rythis

Denote the
layed Hoxpla

PAIROF LINEAR EQUATIONS

IN TWoVARIABLES Can we
inding thee
3.2 Pair of

Recall, from
3.1 Introduction variables:
You must have come across situations like the one given below :
Akhila went to afair in her village. She wanted to enjoy rides on the Cn
andplay Hoopla (a game in which you throw a ring on the items kept in ag and
the ring covers any object completely, you get it). The number of times You
Hoopla is half the number of rides she had on the Giant Wheel. If each ti
3, and a game of Hoopla costs 4, how would you find out the number oft where a,
had and how equation i
many times she played Hoopla, provided she spent 20. zero by a
May be you will try it by considering different cases. If she has oneri pair of V
possible? Is it possible to have two tides? And so on. Or you may use the kaa equao
of Class IX, to represent such
situations as linear equations in two V Fo
equatior

which.
There

repre
solu
 PAR INEAE ooADoNS IN Iwo VAIAHS
39

approach.
Let us try this
that Akhila had by A, and the
the number of rides
played Moopla by v. Now the situation can be represented by thenumber of times she
two equations:

()
3x + 4y = 20
(2)
Dan we find the solutions of this pair of equations? There are several ways of
finding these, which we willstudy inthis chapter,
3.2 Pair of Linear Equations in Two Variables
Becall. from Class lX, that the following are examples of linear equations in two
variables:
2r+ 3y = 5
iant W A-2y -3 = 0
tall, an and X-Oy = 2, i.e., x=2
he pla You also know that an equation which can be put in the form ax + by + c= 0,
ride a where a, b and c are real numbers, and aand b are not both zero, is called a linear
rides equation in two variables xand y.(We often denote the condition a and bare not both
zero bya' + b' 0).You have also studied that a solution of such an equation is a
ride, b pair of values,one for xand the other for y, which makes the two sides of the
owled equation equal.
ariabl For example, let us substitute x = 1and y = lin the left hand side (LHS) of the
equation 2r+3y = 5. Then
LHS = 2(1 ) +3(1) = 2+3=5,
which is equal to the right hand side (RHS) of the equation.
Therefore, x = 1and y = 1is a solution of the equation 2r+ 3y = 5.
Then,
Now let us substitute x= 1 and y=7 in the equation 2x+ 3y =5.
LHS 2(1) +3(7) =2+21 = 23
which is not equal to the RHS.
: and y=7is not a solution of the equation.
Therefore, xr=l
on the line
Geometrically,what does this mean? It meansthat the point (1, 1) lies So, every
lie on it.
representing the equation 2r + 3y =5, and the point (1, 7) does not
solution of the equation is a point on the line representing it.
 solutions are given
below in Table 3.2
These
Table
45 3

9- 2r I8- 41
3 1
6

() (i)
a graph
We plot these points intind
lites,We that
aerand drawthe
(see Fig. 3.3).
oth the lines coincide both the
This is so. because, 4x + 4+
equations are equtvalent.i.e.,
one can
6y 0, 3)
be derived from the
other. =18
Two rails are (3, 1)
represented by the equations
{45,0)
+-4=0and 2r +4-1. 12=0. * o
Represent this situation geometrically.
Two solutions of each of
the equations :
Fig. 3.3
(2)
I+ 2-4= 0
(2)
2r + 41-12 = 0
are given in Table 3.3
lable3..3
6
4

12-2*
4- x 3
|y= 2
2
(ü)
(i)
we plot the points R(0, 2) arnd S(4, 0), to
To represent the equations graphicaly, the lihe PQ.
get the line RS and the points P0. 3)andQ(6, 0)to get
 alall\ that 1IN a uttn the gven

the quatis Nne (4. )is the only vonmon point on both
there is oNe aNd only one solution for this pair of linear cquations
in two ariadie,

Thux the nunr ies AAhila had n cotant Whecl is and the number

In the situationof Example can ufnd the ost ot cach pencil and cach

by a pir ot concident
ln Fig. . the situation is gomeially showncommonponts.
the
lanes. The solutions ot the quations are given hy
there ny common pots on these lines? From the graph, we observe
Are
point on the ine is acomon solution to both the equations. So, the
ere the that everN imfinitely many solutions. This
sn't t equations r+r =9 and 4r + or = I8 have
we
not surprise us, because if we divide the eouation 4r+ 6r= 18 bv 2.
should
2r+3y=9, which is the same as Equation (!).That is, both the equations are
anote get on the line gives usa possible
graph. we see that any point
raical equivalent. From the
each pencil and eraser. For instance, cach pencil and eraser an cost
cost of cost R3.75 and eraser can cost
respectivelv. Or. each pencil can
After 73and I
tuatio 70.50. and so on.
situation of Example 3. can the two rails cross cach other?"
" In the
situation is represented geometrically by two parallel lines.,
In Fig. 3.4.the all, the rails do not cross. This also mcans that
Since the lines do not intersect at
solution.
airof the equations have no common inconsistent pair of
has no solution. is called an
r may
-?We Apair of linear equations which two variables, which has a
solution. is
equations in
ction. iear equations. A pair of linear equations. A pair of linear equations which are
aled a consistent pair of linear common solutions. Such a pair is called a
distinct
dlent has infinitely many variables. Note that a dependent
pair of
equations in two
heel dependent pair of linear
inear equations is alwaysconsistent.
behaviour of lines representing a pairrof linear equations
We can now summarise the
are folloWs:
wO Variables and theexistence of solutionsas
the
 EQUATIONS IN TWO VARIABLES
PAIR OF LINEAR 47

