Curve Tracing

$1.
the traci Tracing
of of curves
es In this
following forms-- whose
curves hapter we
equations are givenshall deal with
(a) Cartesian in one of the
For example Equations: These equations
(b) Polar x*+y-a, xdy==x+1, involve and y.
x
Equations These
Pnolar coordinates). : etc.
(c) Parametric
For equations involve and 0
example r=a r
Cunctions of third Equations In such 20, r"-a" sin nd, (the
a
cos
etc.
F example x=a cosvariable s (say) which equations x and y are
4 are theis called parameter.
le.
of the circle p, y=a sin
4 (EIiminating s between
a" which is the standard parametric equations
these two
5 2. Procedure
for tracing
cartesian equations
equation of a we
have
The following points curves circle).
given in Cartesian
should be Form.
cartesian curves: remembered for tracing of
I. Symmetry.
(a) If all the powers of
thereis
y
occuring
etry about x-axis in the equation are
0
eand below the axis of x is
abOve
i.e. the shape of the even
para 4ax
rabola y?=4 or the symmetrical. For example the
ellipse (x|a*)+(1*/ba)=1.
cusve

(b) If all the

powers of x occuring in the
then there is symmetry about y-axis. For equation are even
x4ay; +y=a; x+y=4xya example
(c Tf x and y can be
ntation of the curve, then interchanged without any change in
the
the line passing throughthere
is
A symmetry about the line v=x.
the origin
with the positive direction of x-axis).and making an
For example angle of
(d) If by puttingx for x xy=a
rve remains unaltered, then there and y for y, the equation of
the
is
symmetry
ign. adrants. For example x+y= a, xy=a etc. in the opposite
II. Origin and Tangents at the origin.
See whether the curve passes through the
0) satisfies the equation of the curve or origin or not, ie.
If
rough the origin, find the equations of the not. the curve passes
pnof the tangent at the origin by equatingtangents or the equa-
the lowest
ms or term to zero. For example the curve degree
ough the origin. The lowest degree term inx+y=3axy passes
this equation is
12/CT/1
 2 Differential Calculus

3axy. Equating this term to zero we have the cquation.

gents at the origin as xy=0 or X=0 and y=0.

Similarly in the equation a'y= (a3x) we find

tan-
tangents at the origin
are given by a'y"ax=0
or a
that the
or y-x or y=tx.
If the origin is a double point, we shall obtain eam
(y-=
two tangents at the origin. Ordinarily if these tangents ons of
are
and coincident, there will be cusp at the origin, and if these real
real and distinct, there is node at the origin and if these are
are
ginary the origin is an isolated point. ima For
III Points of intersection with the axes.
Putting y=0 in the equation we can find points who..
curve crosses the x-axis. For example:Jy the
Putting y=0, we get x (3a-x)=0 or x=0 and(a-+x)=x
x-3a.T (?a-xcoe
)
crosses the axis of x at (0, 0) and (3a, 0). ve
Similarly putting x=0 in
the equation we can find the pointsth
where the curve crosses the axis of y.
When such points are known we should shift the origin to R
these points one by one and find the tangents
at
these new originc
by equating the lowest degree ternms to zero. For example: In
the curve 9ayt=x (x-3a) we find putting y=0 that the
crosses x-axis at (0, 0) and (3a, 0). For shifting thec curve eSsar
(3a, 0), we should put x+3a for x and y+0 for y in the origin toMred
given
curve to obtain the new cquation of the curve referred to (3a,0) as
the new origin.
Thus the new equation of the curve becomes
Out th
9a (y+0)=(x+3a) (x+3a 3a)" or 9ay-(x+3a) x*.
Cur
Equating the lowest degree terms in (1) to zero, the tangentrm
at the new origin is 9ay-3ax =0,
E0 anc
i.e. 3y-x=0 or y=}x
bei
or y=t X=t (tan 30) x,
Putt
In.
i,e. tangents at (3a, 0) are inclined For
to x-axis at t30°. (See Fig. 1).
1.e.
IV. Regions where the curve
es no
does not exist.
Solve fory (or x as the case may -- As x
be) and find out those values of x
lying in a range, say values of x bet eases
ween a and b for which y is imagi-
No as
(Fig. 1) ror x
nary. then the curve does not exist in the region bounded by the
lines a and y=b. For cxample: In the curve ay=x* (x-@d
(2a We find that for all values of x less than a, y is negative
1,eis imaginary. Ahe a
as
 .
The Curve Tracing (Cartesian)
values
only of 2acurve does
x> not
3
V. for 2a, thenot cxist
cx for
values curve does values of
and as x Observe how x lying
A of d not xist. x<a Similarly
VI. decreases
Asymptotes.from
y
varies between
a as x
aand 2a.Hence the curvec
any. ForFor zero to increases from zero to
For
asymptotes
o1lowing method, ind CO.
out the
parallel to the asym
infinity
mptotes to the curve if
asymptotes
taest degree
hen thereterm
ant, then parallel
of to
axe
axes we
should observe the
zero,x-axis,
is x to
efficient of the no if it iscquat
quate the coefhcient
at, coefticient highest asymptote parallel to Constant,
zero degree term
to
not
cons
of the
if it is cons-
we X-axis.
VIL. Point of can get in y Similarly if the
the is not constant,
On
ing
lving the inflexion. Equating
asymptotes parallel equating
to y-axis.
equation or to zero
member d"y| dx"obtained, the 2orto
so
und. [Remer zero and
dx|dy®) points
r such points.] (or of
VIII. Find out the should notinflexion
be
can be
qual to zero
equ
Uhnecessary.
Salved
co-ordinates of some
Examples on points the curve on
Ex. 1. Trace the Tracing of
curve y3=x* Curves (Cartesian).
Sol. 1. As oDly (Semi-cubical parabola).
about the x-axis.
2. Curve passes
even
power of y
occurs, so there is(Rohilkhand 83)
greee term y to through the symme
zero,
-0 and y=0 i.e. X-axis we origin.
ind the tangents atEquating the
the lowest
the lowes
ents being coincident a is the tangent at the origin are
y2=0,
cusp is expected at origin and
3. Putting y=0 or x=0 we the origin. the
do not
origin. get any new
4. For negative values of , point but
is imaginary or yathe
ati've i.e. is
does not exist for negative values
5. As x increases from 0
to co, y
increases from 0 to co.
No asymptotes.
For x=1,
2-2 8 nearly.y=1. For x=2,
Plot the points
and (2, 2 8). These points are
curve.
With the above data the shape of
arve is as shown in Fig. 2.
(Fig. 2)
 Curve Tracing (
Differential Calculus
590-8 aclude that3a.y
conclude
f o r values of . is

y = x (Cubical parabola).
negative for valucs
values of x
y=x'
(Cubica
d 3x-6ax dy < 3a and
the
c u r v e

to
-x thc equation of th
-3
when
2.
Trace

y
to - y
and x

is symmetry
1s
symmetry
in the.
in the
opposit 2 a . when X=0, y=0 and
At(0, 0) and (2a,
3x2-6ax=0 i.e. when
-40") the when
Er. C h a n g i n g there

tangent x=2a,
Hence
Sol.
1.
not
c h a n g e .
t h e X - a x i s .
to the y=-4s.
curve is
c u r v e
does
No asymptotes.
9 para
The curve passes from
X increases
q u a d r a n t s .

The
tan- ASncreases
a , Inc reza from
2. origin. on
y=0, 8nd as as * decreases
through
the is degree y also decre
origin to-0, y
at
lowest

geat the om to - CO
equating

term t zero. crosses

tlhc
of
o f the curvve
4.
the

c u r v e

he
Shape

Fig.
4 Page
The
origin.
inTrace the curve
3. the from
at
only i n c r e a s e s

from
axes
As x increases -l=0,
4. 1. No symmetry
also
does not
o, y curve
0 to The
0 to do, N o a s y m p t o t e s .

for
Ough the origin.
(Fig. 5)
5
6.
Far
x=l,
y=l;

the
points
Putting a0x=-1.
=0, So the curve
crosses
x-axis at
Plot points (Fig. 3)
y=8. aboveh
These
x=2,
aad (2, 8). s h o w n in
Fig. 3 origin to (-1, 0), the equation of the curve chan-
(1, 1) the
c u r v e .

the
curve
is as ting the (x-1) y- (x-1)-1=0
on data
are
tbe
above y=x3-3ax
(x-1 y-x=0.
With
of
c u r v e

the
3.
Trace The
equation
equation
of the tangent at the new
origin is y+x=0
origin.
Ex.
zero)
s y m m e t r y .

