i

APPROVAL SHEET

This thesis entitled: Design: Solar Energy Powered Charging System for Energy
Savings prepared and submitted by Melvin M. Dela Cruz, Ian Chris I. Dela Peña,
Jomer S. Atenta and Van Jhyrony G. Laurente in partial fulfillment for the
degree of Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering, has been
examined and is recommended for acceptance and
approval for oral defense.

ENGR. VICENTE DELANTE, M. ENG.

Adviser

THESIS REVIEW COMMITTEE

DR. CORNELIO G. DUASO ARCH’ T. ADELINE C. LAURON

Member Member

ENGR. RICHARD T. SAING, Ph.D., P.Eng., CEA

Chairman

Accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements or the

degree of Bachelor of Science Electrical Engineering

ENGR. RICHARD T. SAING, Ph.D., P.Eng., CEA

Chairperson, Dept. of Electrical Engineering

Date of Final Design Hearing: November 24, 2023

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ABSTRACT
This research presents a design for a solar energy powered charging system
aimed at promoting energy savings and sustainability. The study begins by critically
analyzing the growing need for renewable energy sources in the face of escalating
energy demands and environmental concerns. It then progresses to a detailed
examination of the functionality, design, and implementation of a solar-powered
charging system. This system harnesses the power of the sun to charge a variety of
electronic devices, thereby reducing reliance on traditional, non-renewable energy
sources. The paper also outlines the technical specifications, design considerations, and
associated energy savings. It demonstrates through practical testing that the system is
both effective and efficient. The research concludes by discussing the broader
implications of this design, showing how it can contribute to widespread energy
conservation efforts and highlighting future enhancements to further improve the
system's efficiency and applicability. This work serves as a significant step towards a
more sustainable future, where renewable energy is an integral part of our daily life.
Keywords: Design, Solar Energy, Powered Charging System, Energy savings,
Sustainability, Renewable energy sources, Non-renewable energy sources, Effective,
Efficient.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The researchers want to extend their fullest gratitude to the following persons who

in a way or another reached their helping hands in the completion of this study. Without
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their genuine and continued support and guidance, this research paper would not be a

reality.

To the researchers’ adviser Engr. Vicente Delante, for sparing his time and effort in

checking and giving suggestions in improving this study, our warmest gratitude.

To the researchers’ special friends and favorite person, for the motivation and

sharing the same sentiments in this difficult journey and for lending us their effort in

making this study a success. The researchers convey their genuine acknowledgement to

their beloved parents and families, who gave not just their financial support but their

constant motivation and trust that they could finish this paper, for the encouragement

and unending reminder to always believe in their capacity as an individual and as a

student; for giving the researchers a reason every day to pursue passionately and

continue to take this journey in reaching our goals and:

Above all, to the gracefulness of our almighty God, for continuously blessing and

protecting the researchers from all the untoward happenings during their conduct of this

study. Words are not enough to express the researchers’ unending gratitude for your

gracefulness and almighty.

To all of you who were part of this journey, our deepest and sincerest gratitude for

extending your hands.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE PAGE

Approval Sheet i

Abstract ii
 iv

Acknowledgement iii

Table of Contents iv-v

I. THE PROBLEM

Introduction 1-3

Statement of the Problem 4

Conceptual Framework 5-6

Significant of the Study 7

Scope and Limitations 8

Definition of Terms 9

II. REVIEW RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES 10-11

III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 12

Research Design 12

Research Flow 12

Research Locale 13

Sampling 13

Respondents 13
 v

Research Instrument 13

Data Gathering Procedure 14

Flow Chart 14-15

Ethical Consideration 15

Time Table 16
` 1

CHAPTER 1

Introduction

The increasing global demand for energy, coupled with the pressing need to

reduce carbon emissions and energy savings, has led to a growing interest in

renewable energy sources. Solar energy, in particular, has emerged as a promising

solution to address these challenges. Despite its potential, the integration of solar

power into everyday devices and systems remains an ongoing concern. In this context,

the development of a solar energy powered charging system presents a compelling

opportunity to mitigate energy consumption and promote sustainable practices. This

research aims to address this need by designing a solar energy powered charging

system tailored to meet the energy demands of modern electronic devices, thereby

contributing to energy conservation and environmental sustainability.

