Trigonometry

11

A
11.1 I NT RO DU CT I O N

AN
We have learnt about triangles and their properties in previous
classes. There, we observed different daily life situations where triangles
are used.
Let’s again look at some of the daily life examples.

G
l Electric poles are present everywhere. They are usually setup
AN
by using a metal wire. The pole, wire and the ground form a
triangle. But, if the length of the wire decreases, what will be
the shape of the triangle and what will be the angle of the wire
with the ground ?
L
q
l A person is whitewashing a wall with the help of a ladder which
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is kept as shown in the adjacent figure on

left. If the person wants to paint at a higher position, what will the
person do? What will be the change in angle of the ladder with the
ground ?
T,

l In the temple at Jainath in Adilabad district, which was built in

th
13 century, the first rays of the Sun fall at the feet of the Idol of
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Suryanarayana Swami in the month of December. There is a relation

between distance of Idol from the door, height of the hole on the
door from which Sun rays are entering and angle of sun rays in that
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q month. Can you think of the relation between them?

l In a play ground, children like to
slide on a slider and slider is on a
defined angle from earth. What
will happen to the slider if we
change the angle? Will children
q
still be able to play on it?
 274 Class-X Mathematics

The above examples are geometrically showing the application part of triangles in our daily
life and we can measure the heights, distances and slopes by using the properties of triangles.
These types of problems are part of ‘trigonometry’ which is a branch of mathematics.

Now, look at the example of a person who is white washing the wall with the help of a
ladder as shown in the previous figure. Let us observe the following conditions.

A
We denote the foot of the ladder by A and top of it by C and the point of intersection of

AN
the wall and line through base of the ladder as B. Therefore, DABC is a right angled triangle with
right angle at B. Let the angle between ladder and base be q.

1. If the person wants to white

G
wash at a higher point on the
wall-
AN
l What happens to the angle
C
made by the ladder with the
L
ground?
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l What will be the change in

the distance AB?

2. If the person wants to white

q
T,

wash at a lower point on the A B

wall-
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l What happens to the angle made by the ladder with the ground?

l What will be the change in the distance AB?

SC

We have observed in the above example of a person who was white washing. When he
wants to paint at higher or lower points, he should change the position of ladder. So, when ‘q’ is
increased, the height also increases and the base decreases. But, when q is decreased, the height
also decreases and the base increases. Do you agree with this statement?

Here, we have seen a right angled triangle D ABC. Now, let’s name the sides again
because trigonometric ratios of angles are based on sides only.

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 Trigonometry 275

11.1.1 NAMING THE SIDES IN A RIGHT T RIANGLE

Let’s take a right triangle ABC as show in the figure.
In triangle ABC, we can consider Ð BAC as A where angle A is an acute angle. Since
AC is the longest side, it is called “hypotenuse”.
Here, you observe the position
of side BC with respect to angle A. It is C

A
opposite to angle A and we can call it as
“opposite side of angle A”. And the

AN
remaining side AB can be called as
“Adjacent side of angle A”
AC = Hypotenuse
q

G
BC = Opposite side of angle A A B

AB = Adjacent side of angle A AN

D O T HIS
Identify “Hypotenuse”, “Opposite side” and “Adjacent side” for the given angles in
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the given triangles.
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1. For angle R 2. (i) For angle X

P
(ii) For angle Y
Z
T,

X Y
ER

Q R

TRY THIS
C
SC

Write lengths of “Hypotenuse”, “Opposite side” and

“Adjacent side” for the given angles in the given triangles.
1. For angle C
2. For angle A
B A
What do you observe? Is there any relation between the opposite side of the angle A and
adjacent side of angle C? Like this, suppose you are setting up a pole by giving support of strong
ropes. Is there any relationship between the length of the rope and the length of the pole? Here,
we have to understand the relationship between the sides and angles we will study this under the
section called trigonometric ratios.

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 276 Class-X Mathematics

11.2 T RIGONOMETRIC R ATIOS

We have seen some examples in the beginning of the chapter which are related to our daily
life situations. Let’s know about the trigonometric ratios and how they are defined.

A CTIVITY

A
1. Draw a horizontal line on a paper.
2. Let the initial point be A and mark other points B, C, D and E at a distance

AN
S Y
of 3cm, 6cm, 9cm, 12 cm respectively from A.
R
3. Draw the perpendiculars BP, CQ, DR and ES of Q
lengths 4cm, 8cm, 12cm, 16cm from the points P

G
B, C, D and E respectively.

