C

SUBJECT REQUIREMENT
QUIZZES: 30%
SEATWORK/ATTENDANCE/CLASS PARTICIPATION: 10%
PROJECT: 20%
MAJOR EXAM: 40%
PASSING PERCENTAGE: 60%
 ENGINEERING ESTIMATE
GENERAL CALCULATION OF SIZE,
QUANTITY,VALUE
REQUIREMENTS,ETC. ,AN APPROXIMATE
COMPUTATION OF THE PROBABLE COST
OF A PIECE OF WORK MADE OR TO BE
DONE BY PERSON
“FOR EXAMPLE, WHO OF YOU
TO BUILD A TOWER DOES NOT FIRST
WANTING
DOWN
SIT AND CALCULATE THE EXPENSE
SEE
TO IF HE HAS ENOUGH TO
IT?”
COMPLETE

-LUK14:28
E
COST ENGINEERING
• IS PART OF DETAILED ENGINEERING ACTIVITIES:
COMPRISES
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS ASSESMENT
CALCULATION OF BILL OF QUANTITIES,
BOQ
COST ANALYSIS COMPUTATION
PREPARATION OF CONSTRUCTION SCHEDULE AND
CASH FLOW
 TYPES OF
ESTIMATE
• CONCEPTUAL • BID
ESTIMATE ESTIMATE
BY AREA METHOD OR ASSEMBLYCONTRACTOR PREPARES HIS ESTIMATE
METHOD FOR
• PRELIMINARY BIDDING
COMPETITION
ESTIMATE
PRELIMINARY DESIGN(40% OF • CONSTRUCTION
COMPLETE
DETAILED ESTIMATE
AS CONSTRUCTION WORK
DESIGN
• DESIGNER
•
PROGRESS
APRAISAL
ESTIMATE
BASED ON FINAL ESTIMATE
ESTIMATING THE FAIR VALUE OR WORTH
DESIGN OF A
PROPERTY AT SPECIFIED
DATE.
C1
IMPORTANCE OF ENGINEERING ESTIMATE
THE SUCCESS OF A PROJECT GREATLY DEPENDS ON THE COMPLETENES AND
REