UNITED STATE POLICE SYSTEM & CHINA POLICE SYSTEM

A Manuscript
Presented to Mr. Marvin Quisido RCrim

In
Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Subject of
Law Enforcement Administration of
Comparative Policing System

2023-2024

Presented By:
Jorquin Ritz D
Gale Shane Ray T
Galit Rose Marie R
Gayamo Adam Bryan Y
Jorquin Ritz D
Labrador Ryck Joseph
Lola Jean Paula
 Table of Contents

United State Police System

 Introduction

 History

 Operational Units

 Best Practices

 Ranking System

 Conclusion/Recommendation

 References

China Police System

 Introduction

 History

 Operational Units

 Best Practices

 Ranking System

 Conclusion/Recommendation

 References

United State Police System

 Introduction
The United States police system is a complex and decentralized network of law enforcement
agencies at the federal, state, and local levels. It is responsible for maintaining public safety,
enforcing laws, preventing, and investigating crimes, and ensuring the overall well-being of
communities. Each level of government has its own police forces, with the federal level
encompassing agencies like the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and the Drug Enforcement
Administration (DEA). At the state level, there are state police agencies, while local police
departments operate within specific cities, counties, or towns. This multi-tiered system allows for a
more localized approach to law enforcement, with agencies tailored to the needs and characteristics
of their respective jurisdictions.

 History

o Before a formal police system was put in place, colonies were protected by a "night
watch," dating back to the 1630s.
o
The night watch was made up of men who volunteered for a night's worth of work. Sometimes
people were put on the watch as a form of punishment for committing a crime. These watchmen,
however, were known to sleep and drink while on duty.
The first night watch was founded in Boston in the 1630s and then New York followed suit in
the 1650s. During this time, the wealthiest in the colonies also hired people for protection. Those
hired for protection were mostly criminals.
.
o The history of the police in the South differs from other parts of the country because of
the prominence of slavery.
o
The first form of policing in the South was known as slave patrol, which began in the colonies
of Carolina in 1704. The patrol was usually made up of three to six men riding horseback and
carrying whips, ropes, and even guns.
The group's main duties included chasing and hunting escaped slaves, releasing terror on
slave communities to prevent riots, and to keep plantation owners in check, according to Ben
Fountain's book, "Beautiful Country Burn Again." The slave patrols lasted until the Civil War and
eventually gave way to the Ku Klux Klan.

o In the north, as more immigrants moved into cities by the mid-1800s, citizens looked for
a more formal way to keep order.

Immigrants from Germany and Ireland began settling in cities like Boston and New York
between 1820 and 1860. This new group of immigrants clashed with original settlers from England
and The Netherlands. As the original settlers argued that the new immigrants were ruining American
society, crime began to rise. The cities saw mobs, public lewdness, disorderly conduct, and
prostitution. The cities were ill-equipped to keep order and the night watch was rendered useless.

o In response, the first official police force was established in Boston in 1838.
Shortly after, in 1845, New York began its own force, followed by Chicago, New Orleans, and
Cincinnati. By the 1880s, almost every major city in the country had a police force.

o Almost all the police forces were structured similarly, and their main duty was to prevent
crime and keep order.
Each police department was public and bureaucratic, had full-time policemen, and reported to
a governmental authority.
It wasn't until the 1850s that the cities started developing detective units whose main jobs
were to investigate crimes.
 o In the 1800s, there were reports of corruption among some police forces.
At the time, America was a political machine, meaning local businesses and police forces
reported to a single political leader in exchange for a reward. As Time magazine reported, this led to
corrupt politicians and corrupt police officers. For example, some politicians paid off officers to ignore
certain groups' illegal activities.

o This led to the start of private police forces, like the Pinkerton National Detective
Agency.

Allan Pinkerton was an immigrant from Scotland who created the Pinkerton National Detective
Agency, which was made up of private detectives who stopped train robberies and prevented strikes.

o In the early 1900s, the police forces made dramatic changes, thanks to August Vollmer.

The early 1900s marked the beginning of a new police system. August Vollmer, "the father of
modern policing," stressed the importance of sociology, social work, psychology, and management in
police work. In this system, officers patrolled the neighborhoods they lived in on foot. Vollmer also
made sure policemen went to college and even created a separate system for juveniles to be tried
and punished instead of trying them as adults.

o Federal and state police forces were born in the early 1900s.

