Optik - International Journal for Light and Electron Optics 228 (2021) 166201

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Optik
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ijleo

Original research article

A frequency reconfigurable microstrip antenna based on graphene

in Terahertz Regime
Khatereh Moradi *, Ali Pourziad, Saeid Nikmehr
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Tabriz, P.O. Box 5166616471, Tabriz, Iran

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: In this paper, a frequency reconfigurable THz antenna is presented. The antenna is a microstrip
THz antennas antenna including a rectangular patch and a slotted ground plane. To realize frequency recon­
Reconfigurable antennas figurable antenna in THz band, graphene is used instead of PIN diodes. The antenna is enable to
Graphene
work in different modes by changing the parameters of graphene. This ability can replace ON or
Terahertz
Microstrip
OFF state of the diode. By working in these different modes, the operation frequency of the
proposed antenna changes from 2.8 to 4.2 THz. Suitable radiation patterns, wide impedance
bandwidth more than 10%, a good impedance matching, and an average gain of 2dB are achieved
throughout the most the antenna’s operation states.

1. Introduction

Reconfigurable antennas have recently attracted more attention of researchers, with the development of the wireless communi­
cation technologies [1]. Unlike conventional antennas that have fixed radiation pattern, polarization or frequencies, reconfigurable
antennas, are capable of changing their operation frequencies, their polarization or direction of their main beam in real time [2].
Designing of reconfigurable antennas faces the antenna designers with difficult challenges. Some factors, such as proper gain, stable
radiation, and a good impedance matching throughout all the antenna’s operation states, require to be considered in such a process
[3]. To realize the frequency reconfigurable properties, there are several main methods [1]. Using the PIN diodes is one of the simple
and applied techniques. In this method switches integrated into the radiating surfaces or feeding networks of antennas and can achieve
reconfigurability. In order to provide an appropriate voltage or current bias a specific network is required to be designed [3]. Various
studies have been done on methods of designing reconfigurable antennas in different frequency bands [4–6]. The proposed design in
[6] is a compact coplanar waveguide-fed flexible antenna for five different applications with frequency bands from 4.3 GHz to 7.5 GHz,
including aeronautical radio navigation AMT fixed services, WLAN, Unlicensed WiMAX and X-band. The electrical length of the
radiator can be changed by applying switches at an appropriate location. So the resonant frequency can be changed and achieve a
frequency reconfigurable antenna [6]. Among the frequency bands, that reconfigurable antennas have been designed and proposed,
Terahertz (THz) frequencies, have recently attracted the attention of the researchers. In THz systems, antennas are the most important
devices [7]. Advances in THz source and detectors, have made new perspective on designing of THz antennas. Various types of an­
tennas such as Bowtie, Yagi, Dipole, patch have been suggested and presented in THz band [8,9]. The recent demand of compact and
tunable THz antennas propels the development of reconfigurable antennas in THz band [10]. As demand for new radiation increases in
THz applications, Reconfigurability is a solution. In fact, the possibility to dynamically tune the far-field properties is required in

* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: kh.moradi@tabrizu.ac.ir (K. Moradi).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2020.166201
Received 11 March 2020; Received in revised form 12 December 2020; Accepted 17 December 2020
Available online 7 January 2021
0030-4026/© 2020 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.
K. Moradi et al. Optik 228 (2021) 166201

modern applications [11]. Common methods such as using PIN diodes for achieving reconfigurable properties at THz up to IR fre­
quencies, have more difficulties and challenges because of some technological limitations at high frequencies such as: (1) low effi­
ciency of rectifying diodes, (2) the mismatch between diodes and antennas, (3) the dispersive behavior of metals [12]. Also, the
conventional switches are not efficient in the terahertz band. Because of mentioned drawbacks an appropriate replacement should be
found in THz frequency range. An important candidate to overcome these barriers that attracted more attention nowadays, is gra­
phene. Fortunately, graphene, by its active complex conductivity can operate as the “switch” for terahertz-frequency devices [13].
Graphene is a mono-atomic thin layer of carbon atoms which arranged in a honeycomb lattice. This planar layer has some indi­
vidual features that make it a potential to overcome some drawback in new technologies, especially at THz band. Field effect and high
electron mobility of graphene in the THz frequencies, cause it to support Plasmon Polariton waves. This feature enables the electrical
tuning and miniaturization of antennas that are important in developing reconfigurable antennas at THz band [10]. Reconfigurable
antennas based on graphene have been proposed in the THz range [14–19]. In [20] The radiation properties of a copper-patch antenna
are compared to those of a graphene-patch antenna presenting the same dimensions that designed for resonating at the frequency of
0.7 THz. For the antenna in [20], graphene is used as a radiator and can dynamically modify the operation frequency of the antenna. In
the early study, graphene was used as the radiator of the antenna [21]. Now graphene can be used as the radiator, ground plane or
switches in antennas. Graphene behaves as a tunable surface. Its surface conductivity depends on frequency and chemical potential.
Thus, graphene can be used as switches in a graphene-based antenna, so the antenna can work in different modes by switching
graphene at on/off state. Unfortunately, graphene shows very high levels of ohmic losses, which leads to degradation of efficiency
[11]. This limitation in radiation efficiency motivated the idea of using metal together with graphene [22]. Using graphene in
combination by metal enables the antenna to have dynamic surface conductivity. In such a structure, changing the chemical potential
can tune the antenna operation. Therefore, by tuning the chemical potential of the graphene embedded in different positions, the
resonance frequency, the radiation pattern and the polarization of the antenna can be controlled [13]. The radiation efficiency is also
enhanced by metal. Although combining graphene and metal cause a trade-off between efficiency and miniaturization of the antenna,
it can provide more efficient reconfigurable antennas. Using graphene in designing reconfigurable antennas has been studied in many
researches [24,25]. Some of them have proposed a hybrid graphene-metal design [22,25], [26]. The work in [24] proposes a dual
bands graphene patch antenna in 2.15–2.2 and 2.56–2.6 THz that has a dynamic reconfiguration by varying the chemical potential of
graphene patch. A graphene-based ribbon antenna is presented in [27]. In [21] a pattern reconfigurable quasi-Yagi-Uda antenna is
proposed. The antenna elements are metallic. Graphene is used as a switch. Different radiation pattern can be achieved by applying a
bias voltage and changing graphene state. In [26], a THz loop antenna operating at 1.1 THz is presented. The proposed antenna is
composed of a metal loop antenna and graphene reflector. Using graphene in this structure enables beam reconfiguration. The gra­
phene is introduced as a kind of material to adjust polarization in the design of patch antennas and performance of graphene in
controlling the antenna polarization in the patch antennas, is proposed in [29].
In this paper, a reconfigurable antenna in the THz band is proposed. The structure consists of a hybrid of metal and graphene. Metal
is used to increase radiation efficiency, and graphene provides tuneability in the antenna. Graphene is placed in a proper situation in
the ground plane and acts as PIN diodes. It changes the operation frequency band of the antenna that leads to different states when its
chemical potential switches between two values and making ON or OFF states. Also, it creates more states with closer frequency bands
when its chemical potential sweeps a range of chemical potential in parametric form.

2. Antenna design

2.1. Graphene model

Graphene is considered as an extremely thin sheet and can be equivalent by a surface with conductivity σ (ω, μc , Γ,T). This surface
conductivity depends on frequency ω, chemical potential μc , relaxation time τ = 1/(2Γ) and temperature T, computed by Kubo’s
formula as Eq.s (1) to (3) [30]. It consists of intraband term and interband term. Interband term indicates the physical phenomenon of
the electron-hole pairs generation and recombination. While Intraband term depends on the free-carriers. In THz range (below the
infrared), σinter is negligible and the conductivity can express only by intraband term. Outside of this frequency range, σ inter is the
dominate term [30].
σg = σinter + σ intra (1)
( ( ))
− je2 kB T μc μc
σ intra = + 2ln e− kB T
+1 (2)
πℏ(ω − 2jΓ) kB T
( )
e2 2|μc | − (ω + 2jΓ)ℏ
σ inter (ω.μc .Γ.T) = j ln (3)
4π ℏ 2|μc | + (ω + 2jΓ)ℏ

