8 Steel Reinforcement and Fabrication

Lesson 8.B:
Learning After finishing this module, students are expected to:
Outcomes
1. Be familiar with the different sizes of steel bars
2. Learn to design the appropriate size of bars needed
3. Determine the spacing of steel reinforcement.
4. Be familiar with the different provisions and
requirements of ACI code and NSCP

Topics 1.1. Overview

1.2. Steel Reinforcement

Note: Read and study about

1. Steel Reinforcement and Fabrication
2. Properties of Steel Reinforcement
3. ACI Code Limitations on Steel reinforcement
4. Estimate of Quantity of Materials

References:
Simplified Building Construction Estimates, Max B. Fajardo Jr.
Estimating Bill of Materials, Tagayun and Associates
. Introduction to building construction

Warm Up:

Give three things that you expect to learn in this module.

1. _________________________________________________________
2. _________________________________________________________
3. _________________________________________________________
_____________

Pre-Test: Please answer the following questions;

1. Why is reinforcing steel bars required for concrete?

2. What is the minimum bar size for columns?

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Steel Reinforcement

Steel is the most widely used reinforcing materials for almost all types
of concrete construction. Steel is an excellent partner of concrete in resisting
both tension and compression stresses. Comparatively, steel is ten times
stronger than concrete in resisting compression load and hundred times
stronger in tensile stresses.

The design of concrete assumes that concrete and steel reinforcement

acts together in resisting load in the state of simultaneous deformation,
otherwise, due to excessive load impose upon it steel bars might slip out from
the concrete in the absence of sufficient bond.

Philippine Standard Size Compared with ASTM Standard Cross-Sectional

Area

Bar Bar size Nominal Unit Remarks

Designation Cross- Weight
( mm.) sectional (kg/m.) Smaller than ASTM
area By
2 6 0.2827 0.222 10.7%
3 10 0.7854 0.616 10.225%
4 12 1.131 0.887 10.7
5 16 2.011 1.577 1.6%
6 20 3.142 2.463 10.22%
8 25 4.919 3.848 2.9%
9 28 6.157 4.827 4.49%
10 31 8.042 6.305 1.6%
11 35 10.179 7.980 0.97%

Length of Commercially Available Steel Bars;

1. 6.0 m. long
2. 7.5 m. long
3. 9.0 m. long
4. 12 m. long

Code requirements for Bar Splice, Hooks and Bend

Type of Reinforcement Minimum Splice Length

1. Tension bar 25 x bar size + 150 mm.
2. Compression bar 20 x bar size + 160 mm.

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Estimating the quantity of reinforcing steel bars based on plan or working

drawings.

1. By direct counting
2. By area method

By direct counting- the number of pieces steel bars can be determine by

just counting the number of pieces as shown in the detailed drawing;
example: main bars for columns or main bars for beams and giving special
attention to the additional length for;

a.) Lap joints of end splices

b.) Allowance for bending and hook
c.) Distance from floor to footing
d.) Provisions for splices of succeeding floors
e.) Additional length for beam depth and floor thickness if the height
indicated in the plan is from floor to ceiling.

By area method – this is the simplest approach in computing the steel

bar reinforcement for CHB with the aid of Table 3-4, the values in the table
presented include the allowances required for standard bend, hook and
lapping splices.

TIRE WIRES;

Tie wire refers to gauge No. 16 galvanized iron wire used to secure
steel bars to the desired position. Ordering tie wire is by kilogram. A 53 m.
length of wire is equal to 1 kilogram. The length of tie wire depends upon the
size of the bars to be secured. The wire is cut into length ranging from 25 cm.
to 40 cm. for small and medium size steel bars. After cutting the tie wire it is
being folded at the center.