During Prohibition, cops were tasked with stopping the sale and distribution of alcohol. At
times, the police would confiscate the illegal substance and dump it into sewage drains.
At the same time, organized crime began to take shape, and protests, riots, and petty crimes
were also on the rise. The local police forces could not keep up.

o In the 1920s, J. Edgar Hoover created the FBI and changed the face of police work.

In response, the Department of Treasury created "T-Men," a group of 4,000 men who were
charged with enforcing the laws of Prohibition. State governments also started creating their own
police forces in the early 1900s to stop the spread of crime in cities.
Instead of following Vollmer's model, which concentrated on social work and psychology,
Hoover made sure local forces were fighting street crimes. Under this new system, police officers
were less connected to the neighborhoods they worked in as officers patrolled neighborhoods by car.

o The '60s marked a turning point in policing.

During the 1960s, African Americans began to challenge the way police were treating their
communities. To protest the treatment and racial profiling, riots, boycotts, and peaceful protests broke
out in the US, mainly in the South. In response, the police used harsh tactics to keep order, including
tear gas, high-pressure water hoses, and attack dogs. Some of these events were televised
nationally.

o Much like the civil rights movement, in 1969, the Stonewall riots against New York City
police sparked another movement.
 Policemen at the time were also profiling the LGBTQ community in cities all over the US by
raiding bars and nightclubs and arresting patrons, especially at the Stonewall Inn, according to CNN.
On June 28, 1969, policemen raided the Stonewall Inn in New York City and started arresting
people. In response, the patrons and neighborhood residents fought back, starting a riot that lasted
six days. The fight against the police sparked the gay rights movement.

o In the mid-'70s, studies found that policing was unsuccessful, and departments
attempted to make changes throughout the late 1900s.

Studies, like in Kansas City, Missouri, found that patrolling police cars in neighborhoods did
not help reduce crime, nor did it ease people's fears. In fact, it increased the community's
dissatisfaction with police forces.
In response to these findings, some departments attempted a return to community policing.
This form of policing placed minority officers in minority neighborhoods. This model also incorporated
the community in helping police the neighborhood. The police officers were meant to become close
and familiar with the residents in the community. This became increasingly popular in the '90s. By the
early 2000s, two-thirds of police forces across the US implemented community policing policies.
In the 1990s, crime rates in the US started to decline, so that it had roughly halved by 2015.
While the exact cause is not known, research cited by the Brennan Center for Justice found that
hiring more police officers helped decrease crime — in fact, according to the research, up to 10
percent of the decrease in crime in the 1990s was due to hiring more police. Another theory is that
technology used by police, such as their crime tracking system, improved in the 1990s, helping them
recognize and address trends more effectively.

