Journal Pre-proof

Multifunctional metasurface based bandstop and bandpass filters for

terahertz radiation

Neha Niharika, Sangeeta Singh, Pankaj Kumar

PII: S0030-4026(21)02043-X
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2021.168551
Reference: IJLEO 168551

To appear in: Optik - International Journal for Light and

Electron Optics

Received date : 13 November 2021

Revised date : 28 December 2021
Accepted date : 29 December 2021

Please cite this article as: N. Niharika, S. Singh and P. Kumar, Multifunctional metasurface based
bandstop and bandpass filters for terahertz radiation, Optik - International Journal for Light and
Electron Optics (2022), doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2021.168551.

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Multifunctional Metasurface based Bandstop and

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Bandpass Filters for Terahertz Radiation

Neha Niharika1 , Sangeeta Singh 1∗

, Pankaj Kumar1
1 M icroelectronics and VLSI design lab National Institute of Technology Patna, Bihar, India

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∗ Corresponding author sangeeta.singh@nitp.ac.in

Abstract

A multifunctional metasurface using all dielectric structure comprising an array

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of InAs square pillar over the InSb substrate has been realized. The considered
metasurface shows zero reflection and close to unity transmission at single as
well as dual frequency in the terahertz spectral regime with the application of
magnetic field. This metasurface also exhibits switching action from bandpass
to bandstop over the designed frequency regime with the exposure of varying
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magnetic field from 0 to 0.2 T. The tunability in the maximum transmittance
frequency is achieved by the variation in temperature of Insb substrate which
acts as another control modality showing a blue shift from 2.37 THz to 2.65
THz at an average tuning rate of 0.028 T Hz K −1 . The proposed all dielectric
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metasurface is designed to function as a switch, bandstop and bandpass filter

for the terahertz spectral regime thus acting as multifunctional metasurface,
thereby reduces inventory cost as well as additional peripheral utility devices.
Keywords: Multifunctionality, frequency shifter, meta-atom, Magneto-optical
materials, Metasurface
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1. Introduction

Submillimeter range of electromagnetic spectrum corresponding to frequen-

cies from 300 GHz to 30 THz (THz gap) is having immense potentials in wide
range of practical applications such as terahertz imaging for medical [1], [2],
5 biological and industrial prospects, spectroscopy, and galactic exploration [3],

Preprint submitted to Optik December 28, 2021

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[4]. However, it is difficult to find such materials in nature which provide strong

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absorption, reflection, and transmission in terahertz regime. Therefore, huge
attention was paid to explore such materials and devices which supports ab-
sorption, reflection and transmission of terahertz wave. A frequency-selective

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10 surface (FSS) is a planar periodic structure of identical conducting or scatter-
ing elements [5] which exhibits frequency filtering and used as bandpass [6] and
bandstop filter [7], [8]. Due to its frequency selective properties, low loss, and
low cost FSSs are incorporated in a wide variety of applications such as radomes
[9], [10], radome-asorbers [11], [12], antenna reflectors [13], spatial filters [13].
15 The size of FSS is quite large equal to half the wavelength of the resonant
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frequency [14]. The miniaturization of FSSs has been investigated over past
few years and metasurfaces have taken the place of FSSs with building blocks
meta-atoms having subwavelength dimension[15], [16]. The THz metasurfaces
find its applications in designing sensors, spatial filters, absorbers, THz modula-
20 tors, and imaging devices [17]-[20]. Metasurface, a 2D periodic arrangement of
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meta-atoms gained a lot of attention in recent year due to their desired electro-
magnetic properties such as refractive index [21], invisible cloaking [22], inverse
doppler effect [23] which are not found in natural occurring materials and these
properties have paved the path for the researchers to explore many practical ap-
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25 plications such as superlenses [24], in designing of absorbers [25]-[28], bandpass

filters [29], [30], bandstop filters [31]-[32]. Initially demonstrated metasurfaces
are metal-dielectric structure having low efficiency due to ohmic losses in metals
and are more often incorporated in absorbers [25]-[28]. Recently, all dielectric
metasurfaces have been studied which do not exhibit non-radiative ohmic losses
30 unlikely these losses are present in metals and show high transmission efficiency
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which leads to new possibilities for transmission devices [33], [34] such as filters,
modulators, polarization converters and so-on. The functionality of such meta-
surface devices could be extended if the characteristics response of metasurface
can be actively and dynamically tuned. The tunability response can be achieved
35 via external control modalities which involves magneto static control, thermal
control [35]-[37], and electrical control[38], [39]. Metasurface response i.e. its

