Which of the following scenarios are presented by UNEP as African trade foci

(1) All in together approach

(2) going global
(3) good neighbors
(4) Paris Agreement

United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) focuses on various aspects related to

sustainable development and environmental issues, including trade.

How many kilograms of plastic does the world currently annually equal for each of the
planets 7 billion people

(1) 45kg
(2) 40kg
(3) 35 kg
(4) 50 kg

Which soil conservation strategy is practiced by utilizing the large quantities (Carbon
sequestration/Carbon storage)

(1) Kihamba agroforestry

(2) Fanya juu
(3) Konso terracing
(4) Bench terracing

● Kihamba agroforestry - Mnt Kilimanjaro, Tanzania

● Fanya juu - Machakos, Kenya (terracing)
● Konso terracing - Ethiopia
● Bench terracing - Tigray in the Ethiopian Highlands and the Kigezi region in
south-western Uganda

What is True of hydraulic fracturing

(1) It cannot be used below 100 feet

(2) It uses water, sand and chemicals to break rock formations
 (3) It uses very little water
(4) It does not raise environmental concerns

What is the correct definition of Sovereign state?

(1) A sovereign state is a state that is administered and governed by a single communist
party
(2) A sovereign state can determine its internal affairs in a clearly marked territory
consisting of a political community.
(3) A sovereign state is an environmental dispossession of people who effectively lose
access to once commonly shared resources now controlled by the state (including
woodlands and watercourses).
(4) A sovereign state consists of different sets of political relations and institutions that
exude outwards from a centre over which it exercises a monopoly

What are the disadvantages of fracking or hydraulic fracturing?

(1) Unclear long-term effects of fracking

(2) May strengthen the economy of some countries
(3) Methane emissions related to fracking
(4) Earthquakes become more likely due to fracking

What factors are considered as the significant impact on soil resources in the
Anthropocene periods

(1) Decreased fossil fuel exploitation of fossil fuels

(2) Increase demand for food
(3) Increase in agricultural activities
(4) Population growth

Which of the following is an international agreement to UNFCCC

(1) Reducing carbon tax

(2) Sustainability
(3) The Kyoto Protocol
(4) Green growth

Which type of pollution refers to how pollutants can change how large-scale
ecological system operates

(1) Systematic forms of pollution

(2) Periodic forms of pollution
(3) Exotic forms of pollution
(4) Cumulative forms of pollution

Systemic pollution refers to pollution that pervades or affects an entire system, such as an
ecosystem, a region, or even the entire planet. It involves the widespread presence of
pollutants in different components of the environment, leading to interconnected and
systemic impacts.
- Eg. If a specific pollutant, like a persistent organic pollutant or a heavy metal, is
present in air, water, and soil across a broad geographic area, causing harm to
various organisms and ecosystems, it could be considered a form of systemic
pollution.

Cumulative pollution refers to the gradual build-up or accumulation of pollutants over time in
a specific environment or location. It takes into account the long-term effects of repeated
exposure to pollutants and considers the cumulative impact on the ecosystem.
- Eg. If a river receives pollutants from multiple point sources (such as industrial
discharges and agricultural runoff) over an extended period, the cumulative effect of
these inputs could lead to water quality degradation, impacting aquatic life and
downstream ecosystems.

Which greenhouse gas is released from landfill sites

(1) Methane
(2) Lead
(3) Arsenic
(4) Carbon Dioxide

Which of the following are associated with the Anthropocene impacts on biodiversity

(1) Overhunting
(2) Overharvesting
(3) Land use change
(4) Sea sprays

Which renewable energy policies are the instruments that can be used to achieve
Sustainable Development Goals (SDG)

(1) Ensure access to affordable and clean energy

(2) Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts
(3) Sustainable and modern energy for all
(4) All of the above (MOROCCO CASE STUDY)

The 17 SDGs are:

