INDEX

• Introduction
• Greenhouse effect
• Greenhouse gases
• Impacts
• Role of water vapor
• Causes of greenhouse effect
• Global warming
• Causes of global warming
• Importance of carbon dioxide
• Role of co2 in greenhouse effect
• Role of automobile in greenhouse
effect
• Consequences
• Analysis
• Conclusion
o Bibliography
 INTRODUCTION

Green House Effect is heating up of earth's

atmosphere due to the trapping of intra-red ray.
(reflected from the earth's surface) by the carbon
dioxide layer in the atmosphere is called green-house
effect.
The green-house effect in the atmosphere occurs due
to the presence of a blanket of carbon-dioxide gas in
the atmosphere. This blanket of carbon dioxide gas in
the atmosphere allows the sunlight to come in freely
but does not allow the intra-red radiation reflected by
the earth's surface to go out. It is just because the sun
light can come in freely but the intra-red rays cannot
go out freely that the temperature of earth's
atmosphere is raised.
What is Greenhouse Effect?

The name "Green-house effect" comes from the fact

that this effect is use in horticulture for the up
bringing of green plant's in small house made of
glass walls and glass root. The green walls and roofs
of a green-house allows the sun-light to come in
freely but it does not allow the long wavelength
infrared radiations reflected by the soil, plants and
other contents of greenhouse to go out. These
trapped intra-red rays show their heating effect due
to which the temperature is raised inside the green
house.
Thus, even without an external supply of heat, the
temperature inside a green house is found to be
higher than it is outside. Thus, green house acts as a
heat trap. Due to the presence of carbon dioxide, our
atmosphere acts like the glass rat of an ordinary
horticultural green-house.

The rise in temperature produce gas in the by green-

house effect on earth's atmosphere depends on the
amount of carbon dioxide gas in the atmosphere. In
other words, the proportion of carbon dioxide in
atmosphere effects the temperature of atmosphere.
So, if the proportion of carbon dioxide gas in the
atmosphere increases, than the temperature of
earth's atmosphere will also rise further.
 Greenhouse Gases
A greenhouse gas (sometimes abbreviated GHG) is a
gas that absorbs and emits radiant energy within the
thermal infrared range. Greenhouse gases cause the
greenhouse effect [1] on planets. The primary
greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere are water
vapor (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4),
nitrous oxide (N
2O), and ozone (O3). Without greenhouse gases, the
average temperature of Earth's surface would be
about −18 °C (0 °F)
 The major constituents of Earth's atmosphere, nitrogen
(N2)(78%), oxygen (O2)(21%), and argon (Ar)(0.9%), are not
greenhouse gases because molecules containing two atoms
of the same element such as N2 and O2 have no net change
in the distribution of their electrical charges when they
vibrate, and monatomic gases such as Ar do not have
vibrational modes. Hence they are almost totally unaffected
by infrared radiation. Some molecules containing just two
atoms of different elements, such as carbon monoxide (CO)
and hydrogen chloride (HCl), do absorb infrared radiation,
but these molecules are short-lived in the atmosphere owing
to their reactivity or solubility. Therefore, they do not
contribute significantly to the greenhouse effect and often
are omitted when discussing greenhouse gases.
 Impacts on the overall
greenhouse effect
The contribution of each gas to the greenhouse effect is determined by the
characteristics of that gas, its abundance, and any indirect effects it may
cause. For example, the direct radiative effect of a mass of methane is about
84 times stronger than the same mass of carbon dioxide over a 20-year time
frame but it is present in much smaller concentrations so that its total direct
radiative effect has so far been smaller, in part due to its shorter
atmospheric lifetime in the absence of additional carbon sequestration. On
the other hand, in addition to its direct radiative impact, methane has a
large, indirect radiative effect because it contributes to ozone formation.
Shindell et al. (2005) argues that the contribution to climate change from
methane is at least double previous estimates as a result of this effect.
When ranked by their direct contribution to the greenhouse effect, the most
important are:
 Role of water vapor
Water vapor accounts for the largest percentage of the greenhouse effect,
between 36% and 66% for clear sky conditions and between 66% and 85%
when including clouds. Water vapor concentrations fluctuate regionally,
but human activity does not directly affect water vapor concentrations
except at local scales, such as near irrigated fields. Indirectly, human
activity that increases global temperatures will increase water vapor
concentrations, a process known as water vapor feedback.[86] The
atmospheric concentration of vapor is highly variable and depends largely
on temperature, from less than 0.01% in extremely cold regions up to 3% by
mass in saturated air at about 32 °C.

Because
water vapor
is a
greenhouse
gas, this
results in
further
warming
and so is a
"positive feedback" that amplifies the original warming. Eventually other
earth processes offset these positive feedbacks, stabilizing the global
temperature at a new equilibrium and preventing the loss of Earth's water
through a Venus-like runaway greenhouse effect.
Causes of Greenhouse Effect
Although the greenhouse effect is a naturally occurring
phenomenon, it is possible that the effect could be intensified by
the emission of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere as the
result of human activity. From the beginning of the Industrial
Revolution through the end of the 20th century, the amount of
carbon dioxide in the atmosphere increased by roughly 30 percent
and the amount of methane more than doubled. A number of
scientists have predicted that human-related increases in
atmospheric carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases could
lead by the end of the 21st century to an increase in the global
average temperature of 3–4 °C (5.4–7.2 °F) relative to the 1986–
2005 average. This global warming could alter Earth’s climates
and thereby produce new patterns and extremes of drought and
rainfall and possibly disrupt food production in certain regions.
 Global Warming

Global warming is the increase of average world

temperatures as a result of what is known as the
greenhouse effect. Certain gases in the atmosphere act like
glass in a greenhouse, allowing sunlight through to heat
the earth's surface but trapping the heat as it radiates back
into space. As the greenhouse gases build up in the
atmosphere the Earth gets hotter. This process is leading
to a rapid change in climate, also known as climate
change.
 Causes of global warming
Global warming is an aspect of climate change, referring to the long-
term rise of the planet's temperatures. It is caused by increased
concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, mainly from
human activities such as burning fossil fuels, deforestation and
farming.

1. Burning fossil fuels

When we burn fossil fuels like coal, oil and gas to create electricity or power our cars,
we release CO2 pollution into the atmosphere.

Australians are big producers of CO2 pollution compared to the rest of the world. Our
level of CO2 pollution per person is nearly double the average of other developed
nations and more than four times the world average.

Solutions:

• Reducing the amount of electricity generated from coal and gas

• Increasing the amount of electricity from clean, renewable energy sources like solar and
wind
• Join the movement for stronger action on climate change and urge key Australian
politicians to get us back on track to meeting our Paris Agreement targets.
2. Deforestation & Tree-Clearing
Plants and trees play an important role in regulating the climate because they absorb carbon
dioxide from the air and release oxygen back into it. Forests and bushland act as carbon sinks
and are a valuable means of keeping global warming to 1.5°C.

But humans' clear vast areas of vegetation around the world for farming, urban and
infrastructure development or to sell tree products such as timber and palm oil. When
vegetation is removed or burnt, the stored carbon is released back into the atmosphere as CO 2,
contributing to global warming.

Up to one-fifth of global greenhouse gas pollution comes from deforestation and forest
degradation.

Solutions:

• Prevent deforestation and tree-clearing

• Plant more trees through reforestation and afforestation
• Shop sustainably
• Call on our leaders to introduce stronger laws to stop excessive tree-clearing
3. Agriculture & Farming
Animals, particularly livestock like sheep and cattle, produce methane, a greenhouse gas. When
livestock are grazed at a large scale, as in Australia, the amount of methane produced is a big
contributor to global warming.
Some fertilisers that farmers use also release nitrous oxide, which is another greenhouse gas.
Australian farming contributes 16% of our total greenhouse gas emissions.

Solutions

• Use different stock feeds can help to reduce farming's contribution to climate change
• WWF is working with leading beef producers through ‘Project Pioneer’ to develop, trial
and validate improved livestock and pasture management that can deliver significant
economic, social and environmental gains.
Importance of Carbon Dioxide- The
Green House Effect
Carbon dioxide present in small proportion (0.03%) is nonetheless a very
important member of the atmosphere. The proportion of (O2) is
maintained by a host of difference processes. The major consumers of CO2
from the atmosphere are the green plants use the CO2 to prepare their tool
and the oceans dissolve the CO2 in the form of carbonates. The major
suppliers of CO2 to the atmosphere are the volcanic earth processes and
living organisms. The atmosphere gains CO2 from the volcanoes which
release this gas from the interior of the earth and from organisms in the
process of their respiration and decay. In this manner both the atmosphere
and the oceans continuously exchange CO2 with the rocks, plants and
higher organisms.
Role of Carbon dioxide in
Green House Effect
Carbon dioxide is an important greenhouse gas that helps to
trap heat in our atmosphere. Without it, our planet would be
inhospitably cold. However, a gradual increase in CO2
concentrations in Earth's atmosphere is helping to drive
global warming, threatening to disrupt our planet's climate
as average global temperatures gradually rise.
Carbon dioxide is the fourth most abundant component of
dry air. It has a concentration of about 400 ppmv (parts per
million by volume) in Earth's atmosphere. Scientists estimate
that before human industrial activity, CO2 concentration
was around 270 ppmv. Carbon dioxide levels in our
atmosphere have thus risen about 40% since the onset of
human industrialization, and are expected to play a
troubling role in raising global temperature. Atmospheric
carbon dioxide concentrations have varied substantially in
the pre-human history of our planet, and have had profound
impacts on global temperatures in the past.
Carbon dioxide plays a key role in Earth's carbon cycle, the
set of processes that cycle carbon in many forms throughout
our environment. Volcanic outgassing and wildfires are two
significant natural sources of CO2 in Earth's atmosphere.
Respiration, the process by which organisms liberate energy
from food, emits carbon dioxide. When you exhale, it is
carbon dioxide (amongst other gases) that you breathe out.
Combustion, whether in the guise of wildfires, as a result of
slash-and-burn agricultural practices, or in internal
combustion engines, produces carbon dioxide.
Carbon dioxide is the most abundant gas in the atmospheres
of Mars and Venus. Solid, frozen carbon dioxide is called
"dry ice". The polar ice caps of Mars are a mixture of normal
water ice and dry ice. Liquid CO2 only forms at pressures
higher than about 5 times the atmospheric pressure on Earth
at sea level, so in many situations dry ice does not melt into
a liquid form. Instead, it goes directly from a solid state to a
gaseous state in a process called sublimation.
Role of Automobile in
Green House Effect
A similar phenomena is observed inside an automobile. The
sun's rays enter the car through the glass window. Some of
this light is reflected from the metal and the upholstery
inside the car in the form of intra-red light. The glass
windows like CO2 can trap this reflected intra-red light and
cause the interior of the car to heat up considerably. Infect
the name green house is derived from a glass structure used
to cultivate putted plants in some countries water vapors
and ozone also have the ability to trap intra-red radiation
and also some times referred to as green house gases.
However, water vapors is only found near the surface of the
earth and ozone only in the upper reaches of the atmosphere
carbon dioxide which is much more evenly distributed in the
atmosphere and contributes to the green house effect to a
larger extent.
The proportion of carbon dioxide can therefore, effect the
temperature of the atmosphere. If this proportion increases,
the temperature is liable to rise.
The atmosphere has been evolving over billions of years and
will continue to do so. However, in this century the
atmosphere has received a large contribution from man
himself. In the course of modern human activities, huge
quantities of carbon dioxide are released into the
atmosphere. This is done during the burning of tonsil fuels.
It is estimated that man in burning fusel fuels is releasing
6000 million tones of CO2 into the atmosphere each year.
The cultivation of soil releases vast quantities of carbon
dioxide produced by bacteria to escape in to the air. These
agricultural pursuits release 2000 million tones more. A part
from CO2 mans industrial activities also release large
quantities of noxious gases like nitrous oxide (N2O), carbon
monoxide and sulpher dioxide solid suspensions and dust
are also increasing in proportion.
Green House Effect from
Automobile
The internal heating due to green- house effect can be observed in a car parked in sun-shine
with all its windows closed, This can be explained as follows : The glass windows of a car allow
the visible sunlight and the very short wavelength intra-red rays contained in sunlight to pass
through them freely and go inside the car. These rays are reflected from the inside surface of
the car (like dash-board, seats, etc.) Now, the intra-red radiation emitted by very hot sun and
which entered the closed car was of very short wavelength, but the intra-red radiation reflected
(or emitted) by the less hot "inside surface" of cares of longer wavelength. The glass windows
of car do not allow this long wavelength intra-red radiation to go out through them. So, the
intra-red rays get trapped inside the car. since the intra-red radiations produce a heating effect,
therefore, the interior (inside) of the car gets heated considerably. Thus glass is a solid
substance which produces green house effect.
Those gases which can trap intra-red radiation given by the sun to produce green-house effect
leading to heating up of the environment are called green-house gases. One of the most
important green-house gas is carbon dioxide. Water vapor and ozone also have the ability to
trap the intra-red radiation so they are also called green house gases.
water-vapor and ozone do not contribute much green-house effect to the earth's
atmosphere because ozone is present only in the upper part of atmosphere
whereas water. Vapor is found only near the surface of earth (which is at the
bottom of the atmosphere). Only carbon dioxide contributes largely to the green
house effect in the earth's atmosphere, because carbon dioxide is much more
uniformly distributed in atmosphere.
The green-house effect produced by carbon dioxide gas is very crucial to our
existence on earth. This can be explained as fellows : By producing the green-
house effect, carbon dioxide gas in the atmosphere traps the intra-red rays (heat
rays), leading to the heating of earth and its atmosphere. This heating of earth (or
rise in temperature of earth) is very necessary for our existence because without
it, the whole earth would be converted into an extremely cold planet, making the
existence of life difficult.
Our earth's atmosphere is transparent to the visible radiations coming from sun,
stars etc. But reflects back the infrared radiations and hence it does not allow the
infrared radiations to pass. The energy from the sun, heats the earth which in turn
starts emitting radiations. Since the earth gets heated to much lower temperature
than the temperature of sun, the radiations emitted by earth are mostly in the
infrared region, according to Planck’s low. These radiations emitted by earth are
reflected back by earth's atmosphere. Due to which the earth's surface remains
warm at night.
 Consequences
The consequences of changing the natural atmospheric
greenhouse are difficult to predict, but some effects seem
likely:
• On average, Earth will become warmer. Some regions
may welcome warmer temperatures, but others may
not.
• Warmer conditions will probably lead to more
evaporation and precipitation overall, but individual
regions will vary, some becoming wetter and others
dryer.
• A stronger greenhouse effect will warm the ocean and
partially melt glaciers and ice sheets, increasing sea
level. Ocean water also will expand if it warms,
contributing further to sea level rise.
 ANALYSIS