No through
the
The lowest degree terms to
i.e. the tangent at
1.
Sol. passes
x-axis at an angle of 135°.
x-axis.

i.e.
to the
curve
The is
y=0, lined
2. origin
ie. rdinate axes are the asymptetes of
the y=0
:0 and
at
tangent

3. Putin_3=0 x-3ax=0
y=(X*)/x*.

find
tx
ha=t 0 and 3a.
Solving
for y, we get X-+0.
we
X>0 and as y > - o ,
or
The curve crosses co,
curve
is as shown in the Fig. 5 above.
and the
x-axis
at (0, 0)
origin The shape of curve x'y (x+y*). (Rohilkhand 82)
Trace the
the
the of
Shifting
5(a). both the axes.
(3a, 0).
equation
about
the Symmetry
t o (3a,
0) 1. of the curve. Tangent at
satisfies the equation
the curve becomes

+0=(x+3a)* 0.0) tangents. So (0, 0) is a

x{x+3a-3a)
which give imaginary
y=(x+3a)* x.
+=0,
o f the point cross the axes.
or does not
of bhighest
equation

power of andy
2a,-4a) we
.
The
the
new
origin
The curve coefficient
coefficient
o
off highest x ar
at ( e q u a t i n g

(Fig. 4) uating the

the
tangent

is
y=9aBx
terms
to (F1g onais
9atating

and y = t a
are the asymptotes.

(3a, 0)
tangent
degree
at whose ( t a
y=* ( "
lowest

the
tangent
angle
the at an written
as
i.e. x-axis

be
to can
zero) i n c l i n e d

curve

3a, 0) is GOation of the

 Differential Calculus
Curve Tracing (Cartesian)

we get Ex. 6. Trace the curve y=(x+1)/(x*-1).

for y,
5. Solving
Sol. 1. (Agra 84, 80; Avadh
Symmetry about y-axis.
= a x / ( x - a ) .

81)
Ifa <d
ie.
jy 15 The curve does not
pass through the origin.
then a, jis Putting x=0 we get y
less
D. Shifting the origin to e.the curve cuts
(,1 the equation of the
numerically imaginary
i e . y is p-axis
negative
curve
does not
exist
ecomes y - 1 = * + 1 the curve
i.e. the and
between the lines x = - a
x=a.
(y-1)
xy (*-1)=x3+1
-2x *+1
w e find
Similarly arguingDot exist The tangent at the
does
that the
curve
and y=0 i.e. the
y=-a e wo r i g i n
between the lines
e w X-axis.

equation of the
J=a. x>a
and The as
6. o as
ewe
can be{written
y (x-1)==x+1.
x c o as y>a. the
The shape of Equating the coeficients
in the ad- degree terms O-1
curve is as shown (Fig. 6) highest
zero we obtain
the
(x*-a) (2-b )=a'b
to .
joining Fig. 6. the curve and
r
as
Ex 5 (b).
Trace
(Kanpur 880 and y - llines
=0
(y-b)==a°b2 i.e. the x=1,
curve is ( x - a )
mptotes

and =l'are the

Sol. The given xy=blx?+ay
bx? -

ay=0 or aptotes to the given

of xy about both
the axes.

1 Symmetry of the curve. Tangents at th

the equation
satisfies x increases from l to co, v dera1g. 8)
2. (0, 00) sa
(0, which give imaginary tangents.o (0, 0 As
from 0 to 1, y
r increases

yis decreases from-1 to --co (

y is positive and for values
conjugate point. of x 1 , of x for
is a
c u r v e does
not es
1.y is negative). lying between
3. The The shap
ane of the curve is as shown in Fig. 8 above.
cross t h e a x e s .

Equating
the co- Trace the curve
x*-xy3-+a (x3+y?)==0.
4.
of highest powers GAL Symmetry about x-axis.
coefficients find that o )satisfies the equation of the curve
and y we
but the tangents
of x
y=tbare the are x+=0 ie. the origin is a
x=ta
and
arve,
conjugate point of
asymptotes.
we
5. Solving for y tting y=0 we get
+ax=0
get y a- is (+a)=0
If x2 <a3 i.e.
x

then a, y* x=0,-a.
numerically less
negative i.e. y is imagi- e Curve crosses the x-axis
is does
nary ie. the curve

the lines
4,0) besides,origin.
between
not exist aiting the origin to
x = = a and x = a
Similarly arguing we the equation of the
(Fig. 7) DECOmes
does
find that the
curve
and y=b.
exist between
the lines y=-b
y>a.
-t-a)
not
6. as x > a
y?co
and x > c o as
of the curve
is shown+a
asshown (x-aj3+y]=0
data, the shape
With the above
-xla+xa-yx+2ay=0. (Fig. 9)
Fig. 7.
 Differential Calculus

Curve Tracing (Cartesian) 9

new y-axis
i.e.
new
origin is X=0 to
Tangent
at the x (x+aa)
Equating the cocllicients of highest powers of x andy
get y = (x-a) we get X and ya-a=0 i.e. y=ta as the asymptoteS.
for y we
and t a , the
+a,
curve does Solving for y, we get ya=a (x-a)/x. For values of x lyin
Solving
4. between -a 3.
y° is ncgative i.e. y is imaginary i.e. the curve
of x lying imaginary.
of y to zer
en 0 and a,
yeen

For
values
e.i y is power not exist etween the lincs x=0 and x=a.
is negative
y'Bquating the coeficient
of highest Equating d"yjdx toezero, x=3a/4 which docs not
get x3a/4
we get
, we
not
exist as
asymptote. rea
real y. H
of y.
l value of Hencenno point of inflexion on the curve.
5. as the y=t atl.lany
8U AS X-+0. y3>
) = {a
x=a

or or and as x>o, y2>a.

a-x=0
4a
get y"= The shape of the curve is as shown in Fig. 10 on Page 8.
6. For
x=-2a,
a=t2.la 8. Trace the curve ya (2a-x)=x*. (Cissoid).
9a(-2a) a or y = t Ex. (Garhwal 86; Meerut 84; Saugar 85, 83)
J=
4a)
For
x = - 3 4 ,

y=t3.la 1. Symmetry about x-axis.

16 (-3a) =*a or Sol.
The curve passes through the
For x=-4a, y'=
The tangents at the origin
are
(-4a)
i.e. therc is
y">o. x=t2V3a==t3.5a
0
and y=0 a

(3a)=12a or
4a t the o r i g i n .
x - - o ,

As
i.e.
x=2a, j°= a The curve crosses
the axes only
Also for = 1 8 a o r y = t 3 v 2 a = + 4 . 2 a

9a (4a) origin.
or x=2a is the
2a-x=0

for x=3a, yi=

(2a) y=+iv5a=t3.3a
Page 7 of this
ptote can
the
9 (5a2)
curve
or
The equation of
in Fig. 9
on
J = (2a) shown j which shows
for x=fa, is as
of the
curve
ten as (24-*)
The shape (x-a).
2a, y is imaginary
Trace
the curve
y*x=a* values of x> exist not for values
chapter. x-axis.
does
7 (b). (a 0) ECurveSimilarly does
about origin.
Ex. the at the curve
Symmetry x-axis
Sol. 1. n o t pass
through crosses

beco'mes
0. values of x.
does i.e. curve
t for xnegative
curve
Curve
get x = a of the
2. y=0,
we equation y>o.

3. Putting to (a, 0), the (equating ko as +a,

the curve is:as shown
the origin y-axis shape of
he
( x + a ) = a * x

Shifting
x=0 ie.
new parallel to audjoining figure 11. (Fig. 11)
through (a, 0)
origin
is
a.line
new
at the y (x*44a)=8a3.
to zero) i.e Trace the
curve
Tangents

degree
term .9. x-axis.
1 . Symmetry about
lowest
the
old y-axis. not does
The c u r v e
crough the origin.
we get
Putting x 0 , crosses
(o,2a)
ie. the curve