1. No poverty
2. Zero hunger
3. Good health and well-being
4. Quality Education
5. Gender equality
6. Clean water and sanitation
7. Affordable and clean energy
8. Decent work and economic growth
9. Industry, innovation and infrastructure
10. Reduced inequalities
11. Sustainable cities and communities
12. Responsible consumption and production
13. Climate action
14. Life below water
15. Life on land
16. Peace, justice and strong institutions
17. Partnerships for the goals (UNDP 2017)

Which of the following are aligned with the adoption policies to cope with the effects
of climate change

(1) Flood protection

(2) Changes in agricultural techniques
(3) Freshwater conservation
(4) The increase in the burning of fossil fuels for energy generation

Building Urban resilience to climate change is closely related to how Africa will
address the twin issue

(1) rapid urbanisation

(2) accelerated change in global temperatures
(3) traffic congestion
(4) informal settlements

Which one of the following DOES NOT explain the term Anthropocene?

(1) An idea that holds that Earth’s ecology and ecosystems as priority
(2) A term that is increasingly used to define a new planetary epoch.
(3) One in which humans have become the dominant force shaping Earth’s
biogeophysical composition and processes.
(4) A term proposed to describe the current moment (or epoch) in geology in which the
effects of human activities alter the fundamental geochemical of the earth.

The building of the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) by the Ethiopian
government in the Nile Basin places itself under which theory

(1) Cornucopian
(2) Malthusian
(3) Marxist

What is considered the major threat of Africa Biodiversity

(1) Climate change

(2) Habitat modification
(3) Overexploitation
(4) Invasive alien species
What role can you play in landscape restoration?

(1) Planting tree seedlings on degraded and marginal lands

(2) Cleaning up and rehabilitating a site that has sustained environmental degradation
(3) Volunteer to join conservation awareness campaigns
(4) May promote invasive species

Which of the following initiatives has the Rwanda government made to address
climate change

(1) The deployment of hydro and solar energy

(2) Increasing livestock farming
(3) Rolling out electric vehicles and promoting on-farm biogas use
(4) Introducing vehicle emission standards

Which of the following are the selected land-related Global Environmental Goals
(GEGS)

(1) The Millennium Development goals

(2) The Ramsar convention on wetlands
(3) The United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification
(4) All of the above (CASE STUDY)

All the following except ____ are mitigation to reduce the Urban Heat Island effect

(1) Build green roofs that make use of vegetation and gardens
(2) Installations of Asphalt and or concrete for paving surfacing
(3) The use of energy-efficient appliances and equipment
(4) Planting trees and other vegetation

The greatest threat to biodiversity in the Cape Floristic Hotspot is

(1) Alien species

(2) Increased agricultural exports that fail to include regulations to protect biodiversity
(3) Fracking
(4) Increased international demand for South African Wine

Which South African region has been classified as having poor ambient air qualities
by the South African Department of Environmental, Forestry and Fisheries (DEFF)

(1) Waterberg Bojanala Priority Area (Western parts of the Limpopo Province)
(2) Umlazi Biosphere Reserve (KwaZulu-Natal Province)
(3) Highveld Priority Area (Mpumalanga province)
(4) Vaal Priority Area (Southern Gauteng and Northern Free state Provinces)
The correct definition of Affluenza

(1) Manage the connection between the environment and its citizens to ensure the
continued welfare of its population
(2) A form of social illness , in and through which we tend to judge ourselves and those
around us based on what we have and own and purchase happiness through the
continued purchase of goods PAGE6 LU8
(3) To enable foreign agents to dictate policies and procedures governing a political
population
(4) To create a state lacking any concrete or significant power

Choose the correct description of the aims of the Nation-State and government as
defined by Mann and Foucault

(1) The goal of the government is to manage the connection between the environment
and its citizens to ensure the continued welfare of its population (PAGE 126)
(2) The goal of the government is to replace private property and a profit-based
economy.
(3) The goal of government is to create a state lacking any concrete or significant power
(4) The goal of government is to enable foreign agents to dictate policies and procedures
governing a political population