where T is temperature, KB is Boltzman’s constant, e denotes the electron charge, τ is the relaxation time, ℏ is the reduced Planck’s
√̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
constant, μc is the chemical potential of graphene, ω is the angular frequency, and j is − 1 [7]. The chemical potential μc can be
controlled by bias voltage, especially in THz bands. Increasing the chemical potential, decreases the real and imaginary parts of
complex surface impedance Zs = 1/σ of graphene. Therefore, the surface conductivity and impedance can vary by controlling the
chemical potential [21–24]. This adjustable behavior of graphene surface in the terahertz region makes graphene a fantastic candidate

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K. Moradi et al. Optik 228 (2021) 166201

Fig. 1. Configuration of antenna (a) top view, (b) bottom view.

Table 1
The dimensions of the antenna.
parameter (μm) parameter (μm) parameter (μm)

Lsub 40 Lf 1 L4 2
Wsub 40 Wf 1.5 W4 1.5
Ls 11 L1 2.5 Lc 1.5
Ws 17 W1 14 Wc 1
Wp 10 L2 5.5 t 0.017
Lp 10 W2 10 h 0.8
Lfs 3 L3 1.5
Wfs 0.5 W3 5.5

in designing reconfigurable antennas for terahertz applications [28].

2.2. Antenna geometry

The proposed antenna is designed on a 0.8 μm thick Quartz with εr = 3.75. The metal patch and feed line with the thickness of t =
0.017μm are placed on the Quartz substrate. To obtain easy fabrication, a simple structure has been chosen. The initial idea comes from
the previous works that have been proposed in the microwave region by PIN diodes. The dimensions of graphene-based nano-patch
antennas in terahertz bands usually are in the order of microns. The size of the Quartz substrate is Lsub = Wsub = 40 μm. The top view
and bottom view of the proposed antenna are shown in Fig. 1. The dimensions are listed in Table 1. The metal ground plane of the
antenna is slotted. To realize reconfigurability, three small pieces of single-layer graphene plates are placed on the slotted ground
plane, to connect or disconnect the metal structure of the ground. These graphene plates denoted by P1, P2 and P3. Each graphene
plate behaves as a PIN diode in a RF reconfigurable antenna. Cutting the ground plane change the resonant frequencies, as well as
inserting graphene PINs as a switch on it, and creating different modes to achieve reconfigureability. the ground has been utilized for
achieving reconfigurability so the patch and feed line being intact.

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K. Moradi et al. Optik 228 (2021) 166201

Fig. 2. The return losses of the antenna in different ON or OFF states.

Fig. 3. The gain of the antenna in different ON or OFF states.

As noted in the previous section, the graphene sheet is characterized by a complex and variable surface conductivity (σ s ) depends
on the chemical potential μc . Changing μc and then this surface conductivity, makes the graphene to have high or low resistance and
reactance, so connect or disconnect the metal strip sectors. This performance is similar to the role of PIN diodes in conventional RF
antennas and will affect the resonance frequency of the antenna.