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How to estimate the quantity of commercial size bar for column

reinforcement:

ACI Code Provisions:

Tied column has a reinforcement consisting of vertical bars held in a

position by lateral reinforcement called lateral ties.

a.) If the main longitudinal bars of a tied column is No. 10 bars or

smaller in size ( lower than 30 mm. ) the lateral ties should not be
smaller than No. 3 or 10 mm. diameter.

b.) If the main reinforcement of a tied column is No. 11 to No. 18 ( 35

mm. to 66 mm. and the bundled bars, the lateral ties should not be
less than No. 4 or 12 mm. diameter.

The Code further provides that Lateral Ties spacing shall not exceed the
following:

a.) 16 x the longitudinal bar diameter.

b.) 48 x the lateral bar diameter or
c.) The least dimension of the column.

Also, the spacing of lateral ties at the base of the column are spaced
closely starting at 3 @ 0.05 m., 3 @ 0.10 m., 3 @ 0.15 m. where this part is
a critical section that cracking of concrete occurs, so more lateral ties is being
provided.

Different arrangement of Lateral Ties for Column Reinforcement

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 8 Steel Reinforcement and Fabrication

Example No. 1

A building has 20 columns at 4.0 m. high with cross-sectional

dimensions of 0.50 x 0.50 m. with 8 pcs. 20 mm. main reinforcement. Find
the safe maximum spacing, kilograms of tie wires, and the actual number of
commercial size bar using 10 mm. dia. R.S.B. ( Note: spacing of lateral ties
at the base are; 3 @ 0.05, 3 @ 0.10, 3 @ 0.15 )

Solution:

1. Determine the safe max. spacing of lateral ties.

a.) 16 x 20 mm. = 320 mm. or 32 cm.

b.) 48 x 10 mm. = 480 mm. or 48 cm.

c.) The least dimension of the column is 50 cm.

2. Therefore adopt 32 cm. maximum spacing of lateral ties being the smallest
value.

3. Determine the number of lateral ties in one column.

Starting at the base: (Hinitial = Ht. of column occupied by 9 lateral ties )

3 @ 0.05 = 0.10 m.
3 @ 0.10 = 0.30 m. 9 pcs. of lateral ties occupying 0.85 m.
3 @ 0.15 = 0.45 m.
H = 0.85 m.

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4. For the remaining height of the column

Hr = remaining height

Hr = Ho - Hi
Hr = 4.0 - 0.85 = 3.15 m.
5. Find the number of lateral ties for the remaining height

3.15 m. = 9.84 pcs. say 10 pcs.

0.32 m.
6. Find the total number of lateral ties for 20 columns
Add: No. of lateral ties = 9 + 10 = 19 ties for 1 column
Total no. of ties = 19 x 20 = 380 pcs.

7. Find the length of 1 lateral tie;

L = ( 0.42 x 4 sides ) + ( 6bd ) x 2 ( 0.08 = thickness of concrete cover )

where 6bd is the length of hook at the end of tie ( bd = bar diameter )

L = ( 0.42 x 4 ) + ( 6 x 0.010 ) x 2
L = 1.68 + 0.12 = 1.80 m. long for 1 pc. lateral tie

8. Using 6.0 m. long steel bar: determine the number of cut bar

6.0 m. = 3.33 pcs. only 3 pcs. could be derived from 6.0 m. long R.S.B.
1.8 m.
9. Find the actual number of 6.0 m. long bar,
380 pcs. = 126.67 pcs. say 127 pcs. of 6.0 m. long R.S.B.
3 pcs.

10. Find the number of kilograms of tie wire needed.

Assume length of tie wire = 0.30 m.

No. of cross-section to be provided w/ tie wire = 380 x 8 vert. bars = 3,040

pcs.

Total length of tie wire = 3,040 x 0.30 = 912 m. long

No. of kgs. = 912 m. divide by 53 m, = 17.21 kgs. Say 18 kgs.

Summary : 127 pcs. of 6.0 m. long R.S.B.

18 kgs. Tie wire

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Example # 2:

Determine the total no. of 20 mm. dia. vertical bars and 10 mm. dia.
commercial size bar for lateral ties if there are 8 columns at 8.0 m. high each
including kilograms of tie wires with the spacing of 3 @ 0.05, 3 @ 0.10 and the rest
@ 0.25 m. o. c. ( max. spacing is already given = 0.25 m. )

25 cm

Solution:

1. By direct counting: determine the actual number of longitudinal bars

for 8 columns.

No. of bars = 8 pcs. x 8 columns = 64 pcs.

Use: 9 m. long R.S.B. because the height of the column is 8 m. high,

therefore, the actual no. of pcs. = 64 pcs. of 9.0 m. long.

2. Determine the number of the lateral ties ( inner ties and outer ties )
starting from the base of the column.

3 @ 0.05 m. = 0.10 m.
3 @ 0.10 m. = 0.30 m. therefore, 9 pcs. of inner ties & 9 pcs. of outer ties
3 @ 0.15 m. = 0.45 m.
9 pcs. 0.85 m.

For initial ht. of 0.85 m. there are 9 pcs. of ties ( inner and outer ties )

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3. For the remaining height Hr:

Hr = Ho – Hi

Hr = 8.0 - 0.85 = 7.15 m.

No. of ties = 7.15 m. = 28.6 pcs. say 29 pcs. of inner & 29 pcs. of outer
0.25 m.

4. Total number of inner ties and outer ties for 8 columns.

Add: for inner ties = 9 + 29 = 38 pcs.

for outer ties = 9 + 29 = 38 pcs.

Total : for inner ties = 38 x 8 = 304 pcs.

for outer ties = 38 x 8 = 304 pcs.

5. Find the length of 1 outer tie;

L = { side dimension – steel covering } 4 sides + { 6bd } 2 hooks

L = { 0.40 cm. – 0.08 cm. } 4 + { 6 ( 0.010 ) } 2
L = ( .32 ) 4 + ( 0.06) 2
L = 1.28 + 0.12
L = 1.4 m. long
6. Find the length of 1 inner tie;

Taking a right triangle formed by outer tie and inner tie and
use Pythagorean to determine the length of diagonal forming a
diamond for inner tie,

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L2 = 0.162 + 0.162
L2 = 0.0256 + 0.0256
L = 0.226 m. length of 1 side
Total length = ( length of 1 side x 4 ) + ( 6bd ) 2
Total length = ( 0.226 x 4 ) + ( 6 x 0.010 ) 2
L = 0.904 + 0.12
L = 1.024 m.
7. Find the overall length of inner ties and outer ties:
Inner ties = 304 pcs. ( L = 1.024 m. )
Li = 304 x 1.024 = 311.296 m. say 312 m.
Outer ties = 304 pcs. ( L = 1.4 m. )
Lo = 304 x 1.4 = 425.6 m. say 426 m.
8. Using 6.0 m. long R.S.B. determine the actual no. of comm. size bar.
6.0 m. = 5.86 pcs. only 5 pcs. because 0.85 is shorter for 1 pc.
1.024
No. of com. size bar = 312 m. = 62.4 pcs. say 63 pcs.
5 m.
6.0 m. = 4.29 pcs. only 4 pcs. because 0.29 is shorter for 1 pc.
1.4 m.

No. of com. size bar = 426 m. = 106.5 pcs. say 107 pcs.
4 m.
Add: 63 + 107 = 170 pcs. x 6.0 m. long of comm. size bar
9. Find the no. of kgs of tie wire:
Assume length of 1 tie = 0.40 m. tie for both inner and outer tie
No. of cross-section b/n vertical bar and lateral ties = 304 pcs x 8
vert. = 2,432 pcs. of tie wires
Total length = 2,432 x 0.40 = 973 m.
No. of kgs. = 973 divide by 53 = 18.36 say 19 kgs.

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Summary:

64 pcs. – 20 mm. dia. x 9.0 m. long for vertical bars

170 pcs. - 10 mm. dia. x 6.0 m. long for lateral ties
19 kgs. - tie wires

Assignment: Solve for the problem exercise on page 123 Chapter 3

Simplified Construction Estimate – Max B. Fajardo Jr.
Note: submit your computation in a bond paper scanned
copy.

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