Disadvantages of hydraulic fracturing

(1) Unclear long-term effects of fracking

(2) May strengthen the economy of some countries
(3) Methane emissions related to fracking
(4) Earthquakes become more likely due to fracking

Which of the following is not aligned with techno fossils

(1) Pure elemental aluminium

(2) Concrete
(3) Paper
(4) Plastics

Agricultural techniques during the Neolithic Revolution increased the demand for soil
which resulted in…

(1) Deforestation
(2) The need to start a climate change awareness campaign
(3) The increase in the application of inorganic fertilizers after the Industrial Revolution
(4) Population growth

Africa is recognized as one of the most vulnerable continents to climate change and
climate variability due to multiple stressors such as

(1) Endemic poverty

 (2) Dust bowl
(3) Ecosystem degradation
(4) Complex disasters and conflicts

Tiny particles of plastic are added to cosmetic products and toothpaste. What are
these particles called?

(1) Microbeads
(2) Tiny bits
(3) Icons
(4) Plastics

Reducing agricultural productivity, poor nutrition, increased human health risks and
contamination effects on food availability are the results of which process

(1) Land degradation

(2) Climate change
(3) Vehicle emissions
(4) Deforestation

Identify the names of biodiversity hotspots in Africa

(1) Cape Floristic Region

(2) Eastern Afromontane
(3) Succulent Karoo
(4) Sahara
(5) Sahel

What are the main strategies for Geoengineering?

(1) Try to take some of the greenhouse gases that are causing climate change out of the
atmosphere
 (2) Solar radiation management
(3) Taking CO2 out of the atmosphere
(4) Try to increase the burning of fossil fuels for electricity generation

Which soil conservation method is practised in Machakos, Kenya?

(1) Kihamba agroforestry system

(2) Konso terracing
(3) Fanya Juu
(4) Bench terracing

How do cities contribute to Urban Heat Island?

(1) The decentralisation of human movement

(2) Waste heat from vehicles, factories and air conditioners
(3) Lack of vegetation
(4) Dark surfaces

Which of the following is not aligned with the Morocco Clean Fund Investment Plan
(CTF)

(1) Increases future investment strategy to enhance energy security, while

simultaneously pursuing low-carbon opportunities.
(2) The CTF will promote energy conservation measures such as industrial energy
efficiency and urban transport.
(3) Morocco's electricity demand was linked to the concept of “Great Acceleration.”
(4) Investments in wind and solar energy projects in Morocco.

What are the health effects related to an Urban Heat Island?

(1) Heat stokes

(2) Cramps
(3) Cholera
(4) General discomfort

Which statement is true of deforestation

(1) The loss of organic matter, nutrition, and water from land

Increased climate change resilience, enhanced food security and improvements in

general ecosystem productivity….. of benefits of promoting Ethiopia

(1) Landscape restoration

The most important drives behind the current loss of biodiversity are

(1) Habitat modification

(2) Overexploitation
 (3) Invasive alien species
(4) Ozone depletion

It is estimated that 500 000 square kilometres of land in Africa are degraded due to

(1) Soil erosion

(2) Salinisation
(3) Pollution
(4) Desertification

Which of the international conventions have been adapted to address biodiversity

issues

(1) Convention on biological diversity

(2) Banana republic convention
(3) The Convention on the Conservation of Migratory species of Wild Fauna and Flora
(4) The Ramsar convention on Wetlands of International importance

Which action plan does not address threats faced by African Elephants

(1) Maintain elephant habitats and restore their connectivity

(2) Strengthen range states’ knowledge about African elephant management
(3) Reduce human-elephant conflict
(4) Subsidise trade in elephant derived products

What is biodiversity loss?

(1) The variety of plant and animal life in the world or in a particular habitat, a high level
of which usually considered to be important and desirable.
(2) All life on earth, and refers to biological variety in all its forms, from the genetic
makeup of plants and animals to cultural diversity.
(3) A complex network or interconnected system.
(4) The long-term or permanent qualitative or quantitative reduction in components of
biodiversity and their potential to provide goods and services, to be measured at
global, regional and national levels

Which of the following has resulted in the declaration of Cape Town as a biodiversity
“megadisaster” area

(1) Habitat loss and fragmentation

(2) Fracking has led to water pollution
(3) Agriculture
(4) Invasive alien species

Which of the following is associated with offsite soil erosion

(1) The loss of breeding grounds for fish

(2) The destruction of infrastructures such as roads and bridges
 (3) Sedimentation of water bodies
(4) Loss of productive topsoil

Water erosion's main off-site effect is the movement of sediment (eroded soil) and
agricultural pollutants into watercourses. Sediment transported off-site can lead to
sedimentation of watercourses and dams, disruption of the ecosystems of lakes, and
contamination of drinking water

Acid deposition can occur as dry and wet deposition in the form of

(1) Snow
(2) Mist
(3) Drizzle
(4) Water vapour

According to Crutzen (2000), we are now living in the Anthropocene which is

characterized by

(1) Elevated Ozone emission levels

(2) Increased control of water resources
(3) Elevated Sulphur dioxide emissions
(4) Overexploitation of fisheries

According to Crutzen, we are now living in the Anthropocene which is characterised by

greenhouse gas emission levels, control of water resources, sulphur dioxide emissions,
overexploitation of fisheries, fertilizer use and mining activities.

What are some examples of human activities that have had an impact of the
environment

(1) Great Sendai Earthquakes, in Japan

(2) The Aral Sea in Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan
(3) The community of Bhopal, India
(4) Malakoff Diggins in California

Which of the following is associated with the role of Fordism in the overconsumption
of resources

(1) The rise of mass production, made it possible to produce commodities in

ever-increasing quantities and at ever-decreasing cost.
(2) Christianity has generated a situation where humans believe that they are superior to
the rest of nature and that scientific and technological interference with the
environment is justified.
(3) Helped to create homes that required much higher levels of energy to sustain it and
thus placed a much greater demand on environmental resources.
(4) Is synonymous with the rise of private car ownership
The Voluntary Simplicity Movement (VSM) is a movement that

(1) Value of simplifying our complex and increasingly stressful lives

(2) Rely on the concept that ‘everything you own, owns you, you have to care for it and
store it
(3) Encourages the decline in the ecological knowledge and capacities of people whose
previous engagements with the natural world are now administered by state officials
and experts
(4) That encourages individuals to avoid the burdens associated with overconsumption
and re-evaluate the things that are of real importance in their lives.

What are the proposed evidence that features of the Anthropocene

(1) Increasing carbon dioxide concentrations

(2) Rising sea levels
(3) Ocean acidification

What of the following is related to the Good Neighbor Scenario

(1) There is a strong political will for sustainable development and environmental
governance
(2) Providing many opportunities that can be leveraged; challenges and responses
revolve mainly around the capacity to enforce, manage and stimulate good
governance of natural resources while supporting socioeconomic development
(3) Is aligned with strong political corruption and racketeering
(4) More climate-smart agricultural practices

Cyclone Kenneth, which made landfall in the Cabo Delgado Province of North
Mozambique on 25 April and left 374 000 at risk to disaster such as

(1) Malnutrition in children

(2) Diarrhoea
(3) Malaria
(4) Rift valley fever

Which one of the following is associated with the impact of nuclear power waste in
Ukraine

(1) Hydropower plant

(2) Solar power plants
(3) Nuclear power plants
(4) Wind power plants

What can be regarded as the proxy of the Anthropocene

(1) Plastics
(2) Oil spills
(3) Natural disasters
 (4) Increased temperatures

Which of the following is or are concepts that have been introduced to promote
economic welfare while taking into consideration aspects other than an economic
progression?

(1) Green economy

(2) Sustainability
(3) Green growth
(4) All of the above ( CASE STUDY 8.1 ON LEARNING UNIT8)