4. Then join AP, PQ, QR and RS.

AN q
A X
5. Find lengths ofAP, AQ, AR and B C D E

AS.
L
Name of Name of Length of Length of Length of Opposite side Adjacent side
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triangle the angle hypotenuse opposite side adjacent side Hypotenuse Hypotenuse

DABP ÐBAP = q
T,

DACQ ÐCAQ = q
ER

DADR

DAES
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BP CQ DR ES
Then find the ratios , , and .
AP AQ AR AS
4
Did you get the same ratio as ?
5
AB AC AD AE
Similarly try to find the ratios , , and ? What do you observe?
AP AQ AR AS
Are these ratios constant for this fixed angle (q) even though the sides are different?

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 Trigonometry 277

11.2.1 D EFINING T RIGONOMETRIC R ATIOS

In the above activity, when we observe right angled triangles ABP, ACQ, ADR and AES,

Ð A is common, Ð B, Ð C, Ð D and Ð E are right angles and Ð P,, Ð Q, Ð R and Ð S are

also equal. Hence, we can say that triangles ABP, ACQ, ADR and AES are similar triangles.

A
When we observe the ratio of opposite side of angle A and hypotenuse in a right angled triangle

and the ratio of similar sides in another triangle, it is found to be constant in all the above right

AN
BP CQ DR ES
angled triangles ABP, ACQ, ADR and AES. The ratios , , and are named as
AP AQ AR AS

G
“sine A” or simply “sin A” in those triangles. If the value of angle A is ‘q’, then the ratio would
be “sin q”. AN
Hence, we can conclude that the ratio of opposite side of an angle (measure of the angle)
and length of the hypotenuse is constant in all similar right angled triangles. This ratio will
L
be named as “sine” of that angle.
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AB AC AD AE
Similarly, when we observe the ratios , , and , it is also found to be
AP AQ AR AS
constant. And these are the ratios of the adjacent sides of the angle A and hypotenuses in right
AB AC AD AE
T,

angled triangles ABP, ACQ, ADR and AES. So, the ratios , , and will be
AP AQ AR AS
named as “cosine A” or simply “cos A” in those triangles. If the value of the angle A is “q”, then
ER

the ratio would be “cos q”

Hence, we can also conclude that the ratio of the adjacent side of an angle (measure of the
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angle) and length of the hypotenuse is constant in all similar right triangles. This ratio
will be named as “cosine” of that angle.

Similarly, the ratio of opposite side and adjacent side of an angle is constant and it can be
named as “tangent” of that angle.

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 278 Class-X Mathematics

C
L ET ’S DEFINE RATIOS IN A RIGHT A NGLE TRIANGLE

Consider a right angled triangle ABC having right angle at B as shown

in the adjacent figure. Then, trigonometric ratios of the angleAin right angled

triangle ABC are defined as follows : A B

A
Length of the side opposite to angle A BC
sine of Ð A = sinA = =
Length of hypotenuse AC

AN
Length of the side adjacent to angle A AB
cosine of Ð A = cos A = =
Length of hypotenuse AC

G
Length of the side opposite to angle A BC
tangent of Ð A = tan A = =
Length of the side adjacent to angle A AB
AN
D O T HIS
1. Find (i) sin C (ii) cos C and C
L
(iii) tan C in the adjacent triangle.
TE

2. In a triangle DXYZ, Ð Y is right angle,

XZ = 17 m and YZ = 15 cm, then find
(i) sin X (ii) cos Z (iii) tan X A
B
3. In a triangle DPQR, with right angle at Q, the value of Ð P is x, PQ = 7 cm and QR
T,

= 24 cm, then find sin x and cos x.

ER

T RY T HIS

In a right angled triangle DABC, right angle is at C. BC + CA = 23 cm and

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BC - CA = 7cm, then find sin A and tan B.

T HINK AND D ISCUSS

Discuss among your friends
4
(i) Does sin x = exist for some value of angle x? How can you say?
3
(ii) The value of sin A and cos A is always less than 1. Why?
(iii) Is tan A product of tan and A? Justify your answer.

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 Trigonometry 279

There are three more ratios defined in trigonometry which are considered as multiplicative
inverses of the above three ratios.
Multiplicative inverse of “sine A” is “cosecant A”, simply written as “cosec A”, it is also
1
some times written as cscA i.e., cosecA =
sinA
Similarly, multiplicative inverse of “cos A” is secant A” (simply written as “sec A”) and

A
that of “tan A” is “cotangent A” (simply written as cot A)

AN
1 1
i.e., secA = and cot A =
cosA tanA
How can you define ‘cosecA’ in terms of sides?

G
Opposite sideof the angle A
If sinA = ,
Hypotenuse
Hypotenuse
AN
then cosecA = Opposite sideof the angle A
L
T RY T HIS
TE

Express secA and cos A in terms of sides of right angled triangle.

T HINK AND D ISCUSS

T,

sinA cos A
l Is = tan A ? l Is sin A = cot A ?
cosA
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Let us see some examples

3
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Example-1. If tan A = , then find the other trigonometric ratio of angle A.

4 C
3
Solution : Given tan A =
4
Opposite side 3
Hence tan A = =
Adjacent side 4
Therefore, opposite side : adjacent side = 3:4 A B

For angle A, opposite side = BC = 3k

Adjacent side = AB = 4k (where k is any positive number)

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 280 Class-X Mathematics

Now, we have in triangle ABC (by Pythagoras theorem)

AC2 = AB2 + BC2

= (3k)2 + (4k)2 = 25k2

AC = 25k 2

= 5k = Hypotenuse

A
AN
Now, we can easily write the other ratios of trigonometry

3k 3 4k 4
sin A = = , cos A = =
5k 5 5k 5

G
1 5 1 5 1 4
Hence cosec A = = , sec A = = , cot A = = .
sin A 3 cos A 4
AN tan A 3

Example-2. If Ð A and Ð P are acute angles such that sin A = sin P then prove that Ð A = Ð P

Q
Solution : Given sin A = sin P
L
C
BC
TE

we have sin A =
AC
QR
and sin P = R
PQ A B P
T,

BC QR
Then =
AC PQ
ER

BC QR
Let, = =k .....(1)
AC PQ
By using Pythagoras theorem
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AB AC2 - BC2 AC 2 - k 2AC2 ( )

AC 2 1 - k 2
AC
= = = =
PQ (From (1))
PR PQ 2 - QR 2 PQ 2 - k 2 PQ2 PQ 2 (1 - k )
2

Hence, AC = AB = BC then DABC : DPQR

PQ PR QR

Therefore, ÐA = ÐP

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 Trigonometry 281

Example-3. Consider a triangle DPQR, right angled at R, in which PQ = 29 units, QR = 21

units and Ð PQR = q, then find the values of
(i) cos2q + sin2q and (ii) cos2q - sin2q Q

Solution : ln DPQR, we have q

29
21
PR = PQ 2 - QR 2 = (29)2 - (21)2

A
= 400 = 20 units P R

AN
PR 20
sin q = =
PQ 29
QR 21
cos q = =

G
PQ 29
2 2
æ 21 ö æ 20 ö 441 + 400
Now (i) cos q + sin q = ç ÷ + ç ÷ =
2 2 =1
AN
è 29 ø è 29 ø 841
2 2
æ 21 ö æ 20 ö 41
(ii) cos q - sin q = ç ÷ - ç ÷ =
2 2
è 29 ø è 29 ø 841
L
EXERCISE - 11.1
TE

1. In right angled triangle ABC, 8 cm, 15 cm and 17 cm are the lengths of AB, BC and CA
respectively. Then, find sin A, cos A and tan A.
The sides of a right angled triangle PQR are PQ = 7 cm, PR = 25 cm and ÐQ = 90o
T,

2.
respectively. Then find, tan P - tan R.
3. In a right angled triangle ABC with right angle at B, in which a = 24 units, b = 25 units
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and Ð BAC = q. Then, find cos q and tan q.

12
4. If cos A = , then find sin A and tan A (A<90o).
13
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5. If 3 tan A = 4, then find sin A and cos A.

6. In DABC and DXYZ, if Ð A and Ð X are acute angles such that cos A = cos X then

show that Ð A = Ð X.
7 (1 ∗ sin q) (1, sin q) (1 ∗ sin q)
7. Given cot q = , then evaluate (i) (ii)
8 (1 ∗ cos q) (1, cos q) cos q
8. In a right angled triangle ABC, right angle is at B. If tan A = 3 , then find the value of
(i) sin A cos C + cos A sin C (ii) cos A cos C - sin A sin C

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 282 Class-X Mathematics

11.3 T RIGONOMETRIC R ATIOS OF SOME SPECIFIC ANGLES

We already know about isosceles right angled triangle and right angled triangle with angles
30º, 60º and 90º.
Can we find sin 30o or tan 60o or cos 45o etc. with the help of these triangles?
Does sin 0o or cos 0o exist?