is at (0, 2a). to
2
Mting the origin
of the
the equation
becomes
la)(x3+4a=8a3
o(a,0) 4a y+2ax=0.
the
The tangent at
is y=0 or the
gin
is ie. the line
to the old x-axis.
(Fig. 12)
0, 2a) and parallel
 Differential Calculus
Curve Tracing (Cartesian)
11
3. Curve crosses
10
Equating
to zero the
coefficient of the hioh
highest degree ter he axes only at (0, 0).
Equating the
4. or x-axis as
the asymptote.
4.
have y=0 nefficient of highest
we
of x, be Written as x 8 of x and
of the
curve can egree terms
5. The equation we find that y==0
is nepative od x-1==0 1.e.
x=
negative values y, x
of
This shows
that for
t
exist;for y < 0. i.e asympto.
Hence the curve
does not
Similan are the
imaginary. given curve. 3of the
the curve does not exist for y>2a.increases from 0 to
5. Solving for y,
from 2a to 0, x c. get y=x 1).
As y decreases is as showa in Fig. 12 Page 9
9. This shows that
the curve
The shape of x - 1 ,i s
Trace the curve xy'=4a' (2a-x).
Ex. 10 (a) (Agra 87; Avadh Rative i.e. y 1S imaginary.
(Witch of Agensi)
The curve does not exist for x<-1. (Fig. 14)
about x-axis,
Sol. . Symmetry
does not pass through
Similarlydoes
for values of x lying between 0 and 1, y" is
2. The c u r v e the curve not exist. negative
the origin. 6. As x1, y>o and' x->co, yl>0.
we get
3. Putting y=0,
2a-x=0 or x=2a. 1, No point of inflexion.
This curve crosses the X-axis The shape of the curve is as shown in Fig. 14 above.
at (24, 0). E. 12. Trace the curve ayX(-x).
Shifting he origin to (2a, 0)
the
2a(2a,0) Garhwal 82; Kanpur 83; Meerut 84, 81(Agra 82, Bhopal 85;
equation of
thecurve reduces
to
Sol. 1. Symmetry about
S; Rohilkhand 84)
(x+2a) *=4a (2a-x-2a)
x+2ay3+423x=0,
or
tangent at the origin new is 2. The curve passes thr-
so that the a straight
*
the origin,
x=0 ie. the n e w y-axis, i.e. The tangents at the origin
parallel to y-axis..
line through (2a, 0) of the c u r v e y-ax=0 (equating the
4. The given equation (Fig. 13) Bt degree terms to zero) or
jy=44 (2a-x)/x.
can be written as
is negative or y is imaginary or ytx. These a,0)
This shows that forx> 2a,
values of x > 2a. Simila g real and distinct.
The curve does not exist for exist. t at the origin.
. the curve does not
values of x or for x<0, anda,
for negative the given curve,
is the asymptote to to co. The curve crosses the
5. x=0 or y-axis increases from 0
decreases from 2a to 0, y
6. As x
As shown in the figure
he curve
curve is as shown
13 above , 0) and (a, 0). Shift (Fig. 15)
The shape of the (Aapa
in (Kanpurorigin
(a, 0) the equation of the curve becomes
gn to (a, equation of the
curve x (ya+4a3)=8a*,
Ex. 10 (b). Trace the p=(x+a}" (a-x-a) or ay=-x (x+2ax+"),
curve is xy=4a
(2a-x).
Sol. The given the equation of the tangent at the new origin is obtained
Ex. 10 (a) above.
Now proceed as in (Delhie. the new y-axis i.e. a line through (a, 0) parallel to
the curve ya (x.-1)=x.
Ex. 11. Trace
x-axis.
Sol. 1. Symmetry about the origrom the equation of the
The tang curve, we observe, that for values
2. Curve passes through
the origin. degree tera, y is negative
by equati
thelowest is or y imaginary. Hence the curve does
is x=0, i.e. y-axis (Obtained St for values of x> a.
to zero).
 Differential Calculus
12 Curve Tracing (Cartesian)
Also as x decreases from o to - 0 , increases from a .
Tangent
hrough
ine thr
at the
(2a, 0) new origin
5. No asymptotes.
The shape of the curve is as shown in Fig. 15 on Page 11. parallel
No asymptotes..
5. The curve is y-axis
to the old x=0
i.e. new
13

9ay=x (x-3a).
is
yl=x3
Xis. y-axis i.e. a
Ex. 13.. Trace the curve
(Gorakhpur80) ThisThe
shows that for *>(2a-x)/a*.
Sol. 1. Symmetry about
x-axis. curve does not 2a, yi is negative
2. The curve passes through
the origin. Also x<0, y2 is exist for values i.e. y is
The tangent at the origin 1s *=0 Le. y-aris (equating the 24. curve eXistnegative i.e. the of x> 2a. imaginary.
Hence the curve
only for
No valuescurve
of xdoes not exist.
lowest degree term to zero). point of lying between 0
3. Putting y=0, we get x=0 and 3a, ie., the curve rosses
1.
he shape ofinflexion.
the curve
*Ex. 15. Trace the is as
x-axis at (0, 0) and (3a, 0). curve y* shown in Fig. 17 on
the
Shifting the origin to (3a, 0),
the curve as
we
(Bundelkhand
Corakhpur (a-+x)=x
85, Delhi
84; Jabalpur 86, 84;(a-x). Page 12.
get the equation of Sal. 1. Symmetry about 83, 82; Garhwal 85, 84, 81;
9ay=(x+3a(x-+3a-3a)
The curve x-axis, Lucknow 83; Saugar 82)
or 9ay=x*43ax. pasSes through the
The tangent at the new Igin are given by origin. The
origin are given byy
tingaya-ax*=0 or
y-x*=0 tangents at the
9ay 3ax=0 or y?=jx* 3. Pu y=0, we or
get x=0 and y=+x.
or yat(x/V3) is. at (0, 0) and (a, 0). a, i.e. the
curve crosses
whose inclinations to the x-axis Hting the origin to (a, 0) the
are ttan-1 (1/V3) i.e. t r . nation of the curve becomes
4. From the given equation +x+a)=*+a(a-x-a)
for
of the curve, it is evident that (2a+)=-x (x+a),
values of x (i.e. x < 0), ence the tangent to the new
negative
(Fig. 16) gin is X=0 i.e, the new
i s negative i.e. y is imaginary.
Hence the curve does not exist for
values of x <0. Also as tis i.e., å straight line thr
from 0 to 0o. hla, 0) parallel to y-axis.
increases from 3a to o , y increases
4. The given equation of
5. No asymptotes. curve can be written as
The shape of the curve is as Fig. 16 above.
shown in
(a
0+2) This shows that
Ex. 14. Trace the curve a*y2=x (2a-x).
Sol. 1. Symmetry about
nalues of x
>a, y* as negative.
is imaginary. (Fig. 18)
ilarly for values ofThe
curve
x-axis. does not
exist
2. Curve passes through
x
Also as x decreases from- a , the curve doesfornotvalues
exist,
of x> a,.
and the tangents at O to-a,
the origin 5, x+a=0 or y increases
origin are yi=0 i.e. y=0. So C2,0 x=-a is an from 0 to co.
is expected at the The shape of the curve is asymptotes.
a cusp
Bx. 16, Trace the curve y2 shown in Fig. 18 above.
as
origin. Sol. 1. Symmetry about (X-a)=x* x-axis. (x-+a). (Meerut 87, 85)
. Putting y=0 we get 0, 0)
x=0 and 2a and so the curve
(Fig. 17) satisfies the curve. The tangent at the
crosses the x-axis at (0, 0) and (2a, 0).
0, which gives two imaginary origin are
the equation of the cur 0is a conjugate ne tangents.
Shifting the origin to (2a, 0) we get Putting y=0 we get *=0,-a, í.e.
as
ay=(x+2a) (2a-x-2a)=-x (x+2a) Sat(-a, 0) rO, 0) having been the curve
considered above]. crosses the
 14
origin to Curve T
the
5. For x racing
Shifting
(-a,
0),
the cqu-
reduces
ve doe
Curve
not exiar ne (Castesian)
the point
to ( * -
of2the
a)=(X-a)
curve

x.
As x-a Curve does 15
ation No point of not exist.
Similarly for x>a,
.Shape
degree
to
his
lowest
equation 1o of theintlexion.
18. Trace
Bquating
curve is as
term in
the
tangent
-a,0 orakhpur 89, 87,the83;
(Gor earve shown in Fig.
zero, we get a s X=0 ie.
the origin thr.
Sol. 1. Interchanging
we find that
83, Jabalnu
the equa-
,

Jabalpur R4
84, x+y-3axy
20
(Folium
Folium
Meerut
Page
of
14.
to
new
i.e.,
-axis
0)
a line
parallel to of the curv
remains un-
88, 82; Descartes)
Saugar 3°)
ough (-a, red, hence there is sym-
old y-axis. about the line
the coeffi- try =x.
4. Equating The curve passes
cient of highest
degree termn
a=0
the origin and the
ough

we get
x -

ents the origin are

at
of y to zero

as the
asymptote. en y=0, i.e. X=0 and
or *=a

Solving for y, we (Fig 19) the coordinate axes.

