Department of Mathematics Assignment 2

UNIVERSITY OF PETROLEUM & ENERGY STUDIES, DEHRADUN

Program B.Tech (All SoCSBranches) Semester III
Course Discrete Mathematical Structures Course Code CSEG2006

1. Show that the set of all real valued continuous functions defined in the open interval (0, 1) is a
vector space over the field of real numbers, with respect to the operations of vector addition and
scalar multiplication defined as
( f + g ) ( x) =f ( x) + g ( x)
α f ) ( x) α f ( x), α ∈ R
(= and 0 < x < 1.
2. Suppose 𝑉𝑉 = {𝑥𝑥 |𝑥𝑥 ∈ ℝ, 𝑥𝑥 > 0}. Define vector addition and scalar multiplication as follows:
Vector addition: for 𝑥𝑥 ∈ 𝑉𝑉, 𝑦𝑦 ∈ 𝑉𝑉, define 𝑥𝑥⨁𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥
Scalar multiplication: for 𝑟𝑟 ∈ ℝ, 𝑥𝑥 ∈ 𝑉𝑉, define 𝑟𝑟⨀𝑥𝑥 = 𝑥𝑥 𝑟𝑟
Show that V (⊕, ) is a vector space over the field of real numbers.
3. Let 𝑊𝑊 be the union of the first and third quadrants in the 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥-plane. That is, let
𝑥𝑥
𝑊𝑊 = ��𝑦𝑦� : 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 ≥ 0�.

i. If 𝑢𝑢 is in 𝑊𝑊 and 𝑐𝑐 is any scalar, is 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 in 𝑊𝑊? Why ?

ii. Find specific vectors 𝑢𝑢 and 𝑣𝑣 in 𝑊𝑊 such that 𝑢𝑢 + 𝑣𝑣 is not in 𝑊𝑊. (This is enough to show
that 𝑊𝑊 is not a vector space.)
4. Verify whether the set of all points in ℝ2 of the form (3𝑠𝑠, 2 + 5𝑠𝑠) forms a vector space where
𝑠𝑠 ∈ ℝ.
5. If a mass 𝑚𝑚 is placed at the end of the spring and if the mass is pulled downward and released, the
mass-spring system will begin oscillate. The displacement 𝑦𝑦 of the mass from its resting position
is given by a function of the form 𝑦𝑦(𝑡𝑡) = 𝑐𝑐1 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 + 𝑐𝑐2 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠, where 𝜔𝜔 is a constant that
depends on the spring and the mass. Show that the set of all functions described by
𝑦𝑦(𝑡𝑡)(with 𝜔𝜔 fixed and𝑐𝑐1 , 𝑐𝑐2 arbitary) is a vector space.
6. Under what condition of 𝛽𝛽 the set {(𝛽𝛽, 1,0), (1, 𝛽𝛽, 1), (0,1, 𝛽𝛽 )} is L.I and L.D in ℝ3 .
7. Let 𝑀𝑀2×2 be the vector space of all 2 × 2 matrices, and define 𝑇𝑇: 𝑀𝑀2×2 → 𝑀𝑀2×2 by 𝑇𝑇(𝐴𝐴) = 𝐴𝐴 +
𝑎𝑎 𝑏𝑏 �.
𝐴𝐴𝑇𝑇 , where 𝐴𝐴 = �
𝑐𝑐 𝑑𝑑
i. Show that 𝑇𝑇 is linear transformation.
ii. Describe the kernel of 𝑇𝑇.
8. The circuit in the figure consists of a resistor (𝑅𝑅 𝑜𝑜ℎ𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚), an inductor (𝐿𝐿 ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒), a capacitor
(𝐶𝐶 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓) and an initial voltage source. Let 𝑏𝑏 = 𝑅𝑅/2𝐿𝐿 and suppose 𝑅𝑅, 𝐿𝐿 and 𝐶𝐶 have been
 selected so that 𝑏𝑏 also equals 1/√𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿. Let 𝑣𝑣(𝑡𝑡) be the voltage (in volts) at time 𝑡𝑡, measured across
the capacitor. It can be shown that 𝑣𝑣 is in the null space 𝐻𝐻 of the linear transformation that maps
1
𝑣𝑣(𝑡𝑡) into 𝐿𝐿𝑣𝑣 ′′ (𝑡𝑡) + 𝑅𝑅 𝑣𝑣 ′ (𝑡𝑡) + � � 𝑣𝑣(𝑡𝑡) and 𝐻𝐻 consists of all functions of the form
𝐶𝐶

𝑣𝑣 (𝑡𝑡) = 𝑒𝑒 −𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 (𝑐𝑐1 + 𝑐𝑐2 𝑡𝑡). Find a basis for 𝐻𝐻.

9. Let 𝐻𝐻 = 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠{𝑢𝑢1 , 𝑢𝑢2 , 𝑢𝑢3 } and 𝐾𝐾 = 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠{𝑣𝑣1 , 𝑣𝑣2 , 𝑣𝑣3 } where

1 0 3 −2 2 −1
2 4 −2 3
𝑢𝑢1 = � � , 𝑢𝑢2 = � � , 𝑢𝑢3 = � � , 𝑣𝑣1 = � � , 𝑣𝑣2 = � � , 𝑣𝑣3 = � 4 �
2
0 −1 1 −1 2 6
−1 1 −4 3 −6 −2
Find bases for 𝐻𝐻, 𝐾𝐾and 𝐻𝐻 + 𝐾𝐾.
10. A linear transformation 𝑇𝑇 is defined on 𝑉𝑉3 (𝐶𝐶) by 𝑇𝑇(𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏) = (𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏, 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏) where 𝛼𝛼, 𝛽𝛽, 𝛾𝛾, 𝛿𝛿
are fixed elements of 𝐶𝐶. Prove that 𝑇𝑇 is invertible if and only if 𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼 − 𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽 ≠ 0.
11. Let 𝑇𝑇: ℝ4 → ℝ4 be the linear transformation defined by 𝑇𝑇(𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏, 𝑐𝑐, 𝑑𝑑 ) = (2𝑎𝑎, 0,0, 𝑐𝑐 + 𝑑𝑑) then find
the range space, null space, rank and nullity of linear transformation.
12. Verify the Rank-Nullity theorem for the linear transformation T : V4 → V3 defined by

T (e1 ) = f1 + f 2 + f3 , T (e2 ) = f1 − f 2 + f3 , T (e3 ) = f1 , T (e4=

) f1 + f3 when {e1 , e2 , e3 , e4 } and

{ f1 , f 2 , f3 } are the standard basis V4 and V3 respectively.

13. Show that the linear transformation T : R 3 → R 3 , defined by T ( x, y,=

z ) (2 x, 4 x − y, 2 x + 3 y − z ), is
invertible and determine T -1.
14. The linear transformation T : R 3 → R 2 defined by T ( x, y, z ) = (3 x + 2 y − 4 z , x − 5 y + 3 z ).

=
Determine the matrix of =
T relative to the bases B1 {(1,1,1), (1,1, 0), (1, 0, 0)}, B2 {(1,3), (1,5)}.
15. If the matrix of a linear transformation T on V3(R) with respect to the standard bases is
0 1 1
 1 0 −1 what is the matrix of T with respect to the bases {(0,1, −1), (1, −1,1), (−1,1, 0)}.
 
 −1 −1 0 