A
11.3.1 T RIGONOMETRIC R ATIOS OF 45 O

AN
In isosceles right angled triangle ABC right angled at B
A
Ð A = Ð C = 45o (why ?) and BC = AB (why ?)

G
Let’s assume the length of BC = AB = a
AN
Then, AC2 = AB2 + BC2 (by Pythagoras theorem)

= a2 + a2 = 2a2,
Therefore, AC = a 2 B
L
C
Using the definitions of trigonometric ratios,
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o Length of the oppositeside to angle 45o BC a 1

sin 45 = = = =
Length of hypotenuse AC a 2 2
Length of theadjacent side to angle 45o AB a 1
T,

o = = =
cos 45 =
Length of hypotenuse AC a 2 2
ER

Length of theopposite side to angle 45o BC a

o
tan 45 = = = =1
Length of the adjacent side to angle 45o AC a

Similarly, you can determine the values of cosec 45 o, sec 45o and cot 45o.
SC

11.3.2 T RIGONOMETRIC R ATIOS OF 30 O

AND 60 O

A
Let us now calculate the trigonometric ratios of 30o and 60o.
30º 30º
Consider an equilateral triangle ABC. Since each angle is
o
60 in an equilateral triangle, we have Ð A = Ð B = Ð C = 60o 2a 2a
and let the sides of equilateral t riangle be
AB = BC = CA = 2a units.
60º 60º
Draw the perpendicular line AD from vertex A to B C
a D a
BC as shown in the adjacent figure.

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 Trigonometry 283

Perpendicular AD acts also as “angle bisector of angle A” and “bisector of the side
BC ” in the equilateral triangle DABC.
Therefore, Ð BAD = Ð DAC = 30o .
Since point D divides the side BC in two equal parts,

1 2a

A
BD = BC = = a units.
2 2

AN
Consider, right angled triangle DABD in the above given figure.

We have AB = 2a and BD = a

Then, AD2 = AB2 - BD2 by (Pythagoras theorem)

G
= (2a)2 - (a)2 = 3a2. AN
Therefore, AD = a 3

From definitions of trigonometric ratios,

L
AD a 3 3
sin 60o = = =
TE

AB 2a 2

BD a 1
cos 60o = = =
AB 2a 2
T,

tan 60o = 3 (how?)

Similarly, you can also determine the reciprocals of sin60°, cos60° and tan60° as
ER

cosec60o, sec 60o and cot 60o respectively.

D O T HIS
SC

Find the values of cosec 60o, sec 60o and cot 60o.

T RY T HIS
Find the values of sin 30o, cos30o, tan 30o, cosec 30o, sec30o and cot 30o by using
the ratio concepts.

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 284 Class-X Mathematics

11.3.3 T RIGON OMETRIC R ATIOS OF 0 O

AND 90 O

Till now, we have discussed trigonometric ratios of 30 o, 45o and 60o. Now let us
determine the trigonometric ratios of angles 0o and 90o.
Suppose a segment AC of length r is C
making an acute angle with ray AB. Height of C
from B is BC. When AC leans more on AB so
r

A
that the angle made by it decreases, then what
happens to the lengths of BC and AB ?

AN
q
As the angle A decreases, the height of A
B
C from AB ray decreases and foot B is shifted
from B to B1 and B2 and gradually when the angle becomes zero, height (i.e. opposite side of the

G
angle) will also become zero (0) and adjacent side would be equal to AC i.e. length equal to r.

C
AN C

C
L
TE

A A
B B

Step (i) Step (ii)

T,

Let us look at the trigonometric ratios

ER

BC AB
sin A = and cos A =
AC AC
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If A = 0o then BC = 0 and AC = AB = r.

0 r
Thus, sin 0o = = 0 and cos 0o = = 1.
r r

sin A
We know that tan A =
cos A
sin 0o 0
So, tan0o = = =0
cos 0o 1

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 Trigonometry 285

T HINK AND D ISCUSS

Discuss with your friends about the following conditions:
1
1. What can you say about cosec 0o = ? Is it defined? Why?
sin 0º
1
2. What can you say about cot 0o = . Is it defined? Why?

A
tan 0º
3. sec 0o = 1. Why?