5
get p = r * (x+a)/(x-a). ThisThis shows that for
is the
valu of x
lin 3 Solving the equation
isiDmaginary, that curve does e Curve. and y=x we
between-a and a, y not
curve exists for x > a and -a, y 1s +ve for ehat the Iine X meets
The Curve
in (0, 0) and
values. and as x-00, y*>co. 2. 3a/2).
6. As x - o , y>o The equation of the
4.
7. No of infiexion.
point e is + = 3 a x y .
x=2a, y=t2av3=t3.4
When and when x=-n e 15entiatingwith
8.
ie., (2a, +3.4a) end (-2a, +1.la)ara
points
respect to x, we get (Fig. 21)
y=t2a/V3=t1.la
on the curve.
of the
3x+3y 3a +1
curve
Hence
19 above.
is as
the shape
shown in figure (ax)=(4y-*) or dx-ax
a (3a/2)(3a/23
(Note y is minimum when (a (3a/2-(3a/2)a-.
x=a(1+V5)/2, a,0)
The slope of the tangent to the
putting dyjdx equal to zero). e. the tangent at [(3a,/2), curve at [(3a
2),
Ex. 17. the curve
Trace ngle of 135°. (3a/2)] is inclined to the(3al21 is
x-axis at
(a-x)=x (a+x). No asymptote parallel to the axes. But
(Meerur 88, 82S; Ranchi 82; e asymptote. x+y+a=0 is an
Saugar 81) Theshape of the curve is as show in Fig. 21
Sol. 1. Spmmetry about above.
. 19. Trace the curve
X-axis. 9ol. 1. Symmetry aboutafy=a?x-xs
both the axes.
2. Passes through (0, 0), The curve passes through the
(Fig. 20) are origin. The at the
e tangents at
the tangents thereat are
real
y0. i.e. y=0
y=0 and y=0,
and distinct, node is expeincident. Hence y=0, ii.e.
eh then two tangents are
the
= r or y=tx. Tangents being is
cusp expected at the real
ted at the origin. Putting y=0 we get a'x*-x=0. origin.
and (0, 0).Si
3Curve crosses the x-axis at (-a, 0) X=0, x3=a or x=0, ta.
the origin to (-a, 0) and equating the lowest degreenthe The curve crosses the x-axis at (0, 0),
we get new y-axis as the tangent at the new rigin
as in
ting the origin to (a, 0) the equation (a, 0) and (-a, 0).
of the curve becomes
example =(x+a)" [a-(x+a)] or
4. X=a is the asymptote. ayl=(x+a¥[-x*-2ax).
 Differential Calculus

16
72CTI2
Hence the tangent urve Tracing (Cartesian)
origin is negative i.e. the
a t the new n e w y-axis. a,.tne Curve doeCs
No 17
x=0, ie. the
4. The equationn asymptotes not exist.
Hence the shape. s ot
or exist.
Hence for x a or tor
21. Trace the curvepoint of
ve is inflexion
be wri- Ex.
of the
curve
can
Sol. 1. cT ay?=x* as
t t e n a sy _ * ( a d - x * )

2.
Symmetry shown in Fig. 23
The curve passesabout botha (a2-x*). Delhi on Page 16.
a the origin. the axes. 82; Meerut 81)
nts at the origin The
con-
rough
we
which
From of
en D=0ay-ax=0
values
for
clude that or
or
X>a, y® is negative
(Fig. 22)
a, ese two tangentsb y=tx:
imaginary.
Hence values of x > We need not and distinct, node is -a,0)
y c u r v e does not exist for c u r v e
is
mmetrical about both
the x a s the is sym ected at the origin. CL.0)
values of
negative
3 Putting y=0 we
the curve
axes: a i.e.
No asymptote. of the curve is as shosSes=0,
data the shape the X-axis at (0, 0).
with the above
Fig. 22 above.
Trace the curve x (x+y*)==a (x*-y) 0) and (-a, 0). (Fig
**x. 20. (Garhwal 87; Meerut 8 Shifting the origin to (a, 0), the ea 24)
of the
T(a3-x4). (Agraa x80, 03, Dnopat o3j Meerutnes ay(x+a)" be- or dy=(x+ay
cury

the es. ne tangent at the new. xxn

or about
Symmetry origin. The tangents
he origin. at
tangentsat ee terms to Zero) the new y-axis,
i.e. the
zero) i.e. uating the lowest 1 6 X=0 (e
Sol. 1. through
the
tern3 tO
2. The curve passes tangents being real and distiee
When is
*>a, y negative or y is imaginarv
y=£X. These
origin are y?=** or the origin.
at
The curve does not exist for values of x
> a,.
node is expected No asymptotes.
The shape of the curve is as shown in the fîgure 24
above.
Ex: 22 Trace the curve y (+7)+a2 (x-y)=0.
(Kanpur 87, Róhilkhand 80)
Sol. 1. Symmetry about both
-a,o) axes.
2. The curve passes through
origin. The tangents at the
einare x-y=0 or y=+x.
e two tangents being real and
inct, node is expected at the

(Fig. 23) Putting x=0, we have

i.e. the rO
curve or ya (y-)=Ó
-a=0
3. Putting y=0,
we get x=0, +a, y=0, G,a, -
-a.
a,
at (0,
and (40).
0) (a, 0) 0), we get the equation tu cT
ion ofthe The curve crosses the y-axis
Sbifting the origin (a, to 0), (0, a) and (0, -a).
a+(x+a}}=(x+a)" {a"-+a
x+2ax +2a)=(x+a)' (-x-2ax)
as
or
+2ax+24")=(** term
we get the theiting the origin to (0, a) we
to zero, we get
Equating the
lowest degree new y-axs (Fig. 25)
as x=0 ie.
at the new origin curve is symmt a 1 . /
tion of the tangent
origin to (-a, 0)
as the y +a [x+(y+a]-+a [x-(y+a"]=0.
curve

[We need not shift the ne tangent at the new origin is y=0, i.e. the new x-axis.
cal about y-axis). ( a - x ) / ( a + * ) . than The equation of the curve can be written as
we get y=x*
4. Solving for y, numerically greater (3+a)=ady-yt or =® (a-)/(a+*)
that for values of
x
Tbis shows
 Diferential CalcuBus
negative
of y> a, is x* or
is imaginar
For valucs not values of
e I S t for values of y> a.
does
curve
ic. the N o asymptotes.

5. of the curve
is as shown in Fie Fig. 2s
25 on Curve iracing (Cartesian)
The shape
Trace tbe carve y"=a'x- Page 17, and
his bra consider
at ys 19
x . 23.
and-
(Avadh
is
82; Rohilkh the 5ay
Sax, ie. ike or yt-
Saty?,
is put
If-x unaitered,
forx put for
is symmethe eo as origin. This branch x-0 is a tangen
tered. ainvertices andparabolas
Sol. . there
so there
so
Symmetry in theaton x-axts on either may be written as
ofthe curve
remains
neglecting as the axes
the theof
side of y-axis witn
y=0 isx-a' xy =-0cquatton parabolas
site quadrants.
through the origin, tangent th. of the curve
2. Curve passes a
tangent or
dEng y 5 we ind that this branch.
to
>sa'y. becomes
x=0, ie. J-axis. we get Also for
Putting J=0,
3.
ie. x=0, ta. ianfor this branch. da-0 gives x -0, ie. (0, 0) this branch,
x
(a+*)=0
x-axis at o(See
bola Ex 2 Also
Page 4 of this branch
is a
point of
x+=0 1s an asymptotethi.tochapter).x-5aly is cubical
crosses
So the curve
3. a
(0. 0). (a, 0) and (-a, 0). 4 Solving the equation the curve.
to of the
Shifting the oforigin
tbe curve
erosses y=x at (,
l. And we can0)find
curve and y=
and [v(5/2)a, x
find that
we
(a, 0), the
equation
-(x+a is-1, ie. v(5/2)a)
that the value and (
V(5/2)a,
becomes = 4 (rt+a) the of
y2=-x3-3x*a-2xa", so X-axis tangents
nclined to the x-z at an to the curve atdyjdx at [v (5/2)a,
shape of the curve is[V(5/2)a,V(5/2)a)
or
the new origin 2h
i t the above data, the
angle of 135°
the tangent at on
27 Page
18.
~.e. a (Fig 6) re as shown in the
is X=0, i.e. newJ-axis 0). Ex. 25 Trace the
ine parallel to y-axis through (a, to
curve. the
curve
Cal 1. Symmetry aboutx-+y$=thca'xy:
x+y=0 isasymptote an
both axes.
4.
Curve exists for
all values of x. The curve passes through the
and as X>-0, y>0o. are given by origin. The tangents at the
6. As x o , y>-oo
dyjdx to zero, we can find that E0 or x=0, x=0, x=t/y3
7. Equating
min, values of y.
y=0, i.e. both .e.
which gives max. and dy|dx=aesa are cuspidal
infiexion at x==0, a, - a by equating
8. Points of
curve is as shown in Fig.
26 above. ents.
T h e shape of the Solving the **

**Ex. 24. Trace thbe ion of the curve

cúrve x+y =5a*xy. =X we, get
(Jabalpur 84) =ax or X=0

Sel. 1. If x and The curve

y be changed to - x the line y=x
and -y respectively,
the equation of the
curve remains unchan-
Hence there is
722)
ged.
symmetry in the oppo V 2 (Fig. 28)
e value of dy/dx at (a/V2, a/V2) can be found to te - 1,
site quadrants.
2. The curve passes angent to the curve at (a/vV2, a/V2) is inclined to the
through the origin. The at an angle 135°
tangents at the origin No asymptote.
are given by x2y=0
or
Fig. 27) a the above data, the shape of the curve is as shown in
, X=0 and y=0. neg are 28 above.
the ofigin 26. Trace the curve (x/a):!8+(y/b}=1. (Hypocyeloid).
in order to discuss the form of the curye near