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transmission and reflection response could not be changed once metasurface is

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fabricated. Thus, it is the reconfigurable metasurface which is highly required
so that single metasurface can be used for wide range of applications and this
40 can be achieved by incorporating materials in metasurface whose electromag-

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netic properties are tunable such as indium antimonide (InSb), indium arsenide
(InAs), gallium arsenide, and other semiconductors that provide magnetic or
thermal tunablity, MEMS provide mechanical tuning [40] and use of varactor
diode, liquid crystal, and graphene in metasurface provides electrical tuning
45 [41], [42]. Furthermore, multifunctional metasurface based on surface plasmon
polaritons (SPPs) [43], [44] have also been reported which not only manipulate
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reflection and transmission properties but also have a control over excitation of
SPPs which lead a new path to design optical sensing applications in terahertz
frequency range.
50 With the motive of tunability in metasurface response and multifunction-
ality from single metasurface, the proposed work demonstrates the terahertz
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transmission characteristics of all dielectric metasurface whose scattering ele-
ments comprise of indium antimonide which is thermally as well as magneti-
cally controllable and indium arsenide which is magnetostatically controllable.
55 The two layer all dielectric structure shows THz bandstop and bandpass filter-
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ing by switching the magnetic field from 0 to 0.2 T and providing tunability
in transmittance frequency spectrum at an average rate of 0.028T HzK −1 with
the variation in temperature from 290 to 300 K. Thus, it is designed to function
as a bandstop and bandpass in the frequency regime of 0.5-5 THz enabling the
60 considered structure to serve as a multifunctional metasurface.
This research article is organized as follows: structural parameters and de-
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signs are explained in Section 2.1, relative permittivity dependence of material

InSb and InAs on magnetic field and temperature is described in Section 2.2,
numerical results showing two control modalities (thermal and magnetic field)
65 in order to tune the transmittance frequency is described in Section 3, and
conclusions are drawn in section 4.

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2. Background

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2.1. Meta-atom Structural Design

Metasurface is a two dimensional metamaterial comprises of periodic array

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70 of several identical meta-atoms. As shown in Fig. 1 each meta atom is square
of side length arranged periodically in x and y axes with z axis normal to
it, having dimension P ≤ λc /4, where λc is the lowest value of free space
wavelength (λ0 ). The metasurface is ultra-thin and symmetrical hence we have
taken care of homogenization to the structure. Here the structure consists of a
75 top layer square pillar having semiconductor material InAs stacked over another
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semiconductor material InSb as substrate. The geometrical dimensions of meta-
atom are illustrated in Fig. 1(a) where side length of substrate InSb is Px =
Py = 12 µm and thickness of substrate ts = 6 µm, the height (th ) and side
length (l) of InAs pillar are 4 µm and 4 µm, respectively.
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80 2.2. Materials

Both top and bottom layers are made of compound semiconductor InAs and
Insb where, InAs is magnetostatically controlled material [37] and Insb is mag-
netothermally controlled material which shows two way control modalities i.e.
thermally as well as magnetically controlled [35]. We can also use other semi-
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85 conductor materials like gallium arsenide after carrying out suitable changes in
the geometrical parameters of the meta-atom. Both of these materials InAs and
InSb behave as isotropic in absence of magnetic fields and dielectric properties
can be represented by Drude’s model [35]:

ωp2
ϵ(ω) = ϵ∞ − (1)
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ω 2 + iωγ
where, ϵ∞ is high frequency dielectric constant obtained by limiting ω → ∞,
90 γ = π × 1011 rad/s is the damping constant, ω is the angular frequency, and
q
N q2
ωp = m ∗ϵ
0
is the plasma frequency temperature dependent function, N is the
free charge carrier density dependent on temperature given by N = 5.76×1020 ×
T 1.5 e(−0.13/kB T ) , q is the electronic charge, ϵ0 is the vacuum permittivity, and

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Figure 1: (a) Side view of meta-atom and (b) schematic of metasurface showing periodic array

controllable InSb substrate.