AN
Now, let us see what happens when angle made by AC
with ray AB increases. When angle A is increased, height of point

G
C increases and the foot of the perpendicular shifts from B to X
and then to Y and so on. In other words, we can say that the height
AN
BC increases gradually, the angle on C gets continuous increment
and at one stage the angle reaches 90o. At that time, point B reaches
A and AC equal to BC.
L
So, when the angle becomes 90o, base (i.e. adjacent side Step (i)
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of the angle) would become zero (0), the height of C from AB ray increases and it would be
equal to AC and that is the length equal to r.
T,
ER
SC

Step (ii) Step (iii)

Now let us see trigonometric ratios

BC AB
sin A = and cos A = .
AC AC

If A = 90o then AB = 0 and AC = BC = r.

r 0
Then , sin 90o = = 1 and cos 90o = = 0.
r r

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 286 Class-X Mathematics

TRY THIS
Find the values for tan 90o, cosec 90o, sec 90o and cot 90o.
Now, let us observe the change in values of trigonometric ratios of all the above discussed
angles in the form of a table.
Table 11.1

A
o
ÐA 0 30o 45o 60o 90o

AN
1 1 3
sin A 0 1
2 2 2
3 1 1
cos A 1 0

G
2 2 2
1
tan A 0 AN 1 3 not defined
3
1
cot A not defined 3 1 0
3
2
sec A 1 2 not defined
L
3 2
2
TE

cosec A not defined 2 2 1

3

T HINK D ISCUSS
T,

AND

Observe the above table

ER

What can you say about the values of sin A and cos A, as the value of angle A increases
from 0o to 90o?
If A > B, then sin A > sin B. Is it true ?
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If A > B, then cos A > cos B. Is it true ? Discuss.

Example-4. In DABC, right angle is at B, AB = 5 cm and Ð ACB = 30o. Determine the lengths
of the sides BC and AC. A
Solution : Given AB=5 cm and Ð ACB=30o. To find the length of
side BC, we will choose the trignometric ratio involving BC and the
given side AB. Since, BC is the side adjacent to angle C and AB is
5 cm

the side opposite to angle C.

B C

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 Trigonometry 287

AB
Therefore, = tan C
BC
5 1
i.e. = tan 30o =
BC 3

which gives BC = 5 3 cm

Now, by using the trigonometric ratios in DABC

A
5

AN
sin 30o =
AC
1 5
=
2 AC

G
AC = 10 cm AN
Example-5. A chord of a circle of radius 6cm is making an angle 60o at the centre. Find the
length of the chord.
L
Solution : Given that the radius of the circle is OA = OB = 6cm and Ð AOB = 60o.
TE

OC is height from ‘O’ upon AB and it is an angle

bisector. The first use of
the idea of ‘sine’
Then, Ð COB = 30o. the way we use
it today was
T,

given in the book

Consider DCOB Aryabhatiyam
by Aryabhatta,
BC in 500 C.E.
ER

sin 30o = Aryabhatta used

OB O
the word ardha-
1 BC jya for the half-
= chord, which was shortened to jya or
2 6
SC

jiva in due course. When the

6 A C B Aryabhatiyam was translated into
BC = = 3. Arabic, the word jiva was retained
2 as it is. The word jiva was translated
into sinus, which means curve, when
But, length of the chord AB = 2BC the Arabic version was translated into
Latin. Soon the word sinus, also used
= 2 ´ 3 = 6 cm as sine, became common in
mathematical texts throughout
\ Therefore, length of the chord = 6 cm. Europe. An English Professor of
astronomy Edmund Gunter (1581–
1626), first used the abbreviated
notation ‘sin’.

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 288 Class-X Mathematics

Example-6. In DPQR, right angle is at Q, PQ = 3 cm and PR = 6 cm. Determine Ð QPR and

Ð PRQ.
P
Solution : Given PQ = 3 cm and PR = 6 cm

PQ
Therefore, = sin R
PR
3 1
or sin R = =

A
6 2 Q R

So, Ð PRQ = 30o

AN
and therefore, Ð QPR = 60o (why?)

T HINK D ISCUSS

G
AND

If one of the sides and any other part (either an acute angle or any side) of a right angled
AN
triangle is known, the remaining sides and angles of the triangle can be determined. Do
you agree? Explain with an example.
1 1
Example-7. If sin (A - B) = , cos (A + B) = , where 0o < A + B < 90o and A > B, find A and B.
L
2 2
1
TE

Solution : Since, sin (A - B) = , therefore, A - B = 30o (why?)