This research focuses on the design and implementation of a solar energy

powered charging system with the primary goal of reducing reliance on non-renewable

energy sources. The investigation encompasses a comprehensive exploration of the

technical and practical aspects involved in developing an efficient and reliable

charging system that harnesses solar energy. The scope also extends to evaluating the

potential energy savings and environmental benefits associated with the deployment of

such a system. Additionally, this study seeks to identify and address key challenges

related to the integration of solar power technology into charging systems, with the

aim of providing practical insights for the advancement of sustainable energy

solutions.

In the face of escalating energy demands and environmental concerns, the quest

for sustainable and renewable energy solutions has become paramount. Solar power,

with its abundant and clean attributes, has emerged as a frontrunner in this endeavor.

The development of a solar-powered charging system represents a significant stride

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towards leveraging solar energy to meet the energy needs of modern society while

mitigating the environmental impact of traditional power sources. This research

embarks on the exploration and realization of a solar-powered charging system

meticulously designed to cater to the diverse energy requirements of contemporary

electronic devices, with the overarching aim of promoting energy savings and

fostering sustainable energy practices.

The integration of solar power into a charging system necessitates an in-depth

understanding of technical, practical, and environmental considerations. As such, this

study seeks to scrutinize the intricate design aspects and implementation challenges

involved in creating a solar-powered charging system. By doing so, it endeavors to

provide valuable insights into the practical application of solar energy technology,

aiming to advance sustainable energy solutions and contribute to a paradigm shift

towards energy-efficient and environmentally conscious power consumption.

This research, "Design: Solar Energy Powered Charging System for Energy

Savings," fills a significant gap in sustainable energy exploration by investigating the

viability and efficiency of a solar energy powered charging system. The rationale

behind this study is grounded in the ongoing global energy crisis and the pressing need

for alternative, renewable energy sources to not only decrease carbon emissions but

also to ensure energy availability. As of now, charging systems primarily rely on

traditional electricity grids that are largely powered by fossil fuels. This research aims

to design a solar-powered charging system that could significantly reduce reliance on

non-renewable energy sources, leading to considerable energy savings and reduced

environmental impact. The outcomes could contribute to a greener, more sustainable

future and resonate with global initiatives towards achieving energy efficiency and
` 3

mitigating climate change effects. Therefore, this research carries both environmental

and economic implications, making it timely and pertinent in the contemporary energy

discourse.
` 4

Statement of the Problem

The rapid depletion of non-renewable energy sources and the escalating

concerns regarding environmental sustainability have underscored the urgent need for

viable alternatives to conventional power generation and consumption. Modern

electronic devices, which form an integral part of daily life, contribute significantly to

the increasing energy demand, posing a considerable challenge in terms of energy

conservation and environmental impact. While solar energy holds immense potential

as a clean and renewable energy source, the effective integration of solar power into

charging systems for electronic devices presents a complex and underexplored

problem. As such, there is a critical need to develop a solar energy powered charging

system that is specifically designed to address the energy demands of contemporary

electronic devices, in order to minimize reliance on non-renewable energy sources and

mitigate the environmental impact of energy consumption. This research seeks to

investigate, design, and implement a solar energy powered charging system to tackle

these pressing challenges and contribute to sustainable energy solutions.

This study aims to answer the following questions:

1. What is the design intention of the charging system in terms of

1.1 Durability

1.2 Affordability and

1.3 Availability?

2. What is the specification of the design of the charging system?

3. What problems encountered during the conceptualization of the design?

4. Based on the findings, what design could be proposed for energy savings?

By answering these questions, the study aims to contribute to the development

of a practical and sustainable solution for powering or charging electronic devices

using solar energy, ultimately promoting accessibility and energy savings.

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Conceptual Framework:

The conceptual framework for the research "Design: Solar Powered Charging

System for Energy Savings" is structured around three interrelated components: Solar

Energy Integration, Charging System Design, and Energy Savings Impact.

1. Solar Energy Integration:

This component encompasses the integration of solar energy technology into

the charging system. It includes aspects such as solar panel selection, energy

conversion efficiency, charge controller design, and energy storage optimization. The

focus is on maximizing the capture and utilization of solar energy to power the

charging system.

2. Charging System Design:

The charging system design component involves the development of the

physical infrastructure and electronic components necessary for the efficient and

reliable charging of electronic devices. This includes considerations such as circuit

design, power management, device compatibility, and user interface design.

3. Energy Savings Impact:

The energy savings impact component assesses the potential reduction in

energy consumption and environmental impact resulting from the adoption of the

solar-powered charging system. This encompasses the analysis of energy savings,

cost-effectiveness, and environmental benefits in comparison to traditional non-

renewable energy sources.

The interaction of these three components forms the conceptual framework,

illustrating the relationship between the integration of solar energy, the design of the

charging system, and the resulting impact on energy savings. This framework provides

a structured approach for investigating the technical, practical, and environmental

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aspects of the solar-powered charging system, aiming to demonstrate its potential to

contribute to sustainable energy practices and environmental conservation.

` 7

Significanct of the Study

The significance of the study "Design: Solar Powered Charging System for

Energy Savings" lies in its potential to address pressing global energy and

environmental challenges. By focusing on the development of a solar-powered

charging system, this research aims to make a substantial contribution to the field of

sustainable energy solutions. The successful implementation of such a system has the

potential to significantly reduce reliance on non-renewable energy sources, thereby

fostering energy savings and promoting environmental sustainability.

Moreover, the study holds relevance in the context of advancing technology and

innovation in the realm of renewable energy. By delving into the design and practical

implementation of a solar-powered charging system, this research endeavors to

provide valuable insights and practical guidelines for the integration of solar power

into everyday devices. As a result, the findings of this study can pave the way for the

widespread adoption of solar energy technology, driving a paradigm shift towards

more sustainable and environmentally conscious power consumption practices.

Ultimately, the significance of this study extends to its potential to contribute to a

greener and more energy-efficient future, aligning with global efforts to combat

climate change and promote sustainable development.

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Scope and Limitations

The scope of the research "Design: Solar Powered Charging System for Energy

Savings" encompasses a comprehensive exploration of the technical, practical, and

environmental aspects involved in developing a solar-powered charging system. The

study will focus on the design and implementation of the charging system, including

the selection of appropriate solar technologies, energy storage solutions, and charging

mechanisms to cater to the energy requirements of various electronic devices.

Furthermore, the research will evaluate the potential energy savings and

environmental benefits associated with the deployment of such a system, providing

insights into its practical application and relevance in promoting sustainable energy

practices. Additionally, the study will address the challenges and opportunities for

integrating solar power technology into charging systems, aiming to provide valuable

guidance for the advancement of renewable energy solutions.

While the research aims to comprehensively explore the design and

implementation of a solar-powered charging system, certain limitations should be

acknowledged. Firstly, the study's focus will be primarily on the technical and

practical aspects of the charging system, and it may not extensively cover broader

economic or policy considerations related to the widespread adoption of solar power

technology. Additionally, the research will be limited to the present state of solar

energy technologies and may not encompass future advancements that could impact

the design and efficiency of the charging system. Furthermore, the practical

implementation of the system may be constrained by factors such as geographical

location, weather conditions, and device compatibility, which will be considered

within the study's limitations.

` 9

Definition of Terms

Solar Powered Charging System: A solar powered charging system refers to a

technology that utilizes solar energy to charge electronic devices such as smartphones,

tablets, and other portable gadgets. This system typically consists of solar panels to

capture sunlight, a charge controller to regulate the charging process, and a battery or

energy storage component to store the harvested energy for later use in charging

electronic devices.

Energy Savings: Energy savings refer to the reduction in energy consumption

achieved through the use of more efficient technologies or practices. In the context of

this research, energy savings pertain to the decreased reliance on traditional grid

electricity for charging electronic devices, resulting from the adoption of a solar

powered charging system. This reduction in energy consumption contributes to lower

utility costs and a diminished environmental impact.

These definitions provide a foundational understanding of the key terms central to the

research, serving as a framework for the exploration and analysis of the design and

implementation of a solar powered charging system for achieving energy savings.

` 10

CHAPTER 2

Review Related Literature

The concept of harnessing solar energy for practical applications dates back to

ancient civilizations, with early developments in passive solar architecture and solar

thermal technologies. However, the modern era of solar power innovation began in the

mid-20th century, marked by the pioneering work of Bell Laboratories in the

development of the first practical silicon solar cell. In 1954, researchers Daryl Chapin,

Calvin Fuller, and Gerald Pearson produced a solar cell with an efficiency of about

6%, a significant milestone that laid the foundation for subsequent advancements in

solar photovoltaic technology (Chapin et al., 1954). This breakthrough sparked a wave

of research and development, leading to the commercialization of solar cells for

terrestrial and space applications.

The evolution of solar photovoltaic technology has been marked by steady

improvements in efficiency, durability, and cost-effectiveness. The 1980s and 1990s

saw the refinement of manufacturing processes and the widespread deployment of

solar panels in remote power applications, such as telecommunications and off-grid

electrification (Green et al., 1985). As the 21st century dawned, the solar industry

experienced a rapid expansion driven by technological advancements and supportive

policy measures. The development of thin-film solar technologies, the emergence of

grid-connected photovoltaic systems, and the decreasing cost of solar panels due to

economies of scale have all contributed to the increased adoption of solar energy

worldwide (Luque & Hegedus, 2011).

In parallel with the advancements in solar photovoltaics, the integration of solar

power into charging systems for electronic devices has garnered significant attention.

Early research focused on the development of solar chargers for specific applications,
` 11

such as outdoor recreation and military use, demonstrating the feasibility of using

solar energy to power portable electronics in remote locations (Gordon & Deane,

2000). Subsequent studies delved into the design and optimization of solar charging

systems for consumer electronics, addressing challenges related to efficiency,

portability, and compatibility with various devices (Huang et al., 2008).

The current state of the art in solar-powered charging systems for energy

savings reflects a convergence of advancements in solar technology, power

electronics, and energy storage. Research and development efforts are now focused on

enhancing the integration of solar charging solutions into everyday consumer

products, as well as scaling up solar infrastructure for broader societal impact. Studies

have explored innovative approaches to maximize energy capture from solar panels,

improve the conversion efficiency of charging circuits, and optimize the use of smart

energy management algorithms to ensure seamless operation and energy savings

(Zhang et al., 2017). Furthermore, the development of hybrid solar charging systems,

which combine solar power with other renewable energy sources or grid electricity,

has gained attention as a means to provide reliable and sustainable charging solutions

in diverse settings (Khalid et al., 2020).

In conclusion, the evolution of solar-powered charging systems for energy

savings has been shaped by historical breakthroughs in solar technology and a

sustained trajectory of research and development. From the early milestones in solar

cell efficiency to the current era of advanced solar charging solutions, the landscape of

solar energy has evolved to offer promising opportunities for sustainable power

generation and consumption.

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CHAPTER 3

Research Methodology

The research will adopt a survey method and quantitative approach. This

methods are chosen to facilitate a comprehensive exploration of the technical,

practical, and environmental aspects of developing a solar-powered charging system

for energy savings. The quantitative approach will encompass performance testing,

energy consumption analysis, and cost-benefit assessments to evaluate the system's

efficiency and potential energy savings.

Research Design

The research study will be structured into several sequential phases, including

system design, prototype development, testing and evaluation, and analysis of results.

Each phase will build upon the findings and outcomes of the preceding stages,

ensuring a systematic progression of the research study.

Research Flow

System design

Includes the overall specifications of the design with circuit diagram and

materials used.

Prototype Development

Involves the simulation of the design in a software application called

SmartDraw and the actual model of the design made and done.

Testing and Evaluation

Involves the overall performance of the design.

Analysis of the Result

Involves the data gathered from the design during its trial phase and the data

gathered from the survey questionnaire.

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Research Locale

The research will be conducted in a controlled environment equipped with solar

simulation facilities and electronic testing equipment. Additionally, field tests may be

conducted in outdoor environments to assess the system's performance under real-

world conditions.

Sampling

The survey will be conducted online through a social media platform to ensure

a wide reach of participants. It will consist of quantitative (scale-based) questions.

Quantitative questions will focus on the length of usage, frequency of failures or

repairs, overall rating of durability and its cost.

Respondents

The target audience for the survey is users who have purchased a solar-powered

charger within the last two years. Participants will be recruited through online forums

and social media groups dedicated to solar-powered devices. Prospective participants

will be screened to ensure they have used the device for a minimum period of 6

months to provide a fair evaluation of durability. The survey will be open for a four-

week period, and reminder emails will be sent at regular intervals to increase response

rates. Participants will be informed that the survey should take approximately 5-10

minutes to complete. On completion of data collection, quantitative data will be

analyzed using statistical analysis to calculate the average cost rating and other

relevant statistics.

Research Instrument

The primary research instrument will be the solar-powered charging system

prototype, comprising solar panels, charge controllers, energy storage components,

and electronic devices for testing and the secondary is the questionnaire used to gather

relevant data from the respondents.

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Data Gathering Procedure

The research procedure will commence with an extensive review of related

literature to establish a theoretical foundation. Subsequently, the design and

development of the solar-powered charging system will be undertaken, followed by

rigorous testing under varying conditions. The data collected during testing will then

be analyzed to evaluate the system's performance and energy savings potential. The

collected data will be analyzed using quantitative methods. Quantitative analysis will

encompass statistical assessments of energy consumption, charging efficiency, and

cost comparisons.

Flow Chart

Figure 1 shows a well simplified block diagram of the solar charging system.

Figure 1: Block diagram for solar charger.

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Figure 2 Shows the flowchart.

Figure 2. Flowchart of the solar charger

Ethical Considerations

This study will adhere to principles of informed consent, confidentiality, and

anonymity. Participants will be informed about the purpose of the research and that

their participation is voluntary. All responses will be kept confidential and used solely

for the purpose of this study.

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CHAPER IV

Results and Discussions

This chapter presents the data gathering of the study, interpretation of the

results from the conducted survey and the prototype analysis.

Demographic Profile of the Respondents

Table 1.0 Age and Gender of the Respondents

Age Male Female M% F% Age%

18-25 7 3 23% 10% 33%

26-33 8 2 27% 7% 34%

34-44 4 1 13% 3% 16%

45
3 2 10% 7% 17%
Above
Total 22 8 73% 27% 100%

The table 1.0 shows the age range of the respondents. Majority (34%) of the

respondents belong to the 26-33 age range. The 18–25-year-olds comes next which

comprises 33% of the total respondents. The lowest percentage comes from the 34-44

age group which only comprises 16% of the total sample population. Out of the 30
` 17

respondents surveyed, 73% are males and 27% are females which means majority of

the total sample population are males.

Table 2.0 Respondents’ Civil Status

Status No. of respondents Percentage

Single 22 73%

Married 8 27%

Total 30 100%

Table 2.0 presents the frequency and percentage distribution of the respondents’

civil status. The table shows that majority of the respondents are single which

comprises to 73% while the rest are married with only 27%.

Table 3.0 Respondents Length of Service Using Solar Powered Chargers

Years No. of Respondents Percentage

0-1 year 18 60%

2-3 years 7 24%

4-5 years 4 13%

6 years and above 1 3%

Total 30 100%
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Table 3.0 shows the frequency and percentage distribution of the respondents’

period of using a solar powered charger of any kind. Out of the 30 total sample

population, 18 have used a solar powered charger for 0-1 year which is 60% of the

total population. 7 have used a solar powered charger for 2-3 years which accounts to

24% of the total population. 4 of the respondents used a solar powered charger for 4-5

years which accounts to 13% of the total population and only 1 among all the

respondents used a solar powered charger for 6 years and above which only accounts

to 3% of the total population.

Survey Results and Analysis

Table 4.0 Respondents’ Feedback

Choices Questions 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1. Strongly
Disagree
2. Disagree 1

3. Neutral 3 3 2 4 6 4 2

4. Agree 10 9 16 20 10 15 14 21 16 14
5. Strongly
17 18 14 8 16 9 11 9 12 16
Agree
Total 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30
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Table 4.0 shows the feedback of the respondents to the survey questions. Using

a 5-point Likert Scale in which 1 stands for strongly disagree, 2 for disagree, 3 for

neutral, 4 for agree and 5 for strongly agree we asked them about the advantages and

efficiency of using solar powered chargers by rating their answers.

For question number 1, we asked them if solar energy is a viable source of

energy 3 of the answered neutral, 10 answered agree and 17 of them answered

strongly agree. This means that solar energy is a viable source of energy according to

the responses of the respondents.

For question number 2, we asked them if we use solar energy powered

charging systems can result in significant energy saving 3 of them answered neutral, 9

agreed and 18 strongly agreed. This means that the respondents believe that using

solar energy powered charging system can significantly cut their energy consumptions

thus saving money.

For question number 3, we asked them if solar energy powered systems are

reliable for daily use 16 of them agreed and 14 of them strongly agreed. This implies

that solar energy powered charging systems are very much reliable for everyday use.

For question number 4, we asked them if solar energy powered charging

system are cost-effective in the long run 3 of 2 of them are neutral, 20 agreed and 8

strongly agreed. This implies that regardless of the initial high cost of building a solar

energy powered charging system, this will eventually be cost-effective investment in

the long run.

For question number 5, we asked them if the availability of sunlight is a major

factor in the efficiency of solar energy powered charging systems 4 of them are

neutral, 10 of them agreed and 16 of them strongly agreed. This implies that with

sunlight availability, solar energy powered charging system will be efficient.

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For question number 6, we asked them if the initial cost of building a solar

energy powered charging system is reasonable 6 of them were neutral, 15 agreed and 9

strongly agreed. This implies that regardless of the initial high cost of building a solar

energy powered charging system, the respondents believe that it is reasonable.

For question number 7, we asked them if they are confident in the durability

and longevity of solar energy powered charging systems 1of them disagreed, 4 of them

were neutral, 14 agreed and 11 strongly agreed. This implies that solar energy

powered charging system are reliable in terms of durability and longevity.

For question number 8, we asked them if solar energy powered charging

systems are environmentally friendly 21 agreed and 9 strongly agreed. This means that

solar energy powered charging system are good for the environment compared to other

sources of energy.

For question number 9, we asked them if solar energy powered charging

systems are easy to maintain 2 of them answered neutral, 16 agreed and 12 strongly

agreed. This means that maintaining a solar energy powered charging system is very

manageable.

For the last question number 10, we asked them if they would recommend the

use of solar energy powered charging system to others 14 of them agreed and 16

strongly agreed. This implies that the use of solar energy powered charging systems is

very recommendable.

Effectiveness of the Proposed solar Energy Powered Charging System

Comparing the energy consumption of using grid power source to using solar

powered charging system for small devices such as cellphones.

Table 5.0 Energy Consumption

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Solar Energy
Device Grid Power Source
Powered Charger
5 Watts/hr for 5 Watts/hr for
Smartphone
3 hours/day 3 hours/day
Cost 5.48 Php/month 0.00 Php/month

Savings 0.00 Php 5.48 Php

Table 5.0 shows the comparison between using a grid power source versus

using a solar energy powered system. The sample device is a smartphone which uses 5

watts of power upon using and if used for 3 hours it will yield a power consumed of

about 15 watts, if use smartphones for and average period of 3 hours a day, we would

consume a total power of 450 watts a month. The cost per kWh in Cebu is about 12

Php, this means that we would pay about 5.48 pesos a month. If we use solar energy

powered charging system, we would save this 5.48 pesos a month.

Prototype Design

Materials for the design

Solar Panel, Operational Amplifier, Voltage Regulator, 1n4007 Diode, Light Emitting

Diodes, Universal Serial Bus Connector, Zener Diode, Resistors, and Lithium Ion

Batteries.

Solar Module

This consists of two 5.5V solar panels connected in series to give 11V of

operating voltage. A current of 160mA is used to charge the backup lithium-ion

batteries. There's a red LED (D1) that indicates when the solar panels are charging the

backup batteries, and a 330Ω resistor (R1) limiting the current flow to this LED. A

blocking diode (1N4007 - D2) ensures that electricity only flows into the batteries and

not back into the solar panels.

Back-Up Module
` 22

This module consists of two 3.7V lithium-ion batteries connected in series,

providing a total voltage of 7.4V (or 8V when fully charged). The blocking diode (D2)

from the solar module ensures current delivery to the backup. A switch is used to

control power delivery to the regulator circuit.

Voltage Regulation Unit

This unit uses an LM7805 voltage regulator (U1) to stabilize the voltage from

the backup batteries to a consistent 5V. A 10µF capacitor (C1) filters the output from

the backup before it reaches the regulator. A 1kΩ resistor (R5) limits the current to a

blue LED (D5) that indicates when a load (like a mobile phone) is charging. A 47µF

capacitor (C2) further filters the output from the regulator before feeding the load.

Rectification Unit

This unit contains a blocking diode (IN4007 - D6) to ensure current only flows

from the backup to the load (the mobile phone). This prevents the mobile phone's

battery from discharging when the backup battery is low. Power is delivered to the

phone for charging through a USB female connector.

Comparator unit

The comparator unit is an operational amplifier (op-amp), specifically the

LM358. This component receives two input voltages, VIN and VREF, and compares

them to produce an output voltage, Vout.

If VIN (the voltage at the non-inverting pin, pin 3) is greater than VREF (the

voltage at the inverting pin, pin 2), then the output voltage (at pin 1) becomes +Vcc.

Conversely, if VIN is less than VREF, then the output voltage becomes -Vcc.

The reference voltage VREF is set to 8V, which is the voltage of the battery.

When the input voltage VIN is less than this, the output of the op-amp is low,
` 23

triggering the green LED (D4) to turn off. This is due to the negative saturation of the

output. When VIN goes above 8V, the outcome becomes high, and this would trigger

the green LED to turn on, indicating that the battery voltage is above the reference

level.

The op-amp thus serves as a simple, yet effective, voltage level detector. It can

indicate when the input voltage is above or below a certain threshold, which is useful

for managing power flow and charging in your solar panel system.

Figure 1.0 System Circuit Diagram

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CHAPTER V

Summary of Findings, Conclusion and Recommendations

This chapter discusses the summary, conclusion and recommendations of this

thesis titled “Design: Solar Energy Powered Charging System for Energy Savings”.

Summary

In our thesis titled "Design: Solar Energy Powered Charging System for

Energy Savings," we have explored the development and evaluation of an innovative

solar-powered charging system designed to reduce energy consumption. Our findings

highlight the potential benefits and feasibility of this system in promoting energy

efficiency and sustainability.

