Pt B, Ch 10, App 1

APPENDIX 1 C RITERIA FOR D IRECT C ALCULATION OF

R UDDER L OADS

Symbols
l10, l20, l30, l40 : lengths, in m, of the individual girders of 1.1.3 Specific case of spade rudders
the rudder system (see Fig 1, Fig 2 and Fig 3) For spade rudders, the results of direct calculations carried
l50 : llength, in m, of the solepiece (see Fig 2 and out in accordance with [1.1.2] may be expressed in an ana-
Fig 4) lytical form. The loads in [1.1.1] may therefore be obtained
from the following formulae:
J10, J20, J30, J40 : moments of inertia about the x axis, in cm4,
• maximum bending moment in the rudder stock, in N.m:
of the individual girders of the rudder system
l 10 ( 2C 1 + C 2 )⎞
having lengths l10, l20, l30, l40 (see Fig 1, Fig 2 M B = C R ⎛ l 20 + ---------------------------------
-
⎝ 3 ( C1 + C2 ) ⎠
and Fig 3). For rudders supported by a solepiece
only, J20 indicates the moment of inertia of the where C1 and C2 are the lengths, in m, defined in Fig 1,
pintle in the sole piece
• support forces, in N:
J50 : moment of inertia about the z axis, in cm4, of
the solepiece (see Fig 2 and Fig 4) M
F A3 = ------B-
l 30
CR : rudder force, in N, acting on the rudder blade,
defined in Sec 1, [2.1.1] F A1 = C R + F A3
CR1, CR2 : rudder forces, in N, defined in Sec 1, [2.2.3]. • maximum shear force in the rudder body, in N:
QR = CR
1 Criteria for direct calculation of the
loads acting on the rudder structure 1.2 Data for the direct calculation
1.2.1 Forces per unit length
1.1 General
The following forces per unit length are to be calculated, in
1.1.1 Application N/m, according to [1.3]:
The requirements of this Appendix apply to the following • pR for spade rudders and rudders with solepiece (see
types of rudders: Fig 1 and Fig 2, respectively),
• spade rudders (see Fig 1), • pR10 and pR20 for semi-spade rudders with rudder horn
(see Fig 3).
• 2 bearing rudders with solepiece (see Fig 2),
• 2 bearing semi-spade rudders with rudder horn (see 1.2.2 Spring constant
Fig 3). The following support spring constants are to be calculated,
in N/m, according to [1.4]:
The requirements of this Appendix provide the criteria for
calculating the following loads: • ZC for rudders with solepiece (see Fig 2),
• bending moment MB in the rudder stock, • ZP for semi-spade rudders with rudder horn (see Fig 3).

• support forces FA,

1.3 Force per unit length on the rudder body
• bending moment MR and shear force QR in the rudder
body. 1.3.1 Spade rudders and 2 bearing rudders with
solepiece
1.1.2 Load calculation The force per unit length pR (see Fig 1 and Fig 2) acting on
The loads in [1.1.1] are to be calculated through direct cal- the rudder body is to be obtained, in N/m, from the follow-
culations based on the model specified in Fig 1, Fig 2 and ing formula:
Fig 3, depending on the type of rudder.
C
p R = -----R-
They are to be used for the stress analysis required in: l 10
• Sec 1, [4], for the rudder stock,
1.3.2 2 bearing semi-spade rudders with rudder
• Sec 1, [6], for the rudder pintles and the pintle bear- horn
ings,
The forces per unit length pR10 and pR20 (see Fig 3) acting on
• Sec 1, [7] for the rudder blade, the rudder body are to be obtained, in N/m, from the fol-
• Sec 1, [8] for the rudder horn and the solepiece. lowing formulae:

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Pt B, Ch 10, App 1

C R2 fB : unit displacement of rudder horn due to a unit

p R10 = -------
-
l 10 force of 1 N acting in the centroid of the rudder
C R1 horn, to be obtained, in m/N, from the follow-
p R20 = -------
- ing formula:
l 20
d3
f B = 1 ,3 ------------------
6180J N
1.4 Support spring constant
d : height, in m, of the rudder horn, defined in
1.4.1 Sole piece Fig 3,
The spring constant ZC for the support in the solepiece (see JN : moment of inertia of rudder horn about the x
Fig 2) is to be obtained, in N/m, from the following formula: axis, in cm4 (see Fig 5),
fT : unit displacement due to torsion to be obtained,
6180J 50
Z C = ------------------
- in m/N, from the following formula:
l 50
3

de 2 ui
1.4.2 Rudder horn
f T = 10 –8 ------------------2-
3140F T ∑ ---t-
i
i
The spring constant ZP for the support in the rudder horn d, e : lengths, in m, defined in Fig 3
(see Fig 3) is to be obtained, in N/m, from the following for-
FT : mean sectional area of rudder horn, in m2,
mula:
ui : length, in mm, of the individual plates forming
1 the mean horn sectional area,
Z P = --------------
fB + fT
ti : thickness of the individual plates mentioned
where: above, in mm.

Figure 1 : Spade rudders

FA1
MB
FA3

30 J30

20 J20

C2

J10 PR

10

C1

Load M Q

Figure 2 : Two bearing rudders with solepiece

FA1
MB FA3

40
J40

30 J30

10 PR MR
J10

20 J20

J50 Zc FA2

50 Load M Q

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 Pt B, Ch 10, App 1

Figure 3 : Two bearing semi-spade rudders with rudder horn

MR FA1

MB FA3

40 J40

30 J30

20 b
FA2
J20 d
PR20 QR
d/2

CR e ZP

10
J10 PR10

Load M Q

Figure 4 : Solepiece geometry Figure 5 : Rudder horn geometry

Y
X X

Z
X Y Y Z

50 Z

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