 Operational Units

 In the United States, law enforcement is organized at various levels, and there isn't a single,
centralized police system. Instead, law enforcement is decentralized, with different agencies
operating at federal, state, and local levels. Some key operational units include:
 Federal Level: Federal law enforcement agencies operate under the jurisdiction of the federal
government. Examples include the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), the Drug
Enforcement Administration (DEA), and the Secret Service.
 The mission of the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) is to enforce the controlled
substances laws and regulations of the United States and bring to the criminal and civil justice
system of the United States, or any other competent jurisdiction, those organizations and
principal members of organizations, involved in the growing, manufacture, or distribution of
controlled substances appearing in or destined for illicit traffic in the United States; and to
recommend and support non-enforcement programs aimed at reducing the availability of illicit
controlled substances on the domestic and international markets.
 The mission of the FBI is to protect and defend the United States against terrorist and foreign
intelligence threats, to uphold and enforce the criminal laws of the United States, and to
provide leadership and criminal justice services to federal, state, municipal, and international
agencies and partners; and to perform these responsibilities in a manner that is responsive to
the needs of the public and is faithful to the Constitution of the United States.
 State Level: Each U.S. state has its own state police or highway patrol agency responsible for
enforcing state laws on highways and aiding with local law enforcement.
 In the United States, the state police are a police body unique to each U.S. state, having
statewide authority to conduct law enforcement activities and criminal investigations. In
general, state police officers or highway patrol officers, known as state troopers, perform
functions that do not fall within the jurisdiction of the county sheriff (Vermont being a notable
exception), such as enforcing traffic laws on state highways and interstate expressways,
 overseeing the security of the state capitol complex, protecting the governor, training new
officers for local police forces too small to operate an academy and providing technological
and scientific services. They support local police and help to coordinate multi-jurisdictional task
force activity in serious or complicated cases in those states that grant full police powers
statewide.
 Local Level: Local law enforcement agencies operate within specific cities, counties, or
municipalities. Examples include city police departments, county sheriff's offices, and
municipal police agencies.
 The County Sheriff is the chief law officer in the county and is responsible for preserving the
peace and protecting life and property in the county. The County Sheriff investigates crimes;
apprehends persons charged with criminal activity; serves warrants and process papers
issued by the District Court and other lawful authorities; handles reports of various nuisances
or dangers to the public and handles safety matters. The County Sheriff may also assist the
state in handling state prisoners. In most counties, the County Sheriff operates the county jail
and is responsible for the custody and control of county prisoners plus prisoners incarcerated
by many cities and towns. These agencies may have various divisions or units, such as
detective units, SWAT teams, narcotics units, and others, depending on the size and
specialization of the law enforcement organization.
 SWAT (Special Weapons and Tactics): Specialized units trained to handle high-risk situations,
including hostage rescues, counter-terrorism operations, and heavily armed confrontations.
 SWAT units are generally trained, equipped, and deployed to resolve "high-risk situations",
often those regular police units are not trained or equipped to handle, such as shootouts,
standoffs, raids, hostage-takings, and terrorism. SWAT units are equipped with specialized
weapons and equipment not normally issued to regular police units, such as automatic
firearms, high-caliber sniper rifles, stun grenades, body armor, ballistic shields, night-vision
devices, and armored vehicles, among others. SWAT units are often trained in special tactics
such as close-quarters combat, door breaching, crisis negotiation, and de-escalation.
 K-9 Units: Teams consisting of police officers and specially trained dogs used for tasks such as
tracking suspects, searching for drugs or explosives, and crowd control.
 *Locating tools: Canines, or dogs, are valued for their sharp sense of smell. With 225 million
smell receptors, a German Shepherd can catch a scent 1,000 times better than a human. K9
units can track down missing persons and illegal substances or weapons. Trained canines can
communicate with their handlers, letting them know when they are close to a target and which
direction a target may be.
 *Criminal Apprehension: Trained canines can detect a rise in danger and defend an area at
their handlers’ will. Despite their defensive training, canines are taught to remain friendly and
sociable in public.
 *Criminal Deterrents: Having a canine on site is a great upgrade to the look of any security
guard operation. The psychological factor of having a canine on site could prevent criminals
from transporting illegal drugs or weapons and could easily prevent trespassing.
 Narcotics Units: Dedicated to investigating and combating drug-related crimes, including the
trafficking and distribution of illegal substances.
 *Investigations: Conducting investigations into drug trafficking, production, distribution
networks, and organized crime groups involved in narcotics trade.
 *Undercover Operations: Deploying undercover officers or informants to gather intelligence,
infiltrate criminal networks, and gather evidence against drug offenders.
 *Surveillance and Monitoring: Monitoring and surveillance of suspected drug traffickers,
locations, and activities using various techniques, such as wiretapping, stakeouts, and
technology-driven surveillance.
 Cybercrime Units: Focused on investigating and preventing cybercrimes, including hacking,
identity theft, and online fraud.
 The FBI investigates and combats cybercrime through its Cyber Division. This includes
activities such as investigating cyber intrusions, online fraud, identity theft, and other cyber-
related criminal activities.
 Investigating cybercrimes such as hacking, ransomware attacks, and online fraud. Collecting
and analyzing digital evidence related to cyber incidents. Collaborating with international
partners to address transnational cyber threats. Providing cybersecurity guidance and support
to critical infrastructure sectors.
 Traffic Enforcement Units: Responsible for enforcing traffic laws, investigating accidents, and
promoting road safety.
 The primary goal of the Traffic Enforcement section is to ensure the safety of motorists and
pedestrians. The Traffic Enforcement Unit is responsible for keeping Seattle roadways moving
during delays, reroutes and collision scenes, civic functions, sporting events, processions,
parades and during dignitary visits.
 Community Policing Units: Engaged in building positive relationships with the community,
addressing local concerns, and collaborating with residents to enhance public safety.

 Best practices in the United States policing system aim to promote fairness, accountability,
and community-oriented policing.

 Community Policing
Fostering positive police-community relationships, involving the community in problem-
solving, and promoting transparency contribute to effective community policing.
 Training and Education
Continuous training on topics such as cultural sensitivity, de-escalation techniques, and
implicit bias helps officers handle diverse situations with professionalism.