3. Results and discussion (antenna performance)

The proposed antenna is simulated using the commercial software CST 2018. To conclude, some main antenna parameters such as
the resonance frequency, the return losses, the gain and the impedance bandwidth, in different states are analysed. For graphene
plates, temperature T = 300 K, a relaxation time τ = 0.1 ps, and the thickness of 0.34 nm are considered. Considering different values
for chemical potential can change the conductivity and surface resistance of each single-layer graphene PIN. Therefore, the operating
frequency of the antenna can be dynamically tuned. There are three graphene plates in the proposed structure, that two of them are in
the same situation because of symmetrical properties of the structure, so by considering three graphene plates in ON or OFF state as PIN
diodes, six different modes can be considered for ON or OFF state. Since at a given frequency, the real and imaginary parts of the
graphene surface impedance decrease with μc , the graphene plate has low impedance and low losses in high μc and behaves as a short
circuit or ON state. Also, for low μc , we have high losses and minimum current flow, so we can consider this as an open circuit or Off
state. So μc = 0.1 eV and μc = 4 eV are considered for OFF and ON states, respectively. For the OFF mode, although the lowest value of
the chemical potential is zero, given that placing zero for the chemical potential removes part of the graphene conductance rela­
tionship and it is a special case that is slightly different from when the chemical potential has a value, so we preferred to consider 0.1 eV
instead of zero for OFF mode. On the other hand, according to [31], μc > 0.05 eV is a practical condition for which the conductivity of
graphene can be computed by Kubo’s formula as Eqs. (1) to (3) and the intra-band term dominates and can be described as similar to
the Drude model. The return losses and the gains of the antenna versus frequency in different operation states when the graphene
plates are used in ON or OFF state like PIN diodes, are depicted in Figs. 2 and 3. The corresponding radiation patterns in the resonance
frequency of each state are exhibited in Fig. 4. In order to better arguing on the results, the intended results extracted from these figures
to a table. Table 2 gives the summarized results achieved for parameters of the antenna in different ON or OFF states. It is seen from
Table 2 that the resonant frequency of different modes can change over the frequency range of 2.8–4.2 THz. The results show a good
impedance matching (≤ -15 dB) for all states from 2.8 to 4.2 THz, and the impedance bandwidth is greater than 10 %. Also the peak
gain of the antenna is generally flat and as is illustrated in Table 2, varying from -3 to 2.3 dB in tuning range. The results show that,
maximum resonance frequency is achieved in the state 2 that all graphene PINs are considered ON, and the minimum resonance
frequency is for state 1 that graphene PINs are OFF.
The highest efficiency is related to state 1 and the lowest is related to state 4. Also, Fig. 4 show that all states at their resonance
frequency provide a dipole-like patterns that are omni-directional in H-plane and bidirectional in E-plane. The antenna has linear
polarization and the cross-polarization level in all states is low. Although there are increasing cross polarization in state 3 and 5 and it is
because in these states, status of P1 is opposite to P2 that causes the structure be asymmetric. As expected, since the goal is to obtain a
frequency reconfigureable antenna, the antenna must change the resonance frequency, while other parameters such as pattern and
polarization remain unchanged. In order to show the effect of the switches, surface current distribution on the ground and patch for

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(caption on next page)

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K. Moradi et al. Optik 228 (2021) 166201

Fig. 4. The E-plane and H-plane radiation patterns of the antenna in the resonance frequency for each six state respectively.

Table 2
The results for different ON or OFF states.
Switch status
On : μc = 4 eV electrical Gain
Rad. Effic. in the resonance
Off : μc = length in the resonance
ON or OFF states fr (THz) S11 (dB) BW % frequency
0.1 eV Lp frequency
(dB)
λg (dB)
P1 P2 P3

1 off off off 2.8 0.18 − 17.9 10 2.3 − 1.44

2 on on on 4.2 0.27 − 23.6 10.9 0.97 − 4.26
on off off
3 3.2 0.20 − 22 11.8 2.1 − 1.89
off on off
4 off off on 3.49 0.22 − 45.6 13.5 − 3 − 7.57
off on on
5 3.76 0.24 − 22.7 13 − 0.3 − 4.65
on off on
6 on on off 3.76 0.24 − 19.1 11.2 2.1 − 2.44

Fig. 5. The current distribution on bottom of the antenna in the resonance frequency of six states respectively.

each state have been demonstrated in Figs. 5 and 6. The situation of graphene plates has been highlighted on the figure by a dashed
circle. The current distribution properly shows the behavior of graphene plates like PIN diode in ON or OFF state. Due to change in
graphene conductivity, via switching graphene chemical potential in creating ON or OFF mode, surface current distribution on the
ground plane and radiating patch varies. So different resonance frequency achieved in different states.
Also, rather than only ON or OFF states of the graphene plates, to investigate the impact of the chemical potential on antenna
operation and making more different and continuous states, each μc parameter for one of the graphene plate is changed, while the other
two are off or on. To this, μc is considered in the range of 0-− 2 eV. It should also be noted that due to the symmetry of the structure, the
status of P1 and P2 is the same. Therefore, seven different modes can be considered for the parametric states. The simulation results for
the return loss over frequency in different states and by parametric changing of chemical potential, as explained above, are shown in
Figs. 7–13.
The possible states and the obtained results for various parameters of the antenna are extracted from Figs. 7–13, and summarized in
Table 3 and are listed in detail for each chemical potential in Table 4. In order to have better understanding of the effect of the chemical
potential on some parameters of the antenna in Table 4, the resonance frequency, the gain and the bandwidth, in each parametric state
and in dependence of the chemical potential, depicted as graphs that are shown respectively in Figs. 14–16. As observed from Fig. 14,
in all parametric state, increasing the chemical potential shifts the resonance frequency toward higher frequencies with an identical
slope. This frequency changing provide more different continuous states. It is interesting to note that from Figs. 15 and 16, the effect of
chemical potential on the gain and bandwidth for all parametric states is relatively similar except for parametric 3 and 5. It is because
of that in these states P3 are ON, and the surface current path on the ground plane are different from other states. Many papers have

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K. Moradi et al. Optik 228 (2021) 166201

Fig. 6. The current distribution on top of the antenna in the resonance frequency of six states respectively.

Fig. 7. The effect of chemical potential of graphene in the range of 0 ≤ μc ≤ 2 on the return losses for parametric state 1.

Fig. 8. The effect of chemical potential of graphene in the range of 0 ≤ μc ≤ 2 on the return losses for parametric state 2.

used graphene in the design of reconfigurable antennas in the THz frequency range, but the number of designs that are proposed to the
frequency reconfigurability, while having acceptable features, is much less. In many cases, graphene is used as a radiator, which
reduces the efficiency. For example, in [24,20], graphene is used as a patch, they have a lower frequency range than the structure
proposed in this paper, and they have not created a variety of configurations. Articles such as [21,22,25,26], which use graphene and
metal combination, are often provided for pattern reconfiguration, not the frequency reconfiguration. Therefore, the idea of using
graphene as PIN diodes especially on the ground plane of microstrip antennas is very novel and has not presented in this form. In
comparison to other frequency reconfigurable antennas in the terahertz range, the proposed design, while maintaining its metal
structure, also has the ability to adjust the graphene. Also, compared with other designs, the proposed antenna has a wider range of the

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K. Moradi et al. Optik 228 (2021) 166201

Fig. 9. The effect of chemical potential of graphene in the range of 0 ≤ μc ≤ 2 on the return losses for parametric state 3.

Fig. 10. The effect of chemical potential of graphene in the range of 0 ≤ μc ≤ 2 on the return losses for parametric state 4.

Fig. 11. The effect of chemical potential of graphene in the range of 0 ≤ μc ≤ 2 on the return losses for parametric state 5.

Fig. 12. The effect of chemical potential of graphene in the range of 0 ≤ μc ≤ 2 on the return losses for parametric state 6.

operation frequencies with simple geometry and provides much more varied states in frequency reconfiguration. In addition, there is a
good impedance bandwidth across the entire frequency range, and also suitable radiation pattern in most cases. In our structure,
graphene is used only as a PIN and is placed on the ground and behind the substrate. And the metallic power line and patch are located
above the substrate. Therefore, the power line and graphene plates are located on both sides of the substrate and are available for
connection to the voltage source or power supply. Nevertheless, there are many challenges in fabrication process of THz antenna that
must be considered. Exploiting bonding technique is a working approach. In this technique, the ground layer is separately deposited on
a thin film and top layer place on another layer and finally, these layers joint together [7].

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K. Moradi et al. Optik 228 (2021) 166201

Fig. 13. The effect of chemical potential of graphene in the range of 0 ≤ μc ≤ 2 on the return losses for parametric state 7.

Table 3
The considered parametric states and the results for each state.
Switches status
fr (min) fr (max) Min Gain Max Gain
Parametric = 0 ≤ μc ≤ 2 S11
Parametric states BW % (in range) (in range)
(THz) (THz) (dB)
(dB) (dB)
P1 P2 P3

Parametric off off

State 1 2.79 3.1 ≤ -15 ≥ 8.9 1.6 2.5
off Parametric off
State 2 off off Parametric 2.8 3.14 ≤ -16 ≥ 10 − 0.68 2.59
Parametric on on
State 3 3.74 4.1 ≤ -20 ≥ 11.5 − 0.3 0.34
on Parametric on
State 4 on on Parametric 3.74 3.97 ≤ -19 ≥ 10.5 1.43 2.25
Parametric off on
State 5 3.48 3.76 ≤ -22 ≥ 13.3 − 3 − 1.2
off Parametric on
Parametric on off
State 6 3.19 3.62 ≤ -16 ≥ 11.1 1.56 2.3
on Parametric off
off on Parametric
State 7 3.2 3.49 ≤ -23 ≥ 11.3 0.71 2.28
on off Parametric

Table 4
Achieved results for different chemical potentials in different parametric states.
State 1 State 2 State 3 State 4 State 5 State 6 State 7

f r (THz) 2.79 2.8 3.74 3.74 3.48 3.19 3.2

S11 (dB) − 15.98 − 16.4 − 24.6 − 19.7 − 34.74 − 25.67 − 23.92
0
Gain (dB) 2.5 2.59 − 0.28 2.25 − 3 2.3 2.28
BW % 8.9 10 12.6 10.69 13.5 11.3 11.56
f r (THz) 2.9 2.86 3.87 3.79 3.56 3.34 3.26
S11 (dB) − 30.88 − 17.68 − 21.3 − 19.6 − 34.39 − 18.45 − 24.55
0.5
Gain (dB) 1.76 1.86 − 0.3 2.01 − 2.3 1.7 1.93
BW % 11.4 10.1 12.7 10.55 13.48 11.1 11.69
f r (THz) 2.99 2.95 3.97 3.85 3.6 3.46 3.33
S11 (dB) − 31.2 − 18.99 − 20.99 − 20.5 − 28.76 − 17.1 − 25.57
Chemical potential (eV) 1
Gain (dB) 1.6 1 − 0.1 1.81 − 1.9 1.56 1.5
BW % 12.3 11.9 12.1 11.16 13.29 11.3 12.3
f r (THz) 3.05 3.04 4.04 3.91 3.66 3.55 3.4
S11 (dB) − 25.96 − 20.81 − 21.3 − 21.2 − 26.27 − 17.2 − 25.98
1.5
Gain (dB) 1.6 0.15 0.12 1.61 − 1.57 1.61 1.1
BW % 12.1 13.3 11.9 11.5 13.39 11.55 12.65
f r (THz) 3.11 3.14 4.09 3.97 3.69 3.61 3.48
S11 (dB) − 24 − 23 − 21.78 − 21.8 − 24.95 − 17.34 − 25.62
2
Gain (dB) 1.7 − 0.68 0.34 1.43 − 1.2 1.7 0.71
BW % 12.6 13.8 11.5 11.59 12.73 11.1 12.9

4. Conclusion

In this work, it was shown that in THz frequencies graphene can operate as PIN diodes or switches in reconfigurable antenna. Its
tuneable surface conductivity enables the tenability of the antennas and it can overcome challenges in applying diodes or switches in

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K. Moradi et al. Optik 228 (2021) 166201

Fig. 14. The effect of chemical potential of graphene in the range of 0 ≤ μc ≤ 2 on the resonance frequency for parametric states.

Fig. 15. The effect of chemical potential of graphene in the range of 0 ≤ μc ≤ 2 on the gain for parametric states.

Fig. 16. The effect of chemical potential of graphene in the range of 0 ≤ μc ≤ 2 on the bandwidth for parametric states.

THz bands. In addition, by using graphene as a switch, it is possible to introduce more states by changing the potential of graphene. The
antenna proposed in this paper has the ability to reconfigure the frequency by switching between the various modes of the graphene
PINs, while providing this functionality for antennas in terahertz band by commonly used diodes or switches is challenging.

Declaration of Competing Interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to
influence the work reported in this paper.

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