2
1
Also, since cos (A + B) = , therefore, A + B = 60o (why?)
2
Solving the above equations, we get : A = 45o and B = 15o. (How?)
T,

EXERCISE - 11.2
ER

1. Evaluate the following.

o o cos 45o
(i) sin 45 + cos 45 (ii)
SC

sec 30o + cosec 60o

sin 30o + tan45o - cosec 60o
(iii) (iv) 2 tan245o + cos230o - sin2 60o
cot 45o + cos 60o - sec 30o
sec2 60o - tan 2 60o
(v)
sin 2 30o + cos 2 30o
2. Choose the right option and justify your choice-
2 tan 30o
(i) =
1 + tan 2 45o
(a) sin 60o (b) cos 60o (c) tan 30o (d) sin 30o

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 Trigonometry 289

1 - tan 2 45o
(ii) =
1 + tan 2 45o
(a) tan 90o (b) 1 (c) sin 45o (d) 0

2 tan 30o
(iii) =
1 - tan 2 30o

A
(a) cos 60o (b) sin 60o (c) tan 60o (d) sin 30o

AN
3. Evaluate sin 60o cos 30o + sin 30o cos 60o. What is the value of sin(60o + 30o). What
can you conclude ?
4. Is it right to say that cos(60o + 30o) = cos 60o cos30o - sin 60o sin 30o.

G
5. In right angled triangle DPQR, right angle is at Q, PQ = 6cm and Ð RPQ = 60o.
Determine the lengths of QR and PR.
6.
AN
In DXYZ, right angle is at Y, YZ = x, and XZ = 2x. Then, determine Ð YXZ and
Ð YZX.
L
7. Is it right to say that sin (A + B) = sin A + sin B? Justify your answer.
TE

11.4 T RIGONOMETRIC R ATIOS OF C OMPLEMENTARY ANGLES

We already know that two angles are said to be complementary, if their sum is equal to 90o.
Consider a right angled triangle ABC with right angle at B. Are there any complementary angles
T,

in this triangle?
C
Since, angle B is 90o, sum of other two angles must be 90o.
ER

(Q Sum of angles in a triangle 180o)

Therefore, Ð A + Ð C = 90o. Hence Ð A and Ð C are

SC

complementary angles.

Let us assume that Ð A = x, then for angle x, BC is

A B
opposite side and AB is adjacent side.

BC AB BC
sin x = cos x = tan x =
AC AC AB
AC AC AB
cosec x = sec x = cot x =
BC AB BC

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 290 Class-X Mathematics

If Ð A + Ð C = 90o, then we have Ð C = 90o - Ð A

Since, Ð A = x, we have Ð C = 90o - x
Let us look at what would be “Opposite side” and “Adjacent side” of the angle
o
(90 - x)in the triangle ABC.
AB BC AB
sin(90o - x) = cos(90o - x) = tan(90o - x) =
AC AC BC

A
AC AC BC
Cosec(90o - x) = sec(90o - x) = cot(90o - x) =

AN
AB BC AB
Now, if we compare the ratios of angles x and (90o - x) from the above values of
different triginometric ratios, we get the following relations:

G
AB BC
sin(90o - x) = = cos x and cos(90o - x) = = sin x
AC AN AC
AB BC
tan(90o - x) = = cot x and cot(90o - x) = = tan x
BC AB
AC AC
cosec(90o - x) = = sec x and sec(90o - x) = = cosec x
L
AB BC
TE

T HINK AND D ISCUSS

Check and discuss the above relations in the case of angles between 0º and 90º,
whether they hold for these angles or not?
T,

So, sin (90o - A) = cos A cos (90o - A) = sin A

tan (90o - A) = cot A cot (90o - A) = tan A
ER

sec (90o - A) = cosec A and cosec (90o - A) = sec A

Now, let us consider some examples.

SC

Example-8. Evaluate sec35o

cosec55o
Solution : cosec A = sec (90o - A)
cosec 55o = cosec (90o - 35o)

cosec 55o = sec 35o

sec35o sec35o
Now = =1
cosec55o sec35o

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 Trigonometry 291

Example-9. If cos 7A = sin(A - 6o), where 7A is an acute angle, find the value of A.
Solution : Given cos 7A = sin(A - 6o) ...(1)
sin (90 - 7A) = sin (A - 6o)
since, (90 - 7A) & (A - 6o) are both acute angles,
therefore, 90o - 7A = A - 6o

A
8A = 96o
which gives A = 12o.

AN
Example-10. If sin A = cos B, then prove that A + B = 90º.
Solution : Given that sin A = cos B ...(1)

G
We know cos B = sin (90o - B).
We can write (1) as
AN
sin A = sin (90o - B)
Since A, B are acute angles, A = 90o - B
L
o
Þ A + B = 90 .
TE

Example-11. Express sin 81o + tan 81o in terms of trigonometric ratios of angles between
0o and 45o.
Solution : We can write sin 81o = sin(90o - 9o) = cos 9o
T,

and tan 81o = tan(90o - 9o) = cot 9o

ER

Then, sin 81o + tan 81o = cos 9o + cot 9o

B+C A
Example-12. IfA, B and C are interior angles of triangle ABC, then show that sin ( ) = cos
2 2
SC

Solution : Given A, B and C are angles of triangle ABC then A + B + C = 180 o.