 USE POLICE POWERS ONLY FOR LAWFUL AIMS

Force should not be used to punish the (presumed or alleged) non-compliance with an
order nor simply for the participation in an assembly.
 MINIMIZE DAMAGE AND USE FORCE ONLY WHEN NECESSARY
Firearms or shotguns should never be used for the purpose of dispersing a
crowd.Batons and similar impact equipment should not be used on people who are
unthreatening and non-aggressive.
 Transparency
Open communication and disclosure of police policies, procedures, and actions to
build trust with the public.

 US Ranking System
 Police Officer
Police officers make up the majority of sworn officers in any police department. They are on
the front lines of enforcing local laws and maintaining a safe community. On any day, a police
officer will perform duties ranging from writing tickets and completing routine paperwork to
responding to threats and emergencies.
Many police departments assign officers to beats. These beats may be geographically-based,
such as patrolling an area of a city, or they may be determined by mode of patrol, such as car,
bicycle, or motorcycle.
 Detective
Detectives investigate crimes and criminal activity. Some detectives are assigned to
specialized beats such as homicide, burglary, or narcotics investigations.
 To become a detective, you will have to work several years as a patrol officer and demonstrate
the basic skills needed to be an investigator. If your application for detective is accepted, you
will be required to complete additional training at a police academy.
Some detectives will specialize in units that investigate specific crimes, such as homicide,
narcotics, fraud, or gangs.
 Sergeant
Police sergeants are experienced officers who often serve in a supervisory or training capacity.
They may work alongside police officers or in offices. They are often tasked with ensuring that
all procedures and policies are followed. They may also be assigned to a special unit.
 Lieutenant
Police lieutenants are usually in charge of the day-to-day activities of units within a police
department. Their jobs are largely supervisory or administrative. They usually work in offices
but may also direct activities at crime scenes or contribute to criminal investigations.
 Captain
Captains serve as the commanding officer of divisions within a police department. They ensure
department policies are carried out and are responsible for all personnel within their division,
both sworn officers and civilians. Captains may be assigned to specialized divisions such as
organized crime, or juvenile services.
 Commander
Not all police departments have the rank of commander. For those that do, the commander is
the next step above captain in the chain-of-command. They may work with special units and
divisions or head up geographical regions of large metropolitan police departments.
As administrators, their responsibilities may be similar to a captain’s.
 Deputy Chief
A deputy or assistant chief is the second highest position in the chain-of-command. In many
police departments, it is the highest rank a sworn officer can achieve through promotion. The
responsibilities of a deputy chief are mainly administrative. The deputy chief may assume the
duties of the chief of police in cases of his or her absence.
 Chief of Police
The chief of police is usually highest-ranking level in the chain-of-command, although some
larger metropolitan departments may also have a commissioner or superintendent. The chief
of police functions as the chief administrator of the police department and is responsible for all
police operations in all divisions and units. Police chiefs are generally highly experienced and
high-ranking members of the police force who are appointed to the position by the mayor or
other government official.
 Conclusion:
The police system in the United States is a vital institution responsible for the preservation of
law and order in society. The police system comprises a complex network of law enforcement
agencies, including federal, state, and local agencies, and is responsible for protecting
Americans’ lives and property from criminal elements. The police in the US also work to
ensure the safety of the public by investigating and apprehending criminal suspects, enforcing
traffic laws, and providing public safety services to communities across the country
 Recommendation:
US police system is an essential institution responsible for maintaining law and order. The
police system is complex, with federal, state, and local law enforcement agencies working
together to protect Americans from criminal elements. However, issues of excessive force and
racial bias have led to calls for significant reforms in policing. Implementing these reforms will
go a long way in enhancing trust in law enforcement and ensuring that the police protect and
serve all Americans equitably.
 References

Olito, F. (2021, April 26). Photos show how policing has evolved in the US since its
beginnings in the 1600s. Insider. https://www.insider.com/history-of-police-in-the-us-photos-
2020-6#in-the-mid-70s-studies-found-that-policing-was-unsuccessful-and-departments-
attempted-to-make-changes-throughout-the-late-1900s-13
Police | Definition, History, Organizations, & Facts. (2024, January 5). Encyclopedia
Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/police/Decentralized-police-organizations
https://www.amnestyusa.org/good-practice-for-law-enforcement-officials-policing-
demonstrations/
https://www.allcriminaljusticeschools.com/law-enforcement/police-chain-of-command/

CHINA POLICE SYSTEM