Ihe equation of the curve can be re-written as

(x/a)n +0"5)°
 Differential Calculu8

20 hows symmetry about both the 590-88 similarly the curve

Curve Tracing (Cartesian)
21
The
above
form

does n o t
pass
show ough the origin
thro
1/81 or x
axes. A. From the vC crosses the
cquatic n (i), we y-axis at
at (0, a) and (0,
(x/a5)1/8 1 a).
or
a2ya=1-(a
curve
find that
The
Futting
J=0,
we get
hd
s Iff (X/a) > 1ie. x a)1a
(0, b) and
c r o s s e s

i.e.
the
c u r v e

crosses
the y-axis
at
find that
aginary, SO
e does not the curve a, we have y|a?<0 i.e.
o r x = t a ,

imilarly
the
curve

equation
thea / b a y - 1 - ( x * | a ) / a .
(i) of the
e c u l v e we
cur
not exist for x
exist for does not exist
y> b. Due for x>a. Similarly
ya<0 ie.
From
to
5. No asymptotes. a and for
y<a. symmet
4. metry the curve
For the given Curve
At (a, 0), dy|dxX=0 dy|dx=(y]x)la
i.e.
Alsosa at (0, a), tangent (a, 0) is along
at
ngle (-}r) with dy|dx=-0tan
y-axis at (7t) i.e. the x-axis.
With the above data the
(0, a). tangent makes
(-a, (a,o) shape of the
curve is
a
30 on Page 20. as shown in
21. Trace the curve
g=a (y-x3).
Sol. 1. Symmetry about
h the a x e s .
o-6
6 O.The curve passes
gin and the
through
tangents at
(Fig. 29) in are
tive or 0g
ie. 12
( y / b * ) 1 / 8 = n e g a t i v e ,

for valmo >a-X=0

i.e. =tx.
y=.
have n o t exist
The curve crosses the
y 6 TAO
we
If x>a,
. If x> does
the cu Tist valu of
curve
So the for values
n o t e x i s t for ere how
imaginary,
bow the
is
Similarly
the curve
does
We
need
not
observe
curvesolving for y we Bt
about
both the axes o f x or y]. y=-ax|(x2-a®)
values
metry negative
for f=ax/(a-x*)
behaves
the
= - b ° 8 ) 1 / 3 / ( a 2 / 3 g l / a ) ,

along orm shows that of curve

No asymptotes. cs
curve dyjdx t a n g e n t at (a, 0) is
For the
given values xa>a2
6. At(a. 0). we have
dyjax=UTe,
not exist for
<
tangent at >aaand
x-a.
-00=tan )i.e. the
(-}r)
and
have dy|dx= As x->a, y3>o as
x-aX1s.
)we
to
x-axis.
curve is as shown above, (Fig 31)
the
right angles
(Astroid a,> c o .
shape of
(0, b)
is at data the y2/3=a*/
Point of inflexion at x=0.
above x8+
With the the curve

Trace
E x . 27.
of the Forx=}a, yi=ta"/(a-a*)=ta
equation
Sol. The BO,a =t(a/V3)=£(58a)
as
cvrve
can be
rewritten

t72 heabove data the shape of the curve is as shown above

( x / a ) 3 / 8 - y / a ) 3 = 1

or ( / a ) p + ( O | a ? ) l 3 = 1 . . . ( i ) . Exercises on Curve Tracing (Cartesian Form)

shows
above
form A t-0 curves:
1. The about ap)ace
(0) the following
symmetry 1 .ay-x (x-a). (Rohilkhaud 84)
that there is a, t-
both the axes.
does not 2. - x (x-1).
2 The curve

3. 3ay=x (x-a) (Berhampur 81)

through
the origin.
pass we get
3. Putting y=0 B0-a
from (i)
(xa= 1 , x=ta
x=a or
or
GrOSses the (Fig. 30)
 Differential Calculus

22
Ex. 4. 3" L)=* ((3a--
(a+x) =x°
x).
3a-x).
Curve
5. 84, 87; Meeru 80; 4 T
racing (Polar)
**Ex.(Jabalpur 82;
Lucknov
Rohilkhoand 8 i. Proccdurc for
Symmetry.
Ex. 6. (3-r)=a(3+r)

(a)
Tracing cerves given in
23
(9-x*) by changing Polar Form.
(94-x*)=x2
Jx 3 + ° = X . cemaims taitered, tien
into -9, the
Ex. 7.
Ex. 8. 4gra 8s Eor exampic there is
(b) fbyra (1-cos e), r2=adsymmetry
equation
about tlhcof thc curve
(a-x)
dbalpur 8 ains initiai line.
Ex. 9.
ry"=a* changing
unattered, e into
then there is ,
cos 20 etc.
the
Ex. 10. a i x = ( 2 a - y )
poie and
perpendicular to the symmetry cquation of the
ine curve,
te
a?
(Bhopal initial line.aboutFortheexample,
through
80; Kanpur 8ST 30.
xly=x?.-
Ex. I i . r=a
Ex. 12.
a'yi=xs
(2a-x).
Ex. 14. y
(x-a)=a (x re
Tkere symmetry about tbe
is
EX. y=y 16. y=9x (Bunde
(x3+9) y=9*
(7**9) (Bundelkhand TemaIns unaitered by changing rpole
2. Piotting
if the
into F . cquation of the
Ex. 1l6. of Peints g intor. T

E. 15. xy=x+1. Ex 18. (a* +a)= # Solving the equntion for and consider
Ex. 17. = r + a x . Ex. 20. *y+x*y==a a to oo or O
to-. , For consider
Form a tabie
lhow r
varies as varics
Ex. 19. x+yi=a*x

(GarhwaB 83; e which wo of

coTTesponding
(a-a))=x
(r--2a). Kanpur Rsand
Aanpur 8 sufi oient for tracing of-the curve. values of
Plot these points
Ex 21. (x34+J")-
4x
( x + 2 ) 4 + 1 6 x = 0 .

(Bhopal
8Dalues of e for waich r is (Here we should
observe
Ex 22. y? (a+x). (Meerut
Meerut 82Rxima value).
Zero or attains a
minimum or
Ex 23.
(a -x)==x* 3 . ASymptote. If for a
Ex. 24. yx (a+x)= (a-x).
a* (1?-x?).
(Meerut 83 a s ->a tien the straightticular line
value of say u we înd
(r*+S)
=
str
(Rohi!khand.8ntote to curve. i e =u is not necessarily the
Ex. 25 Asymptote should be found
= x * (a+x*)/(a3-x)

given ia Chapter on Asymptotes. by the

thod
or 3 . Polar Co-ordinates.
Region. f there are certain
and OA anDy s of for which r" is negative or
a fixed
point
Let O be The posi-
through O. imaginary then the curve does not
fixed straight
line o n this plane c a n be values of 6.
point P
from the
fixed for those
tion of aay r
Safved Examples oa Tracing ef
its
distance
0 of OP t o
given by inclination
es (Polar) :
and the Then r and
point O OA. (Fig. 32). 1. Trace
Trace the carve r=a
straight line of P. r
iEr.
1.
the fixed the initial (Circle).
angBe, 04
co-ordinates

polar
called the the veckorial
9 are
the radius vector, Sol. The given cquation shows
is called lor all values of 6
(Fig. 34)
and O the pole positíve if ris equal to a
ris
taken as Risindependent of4.
from O along Re7-9) measured
measured
away
vectaria! But r is
bounding
the 2
the pole. Hence
the line taken as
negative distance of each
and is direction
from
angle the
measured
in on the c u r v e
if above.
ole is a
to the when
Hence tbis IS a
opposite
positive
taken as ise
is
with pole as centre
a n t i - c l o c k w

measured
in the when
negative 2Rdrus=a,
and
direction
measured in the
clockwise (See Fig. 34)
2. Trace the
will
direction.
The siens of r and
aining (Fig. 33) =a9.
nf Archimedes)
 Differential Calcuus
24
about the line , i.c. OY in
Curve Tracing (Polar)
Sol. 1. Substituting
Hence there is symmetry the,g we observe
figure. increases from
0 to o , r also increascs from 0 -0
25
2 As Symmetry Hee Curve
1increases from 0
Similarly as 0
Some of the
decreases from 0 to-00,
correspending
of 6
values and r are given belo
Putting r=0 we
2. Pu
ca,9) gola,6d
2 =T is the get
0
a 2aT
Oce
tangent to6=the
i.e. r=0
7=0
16a 3 1a 4 7a
data shape of the curve is as shown in Fig. 35,
3.
35,decreases
6 2a
2a from 0 to
from 2arom
decreases ifom
As 0
to
increases a18d10o
With the above values of r is shown in otted the corresponding
for negative line) ent

Ex. 3.
c u r v e
(part of the Trace the carve r i = a . (Hyperbolic Spirals
of r and 6 given by:
equation of the curve 60 =0

Sol. 1. The 90
remains unaltered when is changed to
Hence
r=2a
(3/2)a a 120
(Fig. 38)
-r.
is chaged to Plot the above points. 180
- and r
about the line 0=}r, of the curve is as
The a
there is symmetry iyure 38 above.
shown 0
ie. OF in the figure.
of the curve
can
Ex. 6. Trace the curve C32120)
2. The equation From this form,
be written as
r=a/6.
when 6=0also. as
1-cos 0).
Sol 1.
(Cardioid)
Substituting - (2a,180)
a9o)
.
we get
that r > co
and as > - o , r>0.
o , 0 rsin 8=a or y=a(changing to
we find that the equation
ecurve remains unaltered.
ea,66)
3. (Fig. 36) ethere is symmetry about
the asymptote
(See chapter
cartesian) is pitial line.
on Asymptotes). 10-2 Putting r=0, 1-cos = 0
With above
the to
shape of the 0is tangent from
the curve. (Fig 39))
data, the s0increases 01 to T, r also
c u r v e is as
shown in fig.
of the dent
the
from
corresponding increases
values of r and
0
from 0 to 2a as
36 above. (Part values 60 90
120
given below:
c u r v e for negative 180
shown in dotted 0 a a
a
of r is Th the above data the shapE Or the curye is as
2a
line.
Ex. 4. Trace the 39 above. shown in
curve r=aea". "Ex. 7. Trace the curve
1. No sym- (Jabalpur 85)
Sol.
about the initial
Hcos 29.
Lemniscate of Bernoulli). 0-3nl4 9-2
metry
line. Sol.1. Symmetry about 0-TY4
2. As 0 c o , r o atial line.
posit+ve.
and r is always (Fig. 37) Putting r=0, cos 29=
3. Corresponding =tir or 0=+}r.
below:
and r a r e given
values of 0 2T Bence the straigbt lines
T apmo
are the tangents to
=0, aeo, ae3a/
at the pole.
aeTe2, is as shown ne
F=4, the curve
data the shape of As 8 varies from 0 to
With the above
37 above. (Cardiois as given below: (Fig. 40)
the figure curve r a
(1+cos ) .
Trace the
E x . 5.
 Differential Caleulus
30 90 35
he oth
plot thetse e Tracing (Polar)

NoteThis points
carveand
n enn 27
imaginary 0 COs be due
e t
to
or 7 3n na in traced symmmeiry about the lnitial line
The above data shons
that eurve does not exist odd or Cven) loops ot he
lying between and 135,
45
for values o Ex. 10.
nccor therelornm
will
Trace the as n
of the curve is Sol. 1
With the above data the shape as enrve
Fig. 40 Page 25. shown
ininitial line.
Symmety nbout the
cos 2n 2. Putting r-0,
Ex. 8. Trace the curve r
Sol. 1. Symmetry about
(Hyperbola 30 T, +
+
we
0
pole and about the line
which give the
tangent at Note)
dr the
(See $ 4 Page 23 of
this
do a sin 3u
polo.
(Fig. 43)
Chapter)Changing to cartc dr
sian the equation becomes cquatin d zero, we get sin
30-0, 30-0,
The equation of the 00. 2
are
asymptotes
or i r are its polar hich give the maximum value 213, Art
asymptotes.
3. When 8=0, a
(Note)
0-0
lo-37
Corresponding ofr
whichr is
values of 0 and a. 4T3
or r t a ie. the points r=a 0
are
given beloOw
a

(a, 0) and-(a, 0) lie on

the (Fig. 41) Plot the above
points and with the
curve. (Here co-ordinates of the points are polar co-ordinates) curve is as shown in Fig 43. above data the a

4. Solving for r we get r=a/cos 24. This shows that as 0 eEx. 11. Trace the curve r==a
sin 20.
shape ot

increases from 0 to ~r, r increases

from a to co. Sol. 1. Symmetry about the line
0=}T.
5.. For values of lying between r and r , r* is negative ie 2Putting r=0,
sin 20=0
curvè does not exist for ~r<0< 20-0, 2
r is imaginary. So the =0,
With the above data the shape of hich are the
41 tangents at the pole.
the curve is as shown in fgure . dr
above. 3 do 2a cos 20.
Ex. 9. Trace the curve
r=a cos 2. Equating dr/de to zero, we get
-0
Sol. 1.Symmetry about the cos 20=0
initial line. 24 , . r, T, 954
2 Putting r=0, cos 20-0 o r
24-tir or 0 t r , i.e. the straight ich give the maximum values of r
lines U=tT are the tangents to the
Curve at the pole. which is equal to a sin 2 (r)=a sin }n=a.
Corresponding values of b and
(Fig. 42) 4. Corresponding values of0 and r
S.
=0
are
given below
r is given below:
60 120 135° 1S0° 180 =0 a 0
30 45 -ta 0
0 a
 Differential Calculus

28
the above data the shape
the
points and with
Plot thc
above
shown in Fig. 44 o n Page 27.
of
uating dr|de toCurve Tracing (Polar)
the c u r v e is ás

Ex. 17.
Trace the
curve
- 40-hr, 312, zero. we
ive the
5t/2, get cos 29
8)=a maximum
r = sin 39. 0-2s
(Avadh 81;
Purvanchal 89) sin hn= a.value of oF 40=0.
Sol. 1. No
the initial line.
symmetry
about Corre
=7,
eesponding
3718
}8,
max
value
r.
And the
max. va
sin 30=0 S«/8, 7r/8,of e and
2. Putting ro0,
r
are
or
47,
30 0,, 2, 3,r , sr,
ST,
0-7
With the
the above
above
a,
data -a, /8,
a, 118,given below
or =0, J, r,
T, 0-0 46 on Page 28. the
shape of the
13«|8,8, 1577/8
a,
which are tangents of
the curve Ex. 14. Trace
the curve -a
curve is as
9776 9-11n =2a cos 0 shown in
Sol. The equation(Circle)
at the pole.
dr/d=3a cos 30.
3 of the
Equating dr/de
get cos 39=0
to zero, we

3/12 9-5s can be written as r=ar

. multiplying both sides PR 0)
etc.
39-ir, îr, iz,
or

- . e, i7, i , n. (Fig.45) Changin8 tO cartesian we

and wefind that
or
for = x+y=2ax,
Also -9a sin 39and r=x+ya Ca.0)
Hence for these values of 0, r is maximum and its and x=r cÍs 0
i s negative. The equation of the
sin 3 (ir)=a.
maximum value=a given below:-
Corresponding values of 0 and r are eis x-+-2ax =0 which
4.
2r rC centre is (a, 0) and the (Fig. 47)
Hence the shape of urve is as radius i
0 a 0-a 0 a -a 0 shown in Fig. 47
r=0 a 0 15. Trace the
above.
and with the above
data the shape of Ex. curve r=4Sin
Plot the above points 45 above.
cos 0
shown in Fig.
the curve is as
by the equation ofoddthe form r=a Sol. The equation of the curve (Cissoid)
(Note. In the or 2ngiven
curve
as n is or even]1. a sin2 4
there will be n loops according or a r à sin?
sin n
Ex. 13. Trace
the curve r cos 0
r=a sin 49. 10-2 4y=ay/x, changing to cartesian (Note)
Sol. 1. Symmetry about 0-374 9=4 (+) x=ay or (x-a)=-x
the line 8=}T.
40=0
=/(a-).
2. Putting r=0, sin or the tracing of this curve we have the
or 40=0, T, 27, 3T 8 @-0 ng data:-

or =0, ~7, ir, ir, , Sr/4, Symmetry about x-axis.

3/2, 7r/4, 27,
The curve passes through the origin
which are tangents at the pole. etangents thereat are y=0, ie. y=0, 0,0)
\Aca
In fact 6=0, tr. }z, 37/4, 07% . cusp is expected at the origin.
are the four tangents at the pole The curve crosses the axes only at the
to the curve, others are
tensions of these.
just ex- g3
3. dr/do =4a cos 49.
(Fig. 46) -X=0 or x=a is the asymptote.
For values of x > a, the curve does
s1, Since y becomes negative or y
maginary for values of x >a.
(Fig. 48)
 30 Diferentinl Calculue
of x, the
Similarly for negative values e doe
Cer 1racing Perametr)
6. As x increnses from to a, y increase
e shape of the .
() ox
With the above data the ye h
Ex 16. Trace the curve r + - b
eos 0. wben per this urve we tive the
Symmetry about the initial (Limeeon 1Goral i agt
dat to
Sol 1Symmetty stvn the
ine values of e and
e-2 initie
2. Corresponding The eurve pastes
rare given below The tengents s thtoagh the
o-2ax the
42rigi
-0
a -Gb) a-b e angents are imaginaty,
ra4-b a+(4b) as Bn iselnted point the Henoe
on
of r are posi- cee
All the above values Puttingy-0, w get
tive as a > b(given). he Curve erosses the z-exis t ,2
the shape Shiftingr
6, 0.
6
Plot the above points and (20, 0).eguation he origin t
of the c u r v e is
as shown above 0) the of the eure
Trace the curvee
(x4-20 (20- beomes
2)
E x . 17. (Fip. 4 (
r 4 - b cos 0, when n b . (Limacon) (Meerut 8
line
(4-2 )
Teetengent at the new
1. Symmetry about the initial origin
parallel to isz
Sol. ine througb (Za, 0)
r are te the pats
2. Corresponding values of 6 and given belou
0 or y-exin.
For values of 5 26, RE asymptote
is negetE 1etce tbe
0

ra4-b à+(b/V2) a+(b) a b) a (bV2) a for values of a 2. Simiiarly eurve does

sitive and nepAtINe), the eurve doesfornotsll valus of x c
b, then
Is positive for As Xinoreases from e to 20, y exst
Let a from 0 to i but r i s with the above data, the sbape dereases from to 0
all values of 0 or i.e. r is positive g.51 above.
of the curve is
8sshos i
negative wben 0
in the above
data u p t o r
and negative
vanish
Exercises on Tracing of Cure (Polar For)
onwards. Hence r must race the foliowing curves
from 2 Let
somewhere
between - and 2.which Lr0+c0s0)-
) for cos a sin ,
(lying
between and line
(ist: Change to curcsiat)
-a the straight r2(1-2 sin ).
r 0 . Then 0 - a ithe
s
curve at the pole 5. Parametric equations The equatios in
which is tangent
to
between and wach a andy
oressed in terms ol a Dew variable saY hicb is callied
lying para
and for vajues of points
corresponding are called parametric cquatioBs eg. a cand y sia
, r i s negative and marked in the (Fig.50) parametric equations of a circie; x=a, p-2at, whene tis
will be
to such values.of asr is negative for them. ameter are the parametric equations ofa parubola
o n these lines the Tracing of the curve whose parametric equations giv
opposite direction a<b, tihe curve passes through origin
the thod L. Eliminating the paramcier if possible we sha
Thus in this case form two l0ops, onc inside

6-=cO8 -(a/b)} and cartesian cquatioD of the curve which can b traced a
when
as shown
above.
in the Fig.
50 ed in $2 Pages I-2 of this chapter.
(cos 0 +sec 0)
other
E x . 18.
Trace the
curve r = a
edExamples on Parametric Equatious (Mcthod I)
of the curve can be written
both sides
as
by I Trace the curve x=-a cos . ya Sin 4 Cipci)
Sol The cquation multiplying
Eliminating , wc get
cos0tr 0),
sec
= (r
= cos +a sin - of a or a+-,
standard equation circle with (0,0) as centuc and
(Note) the
P-ocOs0cos dius and can be drawn casily,
or (a+)=a (2a+99
 Curve Tracing (Parametric)
Diffcrential Calculus

32
72/CT2 ol. + p =
33

Ex, 2.
Trace the curve

7, we
X=at", y=2at.
get
(Parabola) 27a9ya
3at 3at3
Eliminating
y=2at or 1=y/2a (1+r8y 3a. ,
or
Sol.
x = a t = a (y/2a),
x = a (yi/4a3)
=4ax,
of parabola and its
shan 3axy,
cing ofwhich
tlhis curve Sce
1S the (1+7)(I+) = 3axy.
cquation of the Folium of
which is the
standard equation
on Tracing of
Ex. 18, Descartcs.
Page 15 of this
be traced
easily.
er Curves chapter.
well known
can

curve
X=a cos p, y=b sin . Ellipse)E Trace the curve x=a cos"(Parametric Form Metibod I)
Ex. 3.
Trace the w e get
t, y=a sin® t.
Method II (For tracing curves given in Paramet (Astroid)
i m i n a t i n g o,
Sol.
El(x/a(y/b)"=cos +sin p=1
equation
method 1S
of thbis uetnodthe
used when th
is used given
the parameter Parametric Form).
3/a3 y|b=1, vhich
being the standard
from given parametric cquations.cannot be easily
In this
or
be traced
easily. Kore to be adopted is: case the
ellipse can y=t-}.
Trace the curve x=t, Find the value ofremembering that dy dt
Ex. 4. ( 1 - 3 ) = ( t t ) (3-12)
Sol. y=t-}=t squaring both sides d
y=(r*) (-1 putting t rameter,
or y=(x) (3-x), Giving the paramcter different values find the correspon-
or
9=* (of this see Ex. 12 Page 12 of this chapter in alues of *, ) and the slope of the tangent viz. dld . Plot
or curve oints (Whose cartesian co-ordinates are known to us) and
For tracing know the slope of the tangent at these points.
which put a=1.
2t alred Examples on Parametric Equations (Method )
L
Ex. 5.
Trace the curve X=14- Ex. 1. Tracing of Cyeloid.
(-8)44r2
hecycloid is generally given in one the following forms:
+4P)-"%( 1 + 3 x=a (t+sin t), y=a (1+cos t).
Sol.
aa+= 1+1-2r2
1 +4
4 (1+ =l
x=a (t-sin t), y=a (1+cos t).
x=a(1+sin t), y=a (1-cos t).
(1+13)3 (1+) x=a (tsin t), y=a (1-cos 1).
y=a (14 cos ).
henoei (a) X = a (t+sin t),
x+=1, radiusand
ana
centre is (0, 0) dx
circle, whose =a(-sin t) and=a (1+cos t)
or
which is a
drawn easily. a sin t
can be
sin2 t, y=
(Cissoid dyjdt a (-sin t)
the curve
x=a cos t dy
*Ex. 6. Trace
dx dx/dta (1+cos )
a2 (x/a)s -2 sin t cos t
a (sin2 t)3
a sin 1-sin 7) (1-x/a)putting sin2 1=x} 2 cos
2a

Sol. COst
=-tan t
of the given curve. dx=-tan zt.
equation
is the cartesian 9 of this chapter. Corresponding values of
y=x|(a-x)
c u r v e See
Ex. 8 Page (Fig. 52)
or of this sin" 0. different
For tracing
the
X=a
curve
cos* 0, y=b dx for nd dy below
Trace TE(Note)
Ex. 7. x2/3=a2/3 (cos 0)/=aB3 cos
0.
t are given
Sol. 0)/3=b3/3 sin2 a (+1)
ya/8=}13 (sin -a (i+1) 0
and (x/a)3/3+(y/b)3/=1, a 2a
0=1 or a
0 -1 00

t+
x2/3
cos+sin
Ex. 26 Pag 1 0) is a point on the
is given in find that (-at, i.e, the tangent is
and its tracing above data
we
e is co
is hypo-cycloid
of the tangent
which
Dere the slope
chapter. angle.
19-20 of this
vectorial
parameter
and not
Here 0 is
Note. 3at y 3at
 Differential Calculus
34
axis at an, angle =Br.
inclincd to the Similarly we find that at
tan , see Curve Tracing (Parametric)
chapter on Tangents].
a] and ( a With the above the
the taDon
(}r+1)), a}, (0,
2a), 1a (tTt1),
x-aXiS at
angles"
nave the shane data, proceeding as in part
35
[-a to the hal (a) A
curve
are
inclined
tangents 7.e. t h e (d)
makotangento
x=a (t-sin t), y=a (1-cos t) Pago 33
we
the
and-co respeciively For
tespectively.For
s of 1. dyldt=a
vatdnglesoare

. 0.-1 x-aXIS the values of > tr0, sin t; dx|dt=a

and - 7 With of the curve be obtaincd. dydy|dt S i n (1-cos Cos )t)
dx
branches
tr of
the same types
<-T
Hence the
shape of the curve
is
called
called
as shown
Fig. 52 on
the base of the
dx|dta (I-cos t) asin
2a t cos tt
(2 sina ) c o t t .
the vertex, BC is cycloid an
is called circle. generating
33. A radius of the
the
a is called sin t),
(b).
Xa
y=2 (1+cos t)
(t
dy/dt=a (-sin
t) ; a ar
1: a
dx/dt-a (1--cos )
- a ina
3K/ 0t0
t-27Xx
dy dyjdt a (l-cos t) At:A
dxdx/dt2 sin cos
2 sin (Fig. 53) (Fig. 55)
dyjdx=-cot r. and dyldx for Corresponding values of *, y, dy|dx ior
OT values of x, y re given b e l o w - difierent values of r
Corresponding
2 below I=0
given 27
values of t
are

2ass
(Note x=0 a -1)
at a (+1)
2a
t=0 a (n+1) y=0 a 2a
=0
a (g-1) 0 a 2a 0
0
yjdx=oo
y=2a
have the shane ung as in part (a) Pao
dyjdx=- wesal t a correspondingoll
values ot and
Cimilarly for negative for values
Similarly for 1ide of y-axis tZ7, we Ex. 2. Trace the curve
curve.
a cos t, y=a sin* t.
branches of the
shall get
other (Astroid) t:,O,a
above data, the
With the
is as shown
dy/dt=3a sin t cos t
1.dx|dt=-3a
curve cos t sin
shape of the ten
in Fig. 53
above.

(t+sin t),
dyld
X=a
(c) y=a (1-cos t)
3a sin t cos t a t-
dy/dt
1.
=a (sin 1); 3 a cost sin t
(1+cos t))
dx/dt =a
dydy/dt
(a sin 1) ly dy tan . t-3/
(1+cos 1) dx 60-
. d x dx|dt a (Fig. 53) 2. Corresponding values
2asinttcos
different
and dy/ldr for
t) y (Fig. 56)
a (2 cos a r e given below:
valuesof
and dy/dx
for different 2
ot
dy|dx=tan tt. values of x, y -0 2 4
Corresponding
2:
below
(Note) -a

oft are given

2y2 22 2y2
=-T
-a (im-1)
a (tT+1) 2V2
X=-Ta 0
1 2y2 2y222 22
y=2a 0
1
dyjdx=-00 =0-1-0 1 0-1
 Curve Tracing
Differential Calculus 31
36 950-88 degree terms in this
he lowest
act
equation to zero we find that
Plotting the above points and observing the inclinations of .1.
new origin is y=0 i.e. new x-axis i.e. a line
to x-axis.
these points
the of the curve is as
shape shown in f rUgh (0, o2a) parallci
tangents at rug 2a or y < 0, x is negative i e. x is
does not exist for values of y greater imaginary.
56 on Page 35.
E x . 3. Trace the curve ence t than 2a or
tan° (4t), y=a sin t. zero ie. negative.
x=a cos t+¥a log (Tractrix) sthan or
point of inflexion.
Sol. 1. a cos i;
dx
-a sin 14 n ($7) sec (}r). 5. No asymptote
With theabove data the shape of the curve is as shown in the
tan (r)
Page 36.
ure 58
on
dx - a sin 1+.
d =-a sin t 2 sin t cos t Trace the curve
or in t Ex. 2.
y=x(1+x*)/(1-x*).
7(1-sin 1)=aCos2
Sin Sol. 1. Symmetry about
Sin
dy dyjd?_a
cos siu =tan f. 2. The curve passes through
dx dx/d a cos origin. Tangents at origin
values of x, V and dy|dx for different values rcy-x0 or y=tx.
2. Corresponding
of are given below
3. The curve crOSses the
0 ts only at the origin.
X=00 4. Equating the coefficient
0 terms of y to
y=0 0 highest degree
-Co
dy/dx=0 x=t1 as
growe get x"=1 or curve.
From the above data we asymptotes of the
Bcoa e
conclude that when 1=-7 5. values of x > 1
For
the corresponding point is (Fig. 59)
.for numerial values of x>1 docs not exist for
(o, 0) i.e. a point at infinity
The curve
is negative or y is imaginary.
on the positive direction of americalvalues of x*>1 (i.e x > 1 and <-1).
x
X-axis and the solpe of tangent increases from 0 to .
As x* increases from O 1,ofyinflexion as dy|dx"=0 and
6. to
at that point is 0, ie, x-axis is 7. Origin is the only point
tangent at the point. Hence y dx-£0 at the origin. in Fig. 59.
from the definition of asymp- the curve is as shown
Hence thefshape ofcurve (a/x3)-(b/y2)=1. (Rokilkhand 82 P)
tote x-aXis is asymptote to the 3. Trace the
curve. Similarly we can plot E. curve can be rewritten as
Sol. The equation of the
other points and bearing in xy=a'y3-b2x?.

mind the slope of the tangents (Fig. 57) 1. Symmetry about both
the axes.

of the curve is as shown in Fig. 57 above.

at these points the shape Curve passes' through the
Examplies on
Miscellaneous Solved Tracing of Curves. 2. the origin
rigin. Tangents at X.
Ex. 1. Trace the curve ax*=y® (2a-y). rea-b3x2=0 or y=t(6/a)
Sol. 1. Symmetry about y-axis crosses the axes
3. Curve ay-6a
2. The curve passes through origin.
0.20). alylat the origin.
are x*=0 i.e. the coefficient
Tangent at the origin 4. Equating terms of y to
x=0 and x=0. These being real and highest degree or x = t a
x-a2=0
coincident cusp is expected at the origin. 0, we get curve.
asymptotes to the
3. Putting x=0, we get y=0 and Tae get
2a, i.e. the curve crosses y-axis at (0, 0) 5. Solving for y, we
=}x*/(a-x*).

and (0, 2a). (Fig. 60)

that for numeri
(Fig. 58)
the This shows a.

Shifting the origin (0, 2a),

to
, ya
is negative values of x>
of x > anot
numerical

of the curve becomes ax?=(y+20)3 (-Y). Hence equa- Values exist for
equation curve
does
Ene
 Differential Caiculus
38
increases trem 0 to a, y increase
As x
the only point of infieri
om o.
is
Origin
dyjdx3 0
at the origin.
of
2y|dx?- Curve Tracing
Hence the shape This shows that
as shown
in for y2 >a* 39
the curve is reater than a, x* is i.c. for
nepative f e. the curve
Fig. 60
x.
on Page 37.
4. Trace the
6.
7.
As x
No point of
increases from
co, y
0 to nunierical.values
does
varies
not
exist.
of y

curve x = y ' (x+1)3 inficxion.

Hence the shape of the
from a2 to
zero.
Gorak"pur 83; curve is
(Agra 81; Lucknow 82) *Ex. 6. Trace the curve as
shown in
Kanpur 84;1. x®y3 = Fig. 62 Page
Sol.
Symmetry Sol Symmetry about v-axis.(1+y)" (4-ya). 38.
2. Curve does not pass
through the origin.
about x-axis.

2.
The curve passes ye- Putting x=0 we get y=1,
at three points viz. (0, 2). E2, .e the
Tan- (Fig. 61) a x i sa
(0, curve
crosses the
through the origin.a r e j = x * o r jy=tx. iftiog the origin ta (0. 2) we -2) and (0, 1). -

the origin get the

gents at axes only at the origin. =(y+3)* cquation
3.
crosses the
Curve
Eguating the coefñcients. of highest powers o and y tod that tue tangent at the
he new
(y+2=

origin is y=0 i.e. new

-(y+2)=(y+3} (-4y-y), whence of the
curve

zero we
4.
get x+i=0
a n d y =0 as the
0 2as asymptotes to tha
the asymptotes
y*=x*/(x+-1)3.
the curve through (0,-2) parallel to x-axis. x-axis
we
i.e. a
for y, w e get Similarly shifting
5. Solving that for values - , y? is
of * <for negativa
visorigin to (0,-2)
This shows not
eXist values of -1. a line
imaginary. ..
The curve does can find that
and x - 1 , y-co. Ugh (0,2) para
6. As xao, y>0.
infiexion.
is a tan-
to axis
No point of
7 the curveis as shown in Fig. 61 t o the curve.

the shape of
bove.
Hence
the curve x*y*=(a+y
(a3 y2. -

Again shifting the

Ex. 5. Trace
about y-axis.
n to (0,1); we
Sol. 1. Symnetry the origin. of, the
not pass through he equation
The c u r v e does 0,-7
2. y s t a i.e. the curv. 5Ses -axisS (y1)*=y
we get
3. Putting x=0, r-1=y (3+2y
at (0. a) andthe origin to (0, a}, the equation.of the
curve
whence equating
becomes owest degree terms
Shifting +y)*{a*-(y+a)}
x (y+a)=(2a +y){-2ay -*}, D, we find
that the
x2 (y+aj*=(2a (Fig. 63)
or ion to the tangents at (0, 1) are
find that the x=3ya or
whence we
the new origin UV3) x ie. two lines hrough (0, -1) inclined at=jx*
tangent at
ie. the
new HI50 with the positi e direction of x-axis angles of
is y=0 y=0ie. x-axis is the asymptote.
x-axis i.e. a line
through
parallel to
(0, a)Again
x-axis.
Solving for x, we get x*=(1+y)2 (4-ya)/y
shifting the hie chows that for y* > 4 i.e. ior numerical
values of y>2, "
the
origin to (0, -a),c u r v e (0-a) ezative i.e. the curve does not exist.
the
equation of
becomes x (y-a)*=)* 0 to
(Fig. 62) sec
Om oo and

tangent at tne n 2Ses from -1l to 0, x increa

find that the between -2 and-1, z8 is naeie
=y2 (2ay-p?), where
and
we
r-0 ie. two real and coinciaent aut fo y
nc the taDgentto