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of meta-atom having magnetostatically controllable InAs deposited over magnetothermally

m∗ = 0.015me is the effective mass density. Thus, the complex permittivity

95 of InSb is temperature dependent function that has been utilized here which
provides tuning in frequency spectrum with the variation of temperature ranging
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from 290 K to 300 K with step width of 5 K.
Material InAs is having weak response in the presence of externally applied
temperature. Hence, the magnetic field response for this material has been stud-
100 ied. In the presence of magnetic field both these materials behave as gyroelectric
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anisotropic material and their relative permittivity shows strong dependence on

externally applied magnetic field. In our proposed work for calculation of nu-
merical results we have taken magnetic field along the x-axis which is governed
by following equations [45];

ωp2 (ω 2 + iωγ)
ϵyy = ϵzz = ϵ∞ − 2 (2)
(ω 2 + iωγ) − ω 2 ωc2
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ωωp2 ωp c
ϵzy = −ϵyz = i 2 (3)
(ω 2 + iωγ) − ω 2 ωc2
105
ωp2
ϵxx = ϵ∞ − (4)
ω 2 + iωγ
ϵ∞ = 16.3 is high frequency dielectric constant, ωp is the plasma frequency

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q
N q2
ωp = m∗ ϵ0 , and N = 1.0 × 1023 m−3 is free charge carrier density, and

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m∗ = 4 × 10−3 me is the effective carrier mass; γ = 15 × π1011 rad/s is the
damping constant and ωc is the cyclotron frequency having strong dependence
qB0
110 on magnetic field given by ωc = m∗ .

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2.3. Plane-wave Response

For a typically incident plane wave illuminated on a metasurface its electric

field phasor can be modeled as;

Einc = (Eox x̂ + Eoy ŷ) exp (iko z), (5)

115
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here, the amplitudes Eox and Eoy are complex. The reflected and transmitted
fields must be expressed as double infinite sequence of Floquet harmonics due
to the periodicity of metasurface along the x and y axes. Only the specular
components of the reflected and transmitted fields are non-evanescent as z →
lP
±∞ since all calculations were limited to frequency of 5 THz and the meta-atom
dimensions are chosen to be small enough. As a result, the transmitted electric
120 field can be represented for the relevant functionality of the chosen metasurface
as,
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Etr ≃ [(τxx Eox + τxy Eoy )x̂ + (τyx Eox + τyy Eoy )ŷ] exp (iko z); z → ±∞ (6)

here, the co-polarized specular transmission coefficients are τxx and τyy , while
the cross-polarized specular transmission coefficients are τxy and τyx . The spec-
trum of only co-polarized specular transmittances Txx = |τxx |2 and Tyy = |τyy |2
125 are provided here because |τxy | and |τyx | were found to be negligibly small as
compared to |τxx | and |τyy |.
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3. Numerical Results and Discussion

The 3-D full wave simulations were carried out on commercial CST stu-
dio 2021 in order to determine the transmission characteristics in the frequency

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Figure 2: Transmittance spectrum (a) Txx and Tyy for the metasurface with B = 0; and (b)
Txx with B ∈ {0, 0.1, 0.2} T at θ = 0o and T = 0.

130 regime 0.5-5 THz. The structural parameters are optimized after several prelim-
inary simulations and the 2D Floquet model was used for simulation because of
lP
periodicity along the x and y axes. An adaptive refinement of a mesh with 11476
number of tetrahedrons was created. Bicontrollability and multifunctionality of
the considered metasurface was investigated with the application of magnetic
135 field which is facilitated by the use of InAs layer whereas the tunability in the
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maximum transmittance frequency was achieved with the variation in temper-

ature of InSb substrate. Fig. 2 and Fig. 3 provide the transmission spectra of
Txx and Tyy of reported metasurface with different values of magnetic field.
The spectrum of Txx shows bandpass transmission filter whereas the spec-
140 trum of Tyy shows both bandpass as well as bandstop transmission filter. It can
be seen from the Fig. 2 that for B = 0, there exists only a bandpass and no
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stop band exists and Txx = Tyy , whereas with the variation in magnetic field
only Txx remains same. Fig. 3 shows the transmission spectra of Tyy with the
variation in magnetic field ∈ {0, 0.1, 0.2} T over the frequency regime of 0.5-5
145 THz. A prominent stopband exists (transmission less than -10 dB) at frequency
2.35 THz (Figure 3(a)) when magnetic field switches from 0 to 0.1 T whereas
in Fig. 3(b) it can be seen that two bandpass exist at frequency 2.15 and 2.545

