Experimental evidence for scalar fields

The controversy over longitudinal Ampère forces has persisted for over 170 years now, and it is clear
that this discussion can not be settled solely by theoretical arguments, since several force laws exists
that do or do not describe longitudinal forces acting on current elements. This force is one of the
measurable 'scalar field' effects, since a scalar field mediates this force. Other scalar field effects are
longitudinal electroscalar waves (wired and wireless) that transport energy from A to B, and
thermoscalar effects.

Experimental evidence for longitudinal Ampère force

Experimental evidence for longitudinal electric waves

Experimental evidence for thermoscalar effects

Experiments that prove the existence of the longitudinal Ampère force

Several scientific experiments actually prove the existence of longitudinal Ampère forces, a.k.a.
'Ampère tension'. Lars Johansson wrote a great Master of Science Thesis on this subject, which shows an
excellent overview of experiments that prove this force. Several experimental scientists, such as
Ampère, de la Rive, Hering, Neumann, Tait, Nasilowski, Ruscak and Bruce, and Graneau & Graneau,
confirm the existence of this force via a wide variety of experiments (see list, right):

wire fragmentation (observed by dr. Nasilowski and dr. Tesla)

multi arc generator (observed by Ruscak and Bruce)

railgun recoil (observed by Neil Graneau and Peter Graneau)

stress between parts of an electric circuit called 'impulse pendulum' (Pappas, Moyssides and Peoglos)
liquid metal experiments, such as Ampère's hairping experiment, the liquid mercury fountain
experiment (Ampère, de la Rive, Hering, Graneau, Northrup)

stretching of chained conductors (Hering, Graneau)

electrodynamic explosions in water, water-arcs explosions (Graneau)

The Aharonov Bohm experiment, reviewed

Probably the best way of proving the existence of longitudinal Ampère 'stress' forces, is by means of
Aharonov-Bohm type of experiments (see picture). Timothy Boyer has provided a classical (not quantum
mechanical) explanation of the A-B experiment. This experiment is based on the interference pattern of
electrons, influenced by a shielded solenoid. The currents in the solenoid causes a phase shift in an
electron-wave that travels in a region free of external electric and magnetic fields, see situation (a) in
the picture, the black dot represents the solenoid. This phase shift is visible as an interference pattern
on an electron detection screen.

In stead of a phase shift, this effect can be explained as a non-shieldable force acting on the passing
electrons, according to T. Boyer. This force is also described as a "back action force" and is obviously
longitudinal and proportional to the speed of the electron, see situation (b) in the picture. Experiments
still need to be done in order to show that the electron wave packets are actually spacially shifted by the
shielded solenoid, in stead of just having a relative phase shift. Calculations show that Boyer's classical
force hypothesis leads to the same observed results. Since the Lorentz force does not imply a
longitudinal force, Gronniger et.al speculate about a "violation" of Newton's third law of motion, in
stead of putting into question the validity of the Lorentz force law which does not satisfy Newton's third
law anyway.

AB effect

According to my generalized Maxwell-Lorentz theory, a longitudinal scalar field force F→S=qv→S on the
electrons exists, which is proportional to the velocity of the free electrons passing the solenoid. Note
that the path of the electrons passing the solenoid is not a closed path. The total vector potential of all
the charges, including the free electrons (!) is not divergence free ( ∇⋅A→≠0 ). Only the magnetic field of
coil current elements that are parallel to the electron path and metal plates are shielded, but the scalar
field of coil current elements perpendicular to the electron path and metal plates are not shielded, and
give rise to four regions of negative and positive scalar fields that accelerate and decellerate the passing
electrons. This is a far better 'classical' explanation for the A-B effect than the assumption of an
electrical drag force: the mediating force is a non-shielded scalar field force that acts parallel to the
direction of speed of the passing electrons, such that Newton's third law of motion is not violated. On
the contrary, a scalar field force restores Newton' third law of motion for non-circuital currents, without
the need to refer to the momentum of free electromagnetic fields.

It would be very interesting to do A-B type of experiments with a shielded and pulsed voltage source, in
stead of a solenoid.

Experiments with wireless longitudinal electric waves

Dr. Tesla was probably the first experimental scientists who mentioned the existence of longitudinal
electric waves in different media types. Tesla claimed his transmitter induced waves such that Hertz
waves were neglegible. Officially such waves occur only in plasma media, and do not occur in vacuum or
metallic wires. The generalization of the Maxwell-Lorentz theory allows for Tesla's longitudinal electric
waves in vacuum and metallic wires. In order to prove the existence of such waves, it is best to construct
a transmitter-receiver system and measure the wave properties of the transmitted signals. These
properties should be:

the signal shows a frequency (it is not a static Coulomb field)

the signal shows a phase shift between two points of measurement at different distances from the
signal source (it is not a variable Coulomb field).

the polarization of the electric field must be longitudinal (it is not a TEM wave)

The famous experiment by Heinrich Hertz in order to detect TEM waves was such that a phase shift was
measured between points at various distances from the signal source. Hertz also discovered that the
wireless TEM waves travelled faster than the control signal waves guided by wires. There are also a few
physicists who reported results on non-Hertzian waves, which will be summerized here.

