SCHOOL OF CIVIL, ENVIRONMENTAL, GEOLOGICAL ENGINEERING
CE168P-2 .
CONSTRUCTION METHODS AND PROJECT
MANAGEMENT
MODULE 2
Prepared By:
Engr. Jeffrey E. Germono, CPM, PSM CM
SCHOOL OF CIVIL, ENVIRONMENTAL, AND GEOLOGICAL ENGINEERING
SCHOOL OF CIVIL, ENVIRONMENTAL, GEOLOGICAL ENGINEERING
2: CASH PLANNING AND CONTROL
2a: RESOURCE ALLOCATION
MODULE 1
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SCHOOL OF CIVIL, ENVIRONMENTAL, GEOLOGICAL ENGINEERING
2-A1: MANPOWER LEVELING
MANPOWER (WORKFORCE) LEVELING
Basically, is the manpower redistribution on the project activities to comply
with manpower availability and a balanced smooth manpower usage curve
Two (2) Main Reasons for Using MANPOWER LEVELING:
•The availability of certain resources does not fulfill the project requirement
rate, so we have to level the rate of resource daily usage to comply with the
resource availability as the driving resource for the project duration.
•The manpower resource curve is going up and down according to the big
variances of the resource daily usage that are not practical as we don’t hire
labor for short periods of time. In this way, we should level it to have a
constant daily rate as possible for manpower usage.
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SCHOOL OF CIVIL, ENVIRONMENTAL, GEOLOGICAL ENGINEERING
“The consequence of employment fluctuation and
equipment utilization adds to the cost of the project.”
THEREFORE…
MANPOWER LEVELING is a SOLUTION in which you, as the Project
Manager, keep the employment at an ACCEPTABLE LEVEL
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SCHOOL OF CIVIL, ENVIRONMENTAL, GEOLOGICAL ENGINEERING
SAMPLE PROBLEM
FIRST STEP: DRAW THE NETWORK DIAGRAM
ACTIVITY/EVENTS
TIME MANPOWER SAMPLE TIME-SCALED
ESTIMATE LOADING NETWORK DIAGRAM
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SCHOOL OF CIVIL, ENVIRONMENTAL, GEOLOGICAL ENGINEERING
SECOND STEP: ANALYZE THE DIAGRAM IN TSN
SAMPLE TIME-SCALED SAMPLE TIME-SCALED
NETWORK DIAGRAM NETWORK DIAGRAM
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SCHOOL OF CIVIL, ENVIRONMENTAL, GEOLOGICAL ENGINEERING
STEP 3: ANALYZE THE WORKFORCE PER DAY OF ACTIVITES
IN THIS WAY,
YOU MAY SEE THE ACTIVITIES
WORKFORCE LOADING PER DAY OF
ITS ASSIGNMENT.
MORE DETAILED EXPLANATION (SEE
NEXT SLIDE/PAGE)
SAMPLE TIME-SCALED
NETWORK DIAGRAM
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SCHOOL OF CIVIL, ENVIRONMENTAL, GEOLOGICAL ENGINEERING
STEP 3: ANALYZE THE WORKFORCE PER DAY OF ACTIVITES
NODE 1-4 (ACTIVITY E) WAS SCHEDULED TO HAVE
15 MEN IN 5 DAYS
BUT NODE 1-2 (ACTIVITY B) WAS SCHEDULED TO
HAVE 10 MEN IN 7 DAYS
TIP:
ANALYZE THE FIRST NODE WITH MINIMUM DAYS
OF DURATION AND ANALYZE THE PARALLEL
ACTIVITIES
SHOWN IN THE FIGURE:
ACTIVITIES THAT WILL CROSS THE 4-DAY MARK OF
NODE 2 ARE AS FOLLOWS:
ACTIVITY A: 10 MEN
ACTIVITY B: 10 MEN
ACTIVITY C: 5 MEN 4
ACTIVITY E: 15 MEN
SAMPLE TIME-SCALED
GET THE SUMMATION OF THE WORKFORCE AT THE NETWORK DIAGRAM
4TH DAY FROM THE MENTIONED ACTIVITIES
ABOVE:
TOTAL = 40 MEN x 4 DAY = 160 MAN DAYS
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SCHOOL OF CIVIL, ENVIRONMENTAL, GEOLOGICAL ENGINEERING
STEP 3: continuation
SHOWN IN THE FIGURE:
ACTIVITIES THAT WILL CROSS THE 5-DAY MARK OF
THE PROJECT ARE AS FOLLOWS:
ACTIVITY A : 10 MEN
ACTIVITY C : 5 MEN
ACTIVITY D : 15 MEN
ACTIVITY E : 15 MEN*
GET THE SUMMATION OF THE WORKFORCE AT THE
5TH DAY FROM THE MENTIONED ACTIVITIES
ABOVE:
TOTAL = 45 MEN x 1 DAY = 45 MAN DAYS
ACTIVITY B IS NO LONGER INCLUDED AS IT WAS 4
ALREADY FINISHED ON THE 4TH DAY OF THE
PROJECT.
SAMPLE TIME-SCALED
ACTIVITY E IS INCLUDED SINCE IT WAS NETWORK DIAGRAM
SCHEDULED TO HAVE 5 DAYS OF TOTAL
DURATION. MEANING, THE REMAINING 1 DAY IS
INCLUDED*
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SCHOOL OF CIVIL, ENVIRONMENTAL, GEOLOGICAL ENGINEERING
STEP 3: continuation
Days 6-7
SHOWN IN THE FIGURE:
ACTIVITIES THAT WILL CROSS THE 6-7-DAY MARK
OF THE PROJECT ARE AS FOLLOWS:
ACTIVITY A : 10 MEN
ACTIVITY C : 5 MEN
ACTIVITY D : 15 MEN
GET THE SUMMATION OF THE WORKFORCE AT THE
6TH – 7TH DAY FROM THE MENTIONED ACTIVITIES
ABOVE:
TOTAL = 30 MEN x 2 DAY = 60 MAN DAYS
ACTIVITY E IS NO LONGER INCLUDED AS IT WAS 4
ALREADY FINISHED ON THE 5TH DAY OF THE
PROJECT.
SAMPLE TIME-SCALED
NETWORK DIAGRAM
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SCHOOL OF CIVIL, ENVIRONMENTAL, GEOLOGICAL ENGINEERING
STEP 3: continuation
Days 8-11
SHOWN IN THE FIGURE:
ACTIVITIES THAT WILL CROSS THE 8-11 DAY MARK
OF THE PROJECT ARE AS FOLLOWS:
ACTIVITY A : 10 MEN
ACTIVITY D : 5 MEN
ACTIVITY F : 15 MEN
ACTIVITY K : 10 MEN
GET THE SUMMATION OF THE WORKFORCE AT THE
8TH – 11TH DAY FROM THE MENTIONED ACTIVITIES
ABOVE:
TOTAL = 40 MEN x 4 DAY = 160 MAN DAYS
ACTIVITY A AT THIS STAGE IS FINISHED (11 DAYS 4
PROJECTION)
ACTIVITY D AND F WILL HAVE A REMAINING 1 SAMPLE TIME-SCALED
DAY TO FINISH NETWORK DIAGRAM
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SCHOOL OF CIVIL, ENVIRONMENTAL, GEOLOGICAL ENGINEERING
STEP 3: continuation
Day 12
SHOWN IN THE FIGURE:
ACTIVITIES THAT WILL CROSS THE 8-11 DAY MARK
OF THE PROJECT ARE AS FOLLOWS:
ACTIVITY D : 5 MEN
ACTIVITY F : 15 MEN
ACTIVITY K : 10 MEN
GET THE SUMMATION OF THE WORKFORCE AT THE
12TH DAY FROM THE MENTIONED ACTIVITIES
ABOVE:
TOTAL = 30 MEN x 1 DAY = 30 MAN DAYS
ACTIVITY (D & F) WILL BE FINISHED ON THIS 4
MARKED DATE, IN REFERENCE TO THEIR
SCHEDULED WORK DURATION
SAMPLE TIME-SCALED
ACTIVITY K WILL HAVE A REMAINING 1 DAY TO NETWORK DIAGRAM
FINISH
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SCHOOL OF CIVIL, ENVIRONMENTAL, GEOLOGICAL ENGINEERING
STEP 3: continuation
Day 13
SHOWN IN THE FIGURE:
ACTIVITIES THAT WILL CROSS THE 13 DAY MARK
OF THE PROJECT ARE AS FOLLOWS:
ACTIVITY G : 10 MEN
ACTIVITY H : 5 MEN
ACTIVITY I : 15 MEN
ACTIVITY K : 10 MEN
GET THE SUMMATION OF THE WORKFORCE AT THE
13TH DAY FROM THE MENTIONED ACTIVITIES
ABOVE:
TOTAL = 40 MEN x 1 DAY = 40 MAN DAYS
ACTIVITY K WILL BE FINISHED ON THIS MARKED 4
DATE, IN REFERENCE TO THEIR SCHEDULED WORK
DURATION
SAMPLE TIME-SCALED
ACTIVITY (G,H,I) WILL PROCEED STARTING DAY 14 NETWORK DIAGRAM
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SCHOOL OF CIVIL, ENVIRONMENTAL, GEOLOGICAL ENGINEERING
STEP 3: continuation
Day 14-18
SHOWN IN THE FIGURE:
ACTIVITIES THAT WILL CROSS THE 14-18 DAY MARK
OF THE PROJECT ARE AS FOLLOWS:
ACTIVITY G : 10 MEN
ACTIVITY H : 5 MEN
ACTIVITY I : 15 MEN
GET THE SUMMATION OF THE WORKFORCE ON
THE 14TH TO 18TH DAY FROM THE MENTIONED
ACTIVITIES ABOVE:
TOTAL = 30 MEN x 5 DAY = 150 MAN DAYS
AT THIS STAGE, THE ACTIVITY G & H ARE SET TO BE 4
FINISHED.
SAMPLE TIME-SCALED
NETWORK DIAGRAM
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SCHOOL OF CIVIL, ENVIRONMENTAL, GEOLOGICAL ENGINEERING
STEP 3: continuation
Day 19-26
SHOWN IN THE FIGURE:
ACTIVITIES THAT WILL CROSS THE 19-23 DAY MARK
OF THE PROJECT ARE AS FOLLOWS:
ACTIVITY I : 15 MEN
ACTIVITY J-L : 5 MEN
GET THE SUMMATION OF THE WORKFORCE ON
THE 19TH TO 26th DAY FROM THE MENTIONED
ACTIVITIES ABOVE:
TOTAL = 20 MEN x 8 DAY = 160 MAN DAYS
AT THIS STAGE, THE ACTIVITY J IS SET TO BE 4
FINISHED.
ACTIVITY I AND L WILL PROCEED TO DAY 26TH TO SAMPLE TIME-SCALED
27TH DAY RESPECTIVELY NETWORK DIAGRAM
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SCHOOL OF CIVIL, ENVIRONMENTAL, GEOLOGICAL ENGINEERING
STEP 3: continuation
Day 27
SHOWN IN THE FIGURE:
ACTIVITIES THAT WILL CROSS THE 24-26 DAY MARK
OF THE PROJECT ARE AS FOLLOWS:
ACTIVITY L : 5 MEN
GET THE SUMMATION OF THE WORKFORCE ON
THE 27TH DAY FROM THE MENTIONED ACTIVITIES
ABOVE:
TOTAL = 5 MEN x 1 DAY = 5 MAN DAYS
AT THIS STAGE, ALL ACTIVITIES ARE SET TO BE 4
FINISHED
SAMPLE TIME-SCALED
NETWORK DIAGRAM
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SCHOOL OF CIVIL, ENVIRONMENTAL, GEOLOGICAL ENGINEERING
SUMMARY OF SCHEDULE OF MEN PER DAY
NUMBER OF DAYS NUMBER OF MEN TOTAL MAN DAYS
DAY 1-4 40 160
DAY 5 45 45
DAY 6-7 30 60 Therefore:
DAY 8-11 40 160 The lowest possible constant
DAY 12 30 30 manpower level per day is:
DAY 13 40 40 810 man-days / 27 days
= 30 men
DAY 14-18 35 150
DAY 19-26 20 160
DAY 27 5 5
27 DAYS TOTAL 810
REFER TO PREVIOUS SLIDES FOR VERIFICATION OF THE
BREAKDOWN OF MEN PER DAY OF SCHEDULE
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SCHOOL OF CIVIL, ENVIRONMENTAL, GEOLOGICAL ENGINEERING
LAST STEP: PLOT THE COMPUTED WORKFORCE LOADING
The previous slide shows that the constant
TIME-SCALED NETWORK AND MANPOWER LOADING
manpower per day is 30 men. 50
Pertaining to the graph, try to flatten all 45
humps over 30 and raise all dips under 30 of
the 40
35
30
MANPOWER
TIP 25
Try first the activities with Free Float and 20
scheduled them at the peak periods. These
activities may be re-scheduled by moving 15
them to a low resource requirement period.