are
() intersecting. then
b,
() coincident, then 1 _ G
b,
,4
(üi) parallel. then
C
La foct. the converse is also true for any pair of lines. You can ver y her by
considering some more examples by yourself.
Let us nowconsider some more examples to illustrate it.
Example 4:Check graphically whether the pair of equations
x+3y = 6 ()
and 2r-3y = 12
isconsistent. If so, solve them graphically.
Solution : Let us draw the graphs of the Equations (1) and (2). For this. we firctwo
solutions of each of the equations, which are given in Table 3.5
Table 3.5

6 0 3

6-x 2x-12
2 0 y= -2
y3 3

Plot the points A(0, 2), B(6,0),

P(O. - 4) and Q(3. - 2) on graph A0,2)
paper, and join the points to form the
lines AB and PQ as shown in
Fig. 3.5.
We observe that there is a point Q3,2
2
B(6. 0) common to both the lines
AB and PO. So. the solution of the
paur of linear equations is x=6 and
y=0,ie., the given pair of equations
IS consistent.
Fig. 3.5
 54
M
charge together
i The taxi charges in acity consist of afixed thewith chat,
distance covered. For a distance of 0km. the charge paid
journey of 15 km, the charge paid is 155. What are the ixed char ge
charge per km? How much does aperson haveto pay for travellinga di
25 km?
numerator
(V) A fraction becomes , if 2is added to both the and the
11
I1, 3 isadded to both the numerator and the
denominator it become. denen
68
fraction.
(vi) Five years hence, the age of Jacob will be three times that of his son. F
What are
ago, Jacob's age was seven times that of his son. their preseni
3.4.2 Elimination Method
Now let us consider another method of eliminating (i.e., removing) one variabi.
1Ssometimes more convenient than the substitution method. Let us see how this
works.
Example 1l : The ratio of incomes of two persons is 9 : 7and the ratio di S
expenditures is 4 :3. If each of them manages to save ? 2000 per month, find E
monthly incomes.
Solution: Let us denote the incomes of the two person by 9x and 7x and
expenditures by 4y and 3y respectively. Then the equations formed in the situ
is given by:
9x 4y = 2000
and
7x-3y =2000
Step 1: Multiply Equation (1) by 3 and
y equal. Then we get the Equation (2) by 4 to make the coefficiet.
equations:
27x 12y= 6000
28x 12y = 8000
Step 2: Subtract Equation (3) from
of yare the same. So, we get Equation (4) to eliminate y, because the coefic
(28x - 27x)-(12y -12y) =
ie.. 8000- 6000
X= 2000
Step 3:
Substituting this value of xin (1), we get
i.e., 9(2000) --4y= 2000
y= 4000
 ARI\RLS
PAIR LN
AS
equations in the foilowing probiems. and find their soutions
Fmth pair of lincar
elimination method:
ifthev eust)by the
denominator. a fraction reduces
a twe aid lto the numerator and subtract lfrom the

if we only add l to the denominator. What is the fraction?

as Sonu. Ten years later. Nuri will be twice as
) Five vears ago. Nuni was thrice as oldSonu?
ojdas Sonu. How oldare Nuri and
sum of the digits of a two-digit number is 9. Also, nine times this number is
) The order of the digits. Find the number.
wie the number obtained by reversing the her
? 2000. She asked the cashier to give
N) Meena went to a bank to withdraw Find how many notes of
notes in all.
S0and 100 notes only. Meena got 25
50andR 100she recejved.
library has a fiharge for the first three days and an additional charge
(v) Alending for a book kept for seven days, while Susy
for each day thereafter. Saritha paid 27
days. Find the fixed charge and the charge
paid 21 for thebook she kept for five
for each extra day.
Method
34.3 Cross - Multiplication pair of linear equations in two variables by
solve a
So far. vou have learnt how to methods. Here, we introduce one more algebraic
gaphical.substitution and elimination reasons is a very useful
equations which for many
method to solve a pair of linear we proceed further. let us consider the
Before
method of solving these equations.
following situation.
apples is 35 and the cost of 2 oranges and 4 apples
The cost of 5 oranges and 3 and an apple.
an orange
is 28. Let us find the cost of cost of an apple by ?y. Then.
orange by ?x and the
Let us denote the cost of an
the equations formed are: -35 = 0 ()
5x + 3y = 35, i.e. 5r+ 3y
+ 4vy - 28 = 0 (2)
2r + 4y = 28, i.e., 2x
method to solve these equations.
Let us use the elimination
Equation (2) by 3. We get
Mulipiy Equation (1 ) by 4 and (3)
0
(4)/5)x + (4)3)y + (4)(-35) = (4)
0
(3)(2)x + (3)(4)y + (3)(-28)=
we get
Subtracting Equation (4) from Equation (3),
(3)(2)]r + [(4X3) (3)(4)]y + [4(-35) (3)(-28)] = 0
I(S)(4) -