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Figure 3: Transmittance spectrum Tyy for the metasurface when (a) B = 0.1 T ; and (b) B
= 0.2 T keeping T = 0 and θ = 00 .

THz and a stopband exists at frequency 2.35 THz (transmission less than -26
dB) when magnetic field changes from 0.1 T to 0.2 T.
lP
150 The thermal control modality due to InSb substrate is demonstrated in
Fig. 4 which shows the tunability in the maximum transmittance frequency
is achieved with variation in temperature of substrate InSb. As T increases
from 290 K to 300 K in Fig. 4, the transmittance frequency shows a blue shift
from 2.37 THz to 2.65 THz at an average tuning rate of 0.028 T Hz K −1 .
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155 To better understand the physical mechanism of transmission, the distribu-

tion of electric field density has been studied at resonance frequency 2.35 THz.
As illustrated in Fig. 5(a)-(b), it can be seen that electric field density is low
on the surface when magnetic field is zero and it acts as a bandpass but with
the variation in magnetic field and keeping it at 0.2 T, electric field density is
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160 high on the surface in case of bandstop under normal incident THz wave. The
considered metasurface can also be used as terahertz switch in the ON and OFF
state, depending on the applied magnetic field. When B = 0 , the metasurface
is in the ON state and passes the signal showing near unity transmittance but,
when B = 0.1 T it is in the OFF state and blocks the signals at 2.35 THz as
165 shown in Fig. 3(a). Thus, a single metasurface was designed to function as

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Figure 4: Transmittance spectrum with variation in T ∈ {290, 295, 300} K at B = 0.
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Figure 5: Electric field density with the variation in magnetic field (a) B = 0; and (b) B =
0.2 T at 2.35 THz keeping T = 0.

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Figure 6: Transmittance spectrum with the change of incidence angle at B = 0 and T = 295
K.

bandpass, bandstop filter, and terahertz switch in 0.5-5 THz frequency regime.
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The reported structure is also studied for different incidence angles (θ) as
shown in Fig. 6 where maximum transmittance remains above 0.99 even with
the change of incidence angle from 0o to 45o . As the design is symmetrical thus
170 the proposed metasurface is polarization insensitive in the absence of external
magnetic field and Txx = Tyy .
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4. Conclusion

A multifunctional all-dielectric metasurface consisting of an array of square

pillar structure of InAs on InSb substrate is proposed. Here, InAs layer provides
175 magnetic control and InSb substrate provides thermal and magnetic control.
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This design provides near-unity transmission at frequency spectral regime of 0.5-

5 THz as well as shows a blue shift in maximum transmittance frequency with
the variation in the temperature. The realized metasurface has been designed to
function as bandpass and bandstop filter in the terahertz radiation regime, and
180 also shows applications as a terahertz switch with the application of magnetic
field which shows the multifunctionality from single metasurface. The maximum

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transmittance remains high even with the change of incidence angles and also

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show polarization insensitivity in absence of external magnetic field.

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[45] J. Han, A. Lakhtakia, CW. Qiu, Terahertz metamaterials with semicon-
320 ductor split-ring resonators for magnetostatic tunability - Optics express,
16(19), pp. 14390-14396, 2008

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To,
The Editor- in-Chief,

of
Optik

Subject: SUBMISSION OF A MANUSCRIPT FOR EVALUATION.

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Dear Sir,

We would like to declare no conflict of interest.

With Best Regards, re-

Neha Niharika
PhD Scholar, NIT Patna
Dr. Sangeeta Singh
Assistant Professor, NIT Patna
Pankaj Jha
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Assistant Professor, NIT Patna
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