Monstein & Wesley published a paper with title "Observation of scalar longitudinal electrodynamic
wave". It describes an experiment with a spherical ball antenna that sends longitudinal electric waves,
and receiver in the form of a cubic array of nine 'half-wave length' wires, capable of detecting the
electric field polarity of the received waves. Monstein & Wesley made the assumption that the vector
potential A→ is negligible, so only the the scalar potential Φ is necessary for describing the waves
emitted by the ball antenna. Their theory is almost the same as my theory, except for a minor error and
the following assumption: the speed of the longitudinal electric wave is c. Equation (2) in this paper
comes 'out of the blue' and is not mathematically derived. Without the notion of a scalar field S, as
defined within my generalized theory, this equation does not make much sense. Although Wesley &
Monstein describe the frequency of the signal and measure the polarization of the signal which is
longitudinal, see picture of polarization measurement instrument (right), they are silent on the required
phase shift between points of measurement at different distances from the signal source. Therefore,
their experiment can not be taken as proof for the existence of longitudinal electroscalar waves,
because the measured signal might be a time varying Coulomb field.

polarization measurment

The paper by Ignatiev and Leus "ON A SUPERLUMINAL TRANSMISSION AT THE PHASE VELOCITY"
describes the signal transmission from a spherical send antenna to a remote receiver (1.5 Km away). The
reported phase velocity of the signal is 1.12 c. A phase shift is measured between two points of
measurement on different distance from the signal source, not only of the wireless signal, but also of a
fiber-optic control signal. The authors of this paper do not describe the measurement of the polarization
of the electric field component of the wave. However, calculations by the authors show that generation
of TEM waves by the signal source is negligible, and only longitudinal electric fields are expected to be
emitted by the spherical send antenna. This is a reasonable assumption, but a measured electric field
polarization would have been more convincing in order to prove the existence of longitudinal electric
waves. I consider this experiment as interesting evidence, but not fully conclusive evidence.

However, the combined evidence of Ignatiev, Leus, Monstein and Wesley, for the existence of
longitudinal electro-scalar waves is strong.

Experiment with gravitic radiation

Evgeny Podkletnov created an impulse gravity generator that emits an unusual type of massless
radiation. It is based on an electric discharge from a disk made of YBCO, see picture. This disk is super
cooled by liquid nitrogen such that it becomes superconducting. Then it is charged to over a million
volts, until a discharge occurs. The sudden discharge causes the emission of an impulse beam parallel to
the velocity direction of the discharged electrons, see the red arrow. The massless beam seems to be
gravitic in nature: it sets pendulums into motion, see picture of pendulum in glass container. The gravitic
force on the pendulum is independent of the chemical composition of the pendulum, and it is
proportional to the pendulum mass. Note that just before the discharge there is a very strong electric
field between the two electrodes. During the discharge this electric field collapses (travels away?), so if
the gravity impulse has an electric field component, it is likely to be longitudinal. This beam is not an
ordinary TEM wave: Podkletnov has measured the speed of the signal, it is more than 64 times the
speed of TEM waves in vacuum. It passes through metal shields and it can be measured hundreds of
meters away from the emitter. I assume that this beam does not have a transversal magnetic field
component, otherwise it would be shielded by metal plates. Beside a gravitic effect, Podkletnov reports
an energy amplification effect: the gravity impulse beam represents an energy flow that is higher than
the initial electric input energy for charging the electrodes.

At the other side there is a danger zone of harmful radiation. This radiation is somehow different from
the 'gravity impulse beam'. This asymmetry is the also an indication that there are macroscopic electro-
scalar field components in both the 'gravity impulse beam' and in the danger zone radiation, but with
opposite direction and sign. According to Petkov's theory, the 'gravitic' effect is due to a distortion of the
Coulomb fields of all the particles in massive objects that are exposed to the gravity impulse beam.

Podkletnov's impulse beam experiment confirms Tesla's geodynamic teleforce claim, which was based
on Tesla's high voltage high frequency experiments. There is no doubt that superconductivity of the
YBCO electrode has consequences for the macroscopic electrodynamics, beside the occurrence of
quantum effects. For instance, the discharge impulse becomes very abrupt, since there is no electric
potential (zero resistance) between two points in the superconducting YBCO emitter. The electric
potential across the electrodes has the same value for all the electrons in the YBCO emitter, thus after
reaching break-down voltage the electrons will all jump simultaneously. The magnetic field of the coils
further damps the oscillation in the the discharge current, such that the drop in electric potential is even
more abrupt. The shorter the discharge pulse (its rise time), the more forceful becomes the gravitic
effect on the pendulum. A quote from Podkletnov: "The output force depends on the voltage and also
on the effect of how sharp the the impulse is. If the rise-time of the impulse is long in duration, then we
have a lower-power impulse, and if it is very sharp -- I mean the voltage rises very fast -- then the effect
is very large and is able to bend metal plates". This clearly indicates that scalar field factor -ε0σ0∂Φ∂t
can be associated with these measurable effects.

The most useful application of Podkletnov's experiment would be to 'catch' the extra energy, in exactly
the same way Edwin Gray and Nikola Tesla transformed the massless beam energy back into "ordinary"
electricity. The way to do this: use large metal plates (or metal grids) to 'catch' the impulse beam, and
use a big coil to transform the energy into a magnetic field, and then further into useful electricy. If
Podkletnov can do this, then I will move this section to my "free energy devices" page.
Podkletnov's impulse gravity generator

pendulum

Experiments with single wire power transmission

Tesla showed it is possible to transport considerable electrical power along a single transmission line
(without return wire) in London in 1892: Tesla connected two Tesla transformers with a single wire, see
picture right.

Avramenko plugStanislav Avramenko modernised the receiver at the end of the single wire by means of
the patented 'Avramenko plug' that consists of two diodes and a capacitor, see picture.

The big question: is the energy flow over the single wire a transveral electromagnetic wave, or a
longitudinal electric wave? Acording to the Maxwell theory, it can only be an transversal
electromagnetic wave, but in that case there should be a return wire since the electric field is
transversal (perpendicular) to the wire. The "experts" will tell you that ground is the return wire: the
electric field is perpendicular to the single wire and the ground. This is called "single wire earth return
transmission". It will prove to be very difficult to actually measure the currents in 'ground' in order to
save the Maxwell-Lorentz theory and the Poynting energy flow vector. For an alternative explanation
for the single wire energy flow I refer to my generalized theory of electrodynamics, which describes a
longitudinal electric wave carrying energy in case it is in interaction with a scalar field wave. This
explanation for the electric energy flow over a single wire does not require an "earth return circuit".
Avramenko describes the wire signal as a longitudinal wave of an electric field. Tesla described the wave
phenomena that he induced as longitudinal. Then who is right: these experimental scientists or the
meanstream scientist who sticks to the Maxwell-Lorentz theory?

By applying Avramenko's plug, it should be easy to determine what kind of wave constitute the single
wire energy flow. In case the single wire is positioned high above ground or earth, and this high position
does not have any effect on the energy flow through the wire (the transmitted power is independent of
the wire height), then the energy flow can be explained only by means of the longitudinal electroscalar
wave. Keep in mind that the load, that is connected to the single wire via Avramenko's plug at the
receiving end, is not wired to ground or earth, and therefore the transversal electric field (transversal to
wire and ground) across the load is negligible, in case the load and single wire are high above ground.

Tesla's patented single wire transmission

Thermoscalar effects

A scalar field S can explain two unsual types of thermic effects in metals or plasmas, since the
longitudinal scalar field force F→S=qv→S accelerates or decelerates charged particles, independent of
the direction of speed. These unusual thermoscalar effects are:

Metal jellification effect. Suppose S>0, then all positive ions or nuclei in this field are accelerated while
all negative ions and all electrons in this field are decelerated. For instance this has an effect on metals:
the speed of conduction electrons is greatly reduced while the vibration speed of the metal nuclei is
slightly increased,. The initial speed of the nuclei is much smaller than the initial speed of the
conductance electrons, therefore the decellerating force on the conductance electrons is much higher.
The 'conductance electron temperature' drops considerably, and this causes electrons to change their
free conductance state into a bound state, see the Fermi-Dirac statistics of conduction electrons. Now
that many conduction electrons disappeared, also the 'glue' that holds together the metal nuclei is
partially gone. The metallic bonds are weakened greatly by the positive scalar field. This explains why a
metal object, placed in a positive scalar field, melts, distorts, ruptures, etc ... without noticeable rise in
temperature of the metal! Also the phenomenon of breaking, even exploding, wires might be explained
by weakened metallic bonds because of this thermic positive scalar field effect.

Cold current effect. Suppose S<0, then the positively charged metal nuclei are decelerated (cooled
down) while the conduction electrons are accelerated by the longitudinal scalar field force. Also,
electrons in bound state can change into the conduction state, because of the electron accelerating
scalar field. This could very well explain the cold current phenomenon where the temperature of
conductive medium drops slightly and at the same time an extra strong current is observed. Accelerated
conduction electrons diffuse away from the 'scalar field spot' into a nearby area with less energetic
electrons. Several researchers have observed this cold current phenomenon, such as Nikola Tesla,
Thomas Moray and Edwin Gray.