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GEOLOGICAL CONTEXT OF RESEARCH
HYDROCARBON
© 2006 ENSPM Formation Industrie - IFP Training

GRE 2006 Copyright©2003. ENSPM Formation Industrie - BmD. All rights reserved
INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF THE EARTH
Crust t le
an
M
r e
r Co
te
Ou
S Waves
Velocity of seismic waves

Primary waves (Compression)
P Waves
Secondary waves (Shear)
Rope
Wall
Depth Km
EQUATORIAL SECTION OF THE EARTH
Inn
er C
ore

Outer Core
Mantle
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Copyright©2003.
Earth quake
Waves

BAM Earthquake

Recording at: Pointe à Pitre Station
GRE 2006 Copyright©2003. IPG
THE EARTH’S CRUST
AVERAGE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
OF THE CRUST
O 46.60 % TI 0.44 %
SI 27.72 % H 0.14 %
AL 8.13 % P 0.10 %
FE 5.00 % MN 0.09 %
CA 3.63 % BA 0.04 %
NA 2.83 % C 0.02 %
K 2.59 % CL 0.01 %
MG 2.09 %

THE TERRESTRAL GLOBE I.D
Name : Earth
Age : 4 600 million years
Shape : The GEOID (Surface of equal gravity potential )

Differs very little from an ELLIPSOID flattened at the poles
Polar semi-axis : 6 357 km
Equatorial radius : 6 378 km
Volume : 1 000 milliards de km3
Total surface : 510 000 000 km2

Surface of continental areas : 149 000 000 km2

Surface of oceanic areas : 361 000 000 km2
Average density of the whole Earth : 5,52 g/cm3

Average temperature ( at surface ) : 15°C
GRE 2006
Heat Flow Exchanges
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Mantle convection
currents modelisation
OCEANIC BOTTOM MAP

PL
Eurasian Philippines
plate
North
Juan de Fuca American
plate plate
Pacific
Pacific
plate Arabian plate
Plate
Carabian plate
Philippines
plate
Scale at Equator
African
Ind
plate pla ian
Nazca te
South
plate
American
plate

Antartic
plate
Antartic plate
GRE 2006
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THE MAIN LITHOSPHERIC PLATES
LITHOSPHERIC PLATES
The main plates are:
- African plate
- Eurasian plate
- North American plate
- South American plate
- Antarctic plate
- Indo Australian plate
- South Pacific plate
- Nord Pacific plate

World
earth
quakes
Week 51

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FORMATION OF MONTAIN RANGES
Accretion prism
Folded continental range

Continental crust
Oceanic crust
Sediments
Relative displacement of the plates
GRE 2006
AND INTERIOR SEDIMENTARY BASINS
DISTRIBUTION OF CONVERGENT, DIVERGENT

GRE 2006
PETROLEUM EXPLORATORY STATUS OF THE BASINS

THE SEDIMENTARY BASINS
A sedimentary basin is a more or less important syncline filled with material

of various ages and nature: the sediments.
Hydrocarbons deposits are located in sedimentary basins , actual or ancient.
- Stable zones basins (intracontinental domain) :
. Large depression on the continental crust

. weak subsidence
. light structural deformations
. slow homogeneous sedimentary filling.
. Examples : Middle-East basins, Sahara basins ( Algeria, Libya).
Paris basin, Sverdrup basin ( Canadian Arctic).
- Rift type basins ( Intracontinental domain) :

. swelling, then collapsing of the continental crust
. during the splitting of two tectonic plates
. strong subsidence in the central area
. progressive but fast sedimentary filling
. Examples : North-Sea Viking Graben, Suez Gulf.
THE SEDIMENTARY BASINS
(Cont.)
- Passive margins basins ( continental domain).
. Continent-ocean transition zone.
. Asymetrical basin
. Two major phases of evolution : rift and post-rift.
. Rift : vertical displacement, normal faults.
various sedimentation modes.
. post-rift : generalized subsidence
very important sedimentation
. Examples : Zaire river delta (Gabon, Congo, Angola), Niger river delta (Nigeria, Cameroon)
Brasilian basins (Sergipe, Alagoas, Campos), Gulf of Mexico (Gulf coast).
- Active margins basins (subduction zone) :
. located on plate collision zones

. asymetrical basins
. particularly unstable and often mobile zones
. various structural complexity
. Examples : California basins, West South-America basins, Aquitaine basin,
Indonesian basins.
MAP OF SEDIMENTARY BASINS

GRE 2006
SEDIMENTARY BASIN EXAMPLES
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NORTH
SEA

GRE 2006
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TECTONIC GLOBAL
CONTEXT

GRE 2006
GEOLOGICAL CROSS SECTION
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GRE 2006
EXEMPLES DE BASSINS SÉDIMENTAIRES
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FEW CONCLUSIONS
Tectonic plates are mobile, and their displacement create constraints :
some zones of the globe are in extension, others in compression.
These constraints create sedimentary basins.
Oil exploration takes place mostly in sedimentary basins.
Sedimentary rocks belong to several groups :
Detritic, carbonated, salty and organic.
The study of their environment, deposits and morphology is called sedimentology.
Under the action of regional constraints, sediments react by deformation (foldings) or breaking
( faults). The study of these deformations is called tectonics.
All scales of observation must be considered (from millimetre to a hundred kilometres).
Hydrocarbons formation starts from the source rock,
(sediment rich in organic matter), subject to the effect of increasing
temperature and depth. Oil is first generated, then gas, if depth increases.
To understand a sedimentary basin, geological and geophysical data are complementary.

At the scale of the deposit it is necessary to consider production data.
So, multidisciplinary teams are essential.
At last, it is necessary not to forget to integrate a fourth dimension : the time,
in an absolute manner, but also in a relative one, in order to determinate
when a deposit of hydrocarbons was created in the basin.

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GEOLOGICAL CONTEXT OF RESEARCH

© 2006 ENSPM Formation Industrie - IFP Training

© 2006 ENSPM Formation Industrie - IFP Training

© 2006 ENSPM Formation Industrie - IFP Training

GRE 2006ENSPM Formation Industrie - BmD. All rights reserved

© 2006 ENSPM Formation Industrie - IFP Training

© 2006 ENSPM Formation Industrie - IFP Training

© 2006 ENSPM Formation Industrie - IFP Training

Shape : The GEOID (Surface of equal gravity potential )

Volume : 1 000 milliards de km3

Total surface : 510 000 000 km2

© 2006 ENSPM Formation Industrie - IFP Training

Average density of the whole Earth : 5,52 g/cm3

© 2006 ENSPM Formation Industrie - IFP Training

© 2006 ENSPM Formation Industrie - IFP Training

The main plates are:

© 2006 ENSPM Formation Industrie - IFP Training

© 2006 ENSPM Formation Industrie - IFP Training

Folded continental range

© 2006 ENSPM Formation Industrie - IFP Training

© 2006 ENSPM Formation Industrie - IFP Training

© 2006 ENSPM Formation Industrie - IFP Training

A sedimentary basin is a more or less important syncline filled with material

. Large depression on the continental crust

© 2006 ENSPM Formation Industrie - IFP Training

© 2006 ENSPM Formation Industrie - IFP Training

© 2006 ENSPM Formation Industrie - IFP Training

© 2006 ENSPM Formation Industrie - IFP Training

© 2006 ENSPM Formation Industrie - IFP Training

© 2006 ENSPM Formation Industrie - IFP Training

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