On dividing the above equation by 2 on both sides, we get

A B+C
+ = 90o
2 2
B+C A
= 90o -
2 2

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 292 Class-X Mathematics

On taking sin ratio on both sides

æ B + Cö æ Aö
sin ç = sin ç 90o - ÷
è 2 ÷ø è 2ø
æ B + Cö A
sin ç ÷ = cos . Hence proved.
è 2 ø 2

A
AN
E XERCISE 11.3

G
1. Evaluate
tan 36o
(i)
cot 54o
(ii)
AN
cos12o - sin78o (iii) cosec 31o - sec 59o

(iv) sin 15o sec 75o (v) tan 26o tan64o

L
2. Show that
tan 48o tan 16o tan 42o tan 74o = 1
TE

(i)
(ii) cos36o cos 54o - sin360 sin 54o = 0.
3. If tan 2A = cot(A - 18o), where 2A is an acute angle. Find the value of A.
T,

4. If tanA = cot B where A and B are acute angles, prove that A + B = 90o.
5. If A, B and C are interior angles of a triangle ABC, then show that
ER

æ A+Bö C
tan ç ÷ = cot
è 2 ø 2
6. Express sin 75o + cos 65o in terms of trigonometric ratios of angles between 0o and 45o.
SC

T HINK AND D ISCUSS

cos q cos q
Substitute q = 0°, 30°, 45°, 60° and 90° in the equation + =4
1 - sin q 1 + sin q
For which value of q the above equation is defined or not defined?

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 Trigonometry 293

11.5 T RI GONO METRI C IDENTIT IES

We know that an identity is that mathematical equation which is true for all the values of
the variables in the equation.
For example (a + b)2 = a2 + b2 + 2ab is an identity.
In the same way, an identity having trigonometric ratios of an angle is called trigonometric

A
identity. It is true for all the values of the angles involved in it.
Here, we will derive a trigonometric identity and remaining would be based on that.

AN
Consider a right angled triangle DABC with right angle at B.
From Pythagoras theorem A
We have AB2 + BC2 = AC2 ....(1)

G
Dividing each term by AC2, we get AN
AB2 BC2 AC 2
Þ + =
AC2 AC2 AC2
2 2 2
L
é AB ù é BC ù é AC ù C
i.e., ê ú +ê ú =ê ú
B
ë AC û ë AC û ë AC û
TE

i.e., (cos A)2 + (sin A)2 = 1

Here, we generally write cos2A in the place of (cos A)2

T,

i.e., (cos A)2 is written as cos2A (Do not write cos A2 )

\ above equation is cos2 A + sin2A = 1
ER

We have given an equation having a variable parameter A(angle) and above equation is
true for all the value of A. Hence, the above equation is a trigonometric identity.
Therefore, we have trigonometric idenity
SC

cos2A + sin2A = 1.
Let us look at another trigonometric idenity
From equation (1) we have

AB2 + BC2 = AC2

AB2 BC2 AC2

Þ + = (Dividing each term by AB2)
AB2 AB2 AB2

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 294 Class-X Mathematics

2 2 2
æ AB ö æ BC ö æ AC ö
ç ÷ +ç ÷ =ç ÷
è AB ø è AB ø è AB ø
i.e., 1 + tan2 A = sec2A (A¹90°)
Similarly, on dividing (1) by BC2, we get cot 2A + 1 = cosec2A. (A¹0°)
By using above identities, we can express each trigonometric ratio in terms of another ratio.

A
If we know the value of a ratio, we can find all other ratios by using these identities.

AN
T HINK AND D ISCUSS

Are these identities true only for 00 < A< 900 ? If not, for which other values ofAthey are true?

G
l sec2 A - tan2A = 1 l cosec2A - cot2A = 1

D O T HIS
AN
15 5
(i) If sin C = , then find cos C. (ii) If tan x = , then find sec x.
L
17 12
TE

25
(iii) If cosec q = , then find cot q.
7

TRY THIS
T,

Evaluate the following and justify your answer.

ER

sin 2 15o + sin 2 75o

(i) (ii) sin 5o cos 85o + cos5o sin 85o
cos 2 36o + cos 2 54o

(iii) sec 16o cosec 74o - cot 74o tan 16o.