10
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
PROJECT DURATION
No. of Men Target
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SCHOOL OF CIVIL, ENVIRONMENTAL, GEOLOGICAL ENGINEERING
LAST STEP: PLOT THE COMPUTED WORKFORCE LOADING
The previous slide shows that the TIME SCALED NETWORK AND MANPOWER LOADING
constant manpower per day is 30 35
men.
Pertaining to the graph, try to 30
flatten all humps over 30 and raise
all dips under 30 of the Time
Scaled Network and Manpower 25
Loading Graph
TIP 20
MANPOWER
Try first the activities with Free
15
Float and scheduled them at the
peak periods. These activities may
be re-scheduled by moving them
10
to a low resource requirement
period.
5
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
PROJECT DURATION
No. of Men Target
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SCHOOL OF CIVIL, ENVIRONMENTAL, GEOLOGICAL ENGINEERING
continuation
TIP
For the first four (4) days of activity, there are 40
men and to bring this down to a level of 30 men,
one of the starting activities will be delayed.
The FLOAT STATUS of the four (4) activities involved
are as follows:
Activity A : 6 FF (EF of A and ES)
Activity B : 0 FF
Activity E : 7 FF (EF of E and ES)
Activity C : Critical
Activity has no FF, hence, will not be moved
unless there is no more alternative.
If Activity E will be delayed by 4 days, the
utilization of manpower for the first 4 days will be
25 men only (Still lower than 30 men constant 4
manpower needed)
SAMPLE TIME-SCALED
NETWORK DIAGRAM
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SCHOOL OF CIVIL, ENVIRONMENTAL, GEOLOGICAL ENGINEERING
continuation
At 4 days:
OPTION 1: Delay Activity E for 4 days
SHOWN IN THE FIGURE:
ACTIVITIES THAT WILL CROSS THE 4-DAY MARK OF
NODE 2 ARE AS FOLLOWS:
ACTIVITY A: 10 MEN
ACTIVITY B: 10 MEN
ACTIVITY C: 5 MEN
ACTIVITY E: 15 MEN
TOTAL = 25 MEN
OPTION 2: Delay Activity A for 4 days
ACTIVITIES THAT WILL CROSS THE 4-DAY MARK OF
NODE 2 ARE AS FOLLOWS:
ACTIVITY A: 10 MEN
ACTIVITY B: 10 MEN
ACTIVITY C: 5 MEN
ACTIVITY E: 15 MEN 4
TOTAL = 30 MEN
SAMPLE TIME-SCALED
NETWORK DIAGRAM
“OPTION 2 IS THE MOST IDEAL”
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SCHOOL OF CIVIL, ENVIRONMENTAL, GEOLOGICAL ENGINEERING
continuation
At 5 days:
The 5th day has a manpower requirement of 45.
By further analysis, we have the following
alternatives:
A. Delay Activity A by one more day
B. Delay Activity D by one day
C. Stop Activity D
Option B: Not logical because men in this
activity are not yet working
Option C: Not advisable because men in this
activity are already working
If we choose Option A:
35 Men will be required for the 5th day.
BUT if we choose Option B, it will satisfy the level of
manpower of 30 MEN (this is somehow
recommended to satisfy the equation)
SAMPLE TIME-SCALED
NETWORK DIAGRAM
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SCHOOL OF CIVIL, ENVIRONMENTAL, GEOLOGICAL ENGINEERING
continuation
The graph shows the partially leveled TIME SCALED NETWORK AND MANPOWER LOADING
schedule. 70
From the 8th day to the 15th day, the
60
manpower requirements exceed 30 men.
50
BUT!!!
MANPOWER
40
“It is not possible to bet a completely
leveled schedule for a real project” 30
20
The problem would be complicated if there
is more than one resource that has to be 10
leveled. It is practical to have a gradual
build-up in work force followed by an 0
equally tapering drop at the end of the 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
project. PROJECT DURATION
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SCHOOL OF CIVIL, ENVIRONMENTAL, GEOLOGICAL ENGINEERING
continuation
OTHER OPTION:
You may plot this using MS EXCEL to get an instant summary of total manpower during the project duration
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