t/f]Gglt
ul/Psf] lyof]] < → ;g\ @)!* df -lj=;+= @)&% df_
!!$_ g]kfnsf] gfk gS;fsf] Oltxf;df Jojl:yt ?kdf gfkhfFr u/L e"ldsf] jf:tljs nut tof/ ug]{ p2]Zon] dfnkf]n ljefu cGt/ut
/xg] u/L gfkL uf]Zjf/fsf] :yfkgf slxn] ul/Psf] lyof] < → lj=;+= !((^ df
!!%_ gfkL ljefu cGt/ut l6«uf]gf]d]l6«sn ;e]{ a|fGr slxn] :ykgf ul/Psf] lyof]] < → lj=;+= @)@^
!!^_ gfkL ljefu cGt/utsf] l6«uf]gf]d]l6«sn ;e]{ a|fGrnfO{ slxn]b]lv vuf]n tyf e"–dfkg dxfzfvfsf] ?kdf :yfkgf ul/Psf] lyof]] < →
lj=;+= @)#@
!!&_ lj=;+= @)@! b]lv @)@* ;fn ;Dd gfkL ljefusf] g]t[Tj ;DxfNg] ljb]zL gful/s sf] lyP< < → h]= cf/ hL=x]/k (J R G Harrop)
!!*_ lj=;+= @)@^ b]lv @)## ;fn ;Dd gfkL ljefu cGt/utsf] l6«uf]gf]d]l6«sn ;e]{ a|fGr÷vuf]n tyf e"–dfkg dxfzfvfsf] ;xfos
lgb]{zssf] lhDd]jf/L ;DxfNg] ljb]zL gful/s sf] lyP< < → cf/= Pd=lj8g/ (R M Wiedner)
!!(_ gfkL ljefu cGt/ut ef}uf]lns ;"rgf k"j{fwf/ dxfzfvf slxn] :ykgf ul/Psf] lyof]] < → lj=;+= @)&# ;fn c;f}h @) ut]
!@)_ g]kfnd} gkgS;f ug]{ hgzlQm pTkfbg ug]{ p2]Zon] cldg tflnd :s'nsf] :yfkgf slxn] ul/Psf] lyof] < → lj=;+= !((& ;fndf
!@!_ gfkL ljefu cGt/ut gflk tflnd s]G›sf] :ykgf slxn] ul/Psf] lyof]] < → lj=;+= @)@% ;fndf
!@@_ gflk tflnd s]G›df lj=;+= @)@% ;fn b]lv @)@* ;fn ;Dd k|wfgfrfo{sf] lhDd]jf/L ;DxfNg] ljb]zL gful/S sf] lyP < → le /Ë'g
(V Rangong)
!@#_ gfkL ljefu cGt/ut gflk tflnd s]G›nfO{ slxn] sf7df08f}af6 w'lnv]n ;fl/Psf] lyof] < → lj=;+= @)%@ ;fndf
!@$_ gfkL ljefu cGt/ut /x]sf] gflk tflnd s]G›nfO{ slxn]b]lv g]kfn ;/sf/ e"ld;'wf/ tyf Joj:yf dGqfno cGtu{tsf] e"ld Joj:yfkg
k|lzIf0f s]G› sf] ?kdf :yfkgf ul/Psf] lyof]] < → lj=;+= @)%& ;fn cfiff9 @^ ut]
!@%_ e"ld Joj:yfkg k|lzIf0f s]G› / sf7df08f} ljZjljBfno aLrsf] ;xsfo{df lhof]Dofl6S; Ol~hlgol/ªdf :gftssf] sf]if{ ;~rfng
slxn]b]lv ul/Psf] lyof]] < → ;g\ @))& b]lv
!@^_ gfkgS;fsf] If]qdf lghL If]qaf6 hgzlQm pTkfbg ug]{ klxnf] :+:yf :s"n ckm lhof]d]l6S; slxn] :yfkgf ePsf] lyof] < → ;g\
!((( df
!@&_ :s"n ckm lhof]d]l6S;n] slxn]b]lv l8Knf]df Og ;e{] OlGhlgol/ª ;'? u/]sf] xf] < → ;g\ @))!
!@*_ k"j{f~rn ljZjljBfno;Fu ;Da4tf k|fKt lxdfnog sn]h ckm lhof]d]l6s OlGhlgol/ª P08 Nof08 l/;f];{ Dofg]hd]G6 slxn] :yfkgf
ePsf] xf] < → ;g\ @))$
!@(_ lxdfnog sn]h ckm lhof]d]l6s OlGhlgol/ª P08 Nof08 l/;f];{ Dofg]hd]G6af6 slxnb]lv lhof]d]l6s OlGhlgol/ªdf :gfts sf]if{
;~rfng ul/of] < → ;g\ @))%
!#)_ e"ld Joj:yfkg k|lzIf0f s]G› / sf7df08f} ljZjljBfno aLrsf] ;xsfo{df df:6/ Og Nof08 P8ldlg:6«]zg sf]if{ ;~rfng slxn]b]lv
ul/Psf] lyof]] < → ;g\ @)!# b]lv