SC

Example-13. Show that cot q + tan q = sec q cosec q. (0°<q<90°)

Solution : LHS = cot q + tan q

cos q sin q
= + (why ?)
sin q cos q
cos 2 q + sin 2 q
=
sin q cos q

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 Trigonometry 295

1
= (why ?)
sin q cos q

1 1
= = cosecq sec q
sin q cos q

Example-14. Show that tan2q + tan4q = sec4q - sec2q (q¹90°)

A
Solution : L.H.S. = tan2q + tan4q
= tan2q (1 + tan2q)

AN
= tan2q . sec2q (Why ?)
= (sec2q - 1) sec2q (Why ?)

= sec4q - sec2q = R.H.S

G
1 + cos q
Example-15. Prove that
1 - cos q
AN
= cosec q + cot q; (0°<q<90°)

1 + cos q
Solution : LHS = (multiply numerator and denominator by (1 + cos q) )
1 - cos q
L
1 + cos q 1 + cos q
=
TE

.
1 - cos q 1 + cos q
(1 + cos q)2
=
1 - cos2 q
T,

(1 + cos q)2
= (Why ?)
sin 2 q
ER

1 + cos q
=
sin q
1 cos q
= + = cosecq + cot q = R.H.S.
SC

sin q sin q

E XERCISE 11.4

1. Evaluate the following :

(i) (1 + tan q + sec q) (1 + cotq - cosec q)
(ii) (sin q + cos q)2 + (sin q - cos q)2

(iii) (sec2q - 1) (cosec2q -1)

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 296 Class-X Mathematics

1 - cos q
2. Show that (cosec q - cot q)2 = .
1 + cos q
1 + sin A
3. Show that = sec A + tan A (0°<q<90°).
1 - sin A
1 - tan 2 A
4. Show that 2
= tan 2 A (0°<q<90°).
cot A - 1

A
1
5. Show that - cos q = tan q.sin q (0°<q<90°).

AN
cos q

6. Simplify secA (1 - sinA) (secA + tanA).

7. Prove that (sinA + cosec A)2 + (cosA + secA)2 = 7 + tan2A + cot2A.

G
8. Simplify (1 - cos q) (1 +cosq) (1 + cot2q).
9.
AN
If secq + tan q = p, then what is the value of secq - tan q ?
k2 - 1
10. If cosec q + cot q = k, then prove that cos q = .
k2 + 1
L
O PTIONAL E XERCISE
TE

[For extensive Learning]

1. Prove that cot q - cos q = cos ecq - 1 .

T,

cot q + cos q cos ecq + 1

sin q - cos q + 1 1
[use the identity sec2 q = 1 + tan2 q].
ER

2. Prove that =
sin q + cos q - 1 s ecq - tan q

1
3. Prove that (cosec A - sin A) (sec A - cos A) = .
tan A + cot A
SC

1 + sec A sin 2 A
4. Prove that = .
sec A 1 - cos A

æ 1 + tan 2 A ö æ 1 + tan A ö 2
5. Show that ç ÷ =ç ÷ = tan 2 A .
è 1 + cot A ø è 1 - cot A ø
2

(sec A ,1) (1, cos A)

6. Prove that < .
(sec A ∗ 1) (1 ∗ cos A)

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 Trigonometry 297

WHAT WE H AVE D ISCUSSED

1. In a right angled triangle ABC, with right angle at B,

Side opposite to angle A , cos A = Side adjacent to angle A

A
sin A =
Hypotenuse Hypotenuse

AN
1 1 sin A 1
2. cosec A = ; s ecA = ; tan A = ; tan A =
sin A cos A cos A cot A

G
3. If one of the trigonometric ratios of an acute angle is known, the remaining trignometric
ratios of the angle can be determined.
AN
4. The values of the trigonometric ratios for angle 0o, 30o, 45o, 60o and 90o.
L
5. The value of sin A and cos A never exceeds 1, whereas the value of sec A (A¹90°) and
TE

cosec A (A¹0°) is always greater than or equal to 1.

6. sin (90o- A) = cos A, cos (90o- A) = sin A

T,

tan (90o- A) = cot A, cot (90o- A) = tan A

sec A (90o- A) = cosec A, cosec (90o- A) = sec A

ER

7. sin2 A + cos2 A = 1
SC

sec2 A - tan2 A = 1 for 0o < A < 90o

cosec2 A - cot2 A = 1 for (0o < A < 90o)

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