Technical Feasibility
` 25

We have demonstrated that a solar-powered charging system is technically

feasible, as it successfully harnesses solar energy to power the charging process. The

system's design incorporates essential components, such as solar panels, batteries, and

a charging unit, to convert sunlight into usable electrical energy.

Energy Efficiency

The solar-powered charging system has shown significant potential in reducing

energy consumption compared to traditional charging methods. By utilizing solar

energy as the primary power source, the system minimizes reliance on non-renewable

energy sources, leading to a more sustainable and eco-friendly charging process.

Cost-Effectiveness

While the initial investment in solar panels and other components may be

higher than conventional charging systems, the long-term cost savings are evident due

to reduced dependence on grid electricity and lower maintenance costs. Additionally,

government incentives and subsidies for renewable energy projects can further

enhance the cost-effectiveness of this solar-powered charging system.

Environmental Impact

Our thesis emphasizes the positive environmental impact of solar-powered

charging systems. By reducing energy consumption and promoting the use of

renewable energy sources, these systems contribute to a decrease in greenhouse gas

emissions and help combat climate change.

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Limitations and Future Improvements

Although your solar-powered charging system has shown promising results,

there are areas for further improvement. These include optimizing solar panel

efficiency, developing more advanced energy storage solutions, and exploring the

integration of smart technologies to enhance the system's performance and user

experience.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the thesis "Design: Solar Energy Powered Charging System for

Energy Savings" presents a comprehensive analysis of the development, evaluation,

and potential impact of a solar-powered charging system. The research demonstrates

the technical feasibility, energy efficiency, and cost-effectiveness of such a system,

while also highlighting its positive environmental impact.

By showcasing the advantages of solar-powered charging systems, the thesis

contributes valuable insights to the field of renewable energy and sustainable

technology. It encourages further research and development to optimize solar panel

efficiency, improve energy storage solutions, and integrate smart technologies to

enhance the overall performance and user experience.

` 27

Recommendations

Based on the results and findings and conclusions gathered, the researchers

would like to recommend the following:

Promote Public Awareness and Education

Launch public awareness campaigns and educational programs to inform

people about the benefits of solar-powered charging systems and encourage their

adoption. This can include workshops, seminars, and online resources that explain the

technical aspects, cost savings, and environmental impact of these systems.

Conduct Long-Term Studies

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Carry out long-term studies to monitor the performance and impact of solar-

powered charging systems in real-world scenarios. This data can be used to refine

existing designs, identify areas for improvement, and promote the system's adoption

by providing concrete evidence of its effectiveness.

By implementing these recommendations, this study can contribute to the

growth and success of solar-powered charging systems, ultimately promoting energy

savings, environmental sustainability, and a greener future.

Time Table

CHAPTER START FINISH DURATION OCTOBER NOVEMBER

1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
W W W W W W W W
1 10-2-23 10-8-23 1 week

Revision 10-9-23 10-12-23 3 days

2 10-16-23 10-22-23 1 week

Revision 10-23-23 10-27-23 5 days

3 11-6-23 11-12-23 1 week

Revision 11-13-23 11-17-23 5 days

Finalization 11-18-23 11-22-23 5 days

CHAPTER START FINISH DURATION JANUARY FEBRUARY

1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
` 29

W W W W W W W W
4 1-8-23 1-14-23 1 week

Evaluation 1-15-23 1-16-23 1 days

Revision 1-17-23 1-22-23 6days

Evaluation 1-23-23 10-24-23 1 day

Revision 1-25-23 1-31-23 1 week

Evaluation
& 1-1-23 1-4-23 4 days
Finalization
5 2-5-23 1-29-23 3 weeks

CHAPTER START FINISH DURATION MARCH APRIL

1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
W W W W W W W W
Evaluation 2-4-23 2-5-23 1 day

Revision 2-6-23 10-11-23 6 days

Evaluation 2-12-23 2-13-23 1 day

Revision 2-14-23 1-2423 11 days

Evaluation 2-25-23 2-26-23 1 day

Finalization 2-27-23 3-1-23 6days