The rising levels of manmade greenhouse gases

(GHGs) in the atmosphere and their resulting
impact on climate is now one of the single biggest
technological and environmental challenges facing
the world. This makes intensified monitoring of
these gases more critical than ever in order to better
quantify the role of the numerous natural and
manmade sources, sinks and buffers involved in the
cycles of GHGs. It also enables us to objectively
audit GHG fluxes at the factory, city, country and
continental level. Such objective auditing is
ultimately essential to facilitate effective
enforcement and compliance with any regulations,
laws, treaties and trading agreements based on GHG
metrics such as carbon footprints.
LGR analyzers are now widely used for all these
purposes.
 CONCLUSION
Every person alive can take steps to reduce their carbon
footprint on the planet. You can drive an electric or hybrid
car, only use light-emitting diode bulbs that reduce energy
demands, recycle and eat local grown foods instead of
shipped-in foods to lessen the noxious gases that
contribute to global warming. Certain gases, like carbon
dioxide and methane accumulate in the atmosphere and
trap heat from the sun reflected by the Earth’s surface.
These gases act like the walls of a greenhouse by
preventing the release of heat and causing global
temperatures to rise.
Turn off lights when you leave the room. Reduce plane
travel as much as possible, as airplane exhaust adds
pollutants to the atmosphere. Except at night, green plants
and trees absorb carbon dioxide from the air, convert it to
sugar for growth, and release oxygen back into the
atmosphere. Deforestation releases stored carbon back
into the atmosphere, so using wood and paper products
sparingly can help to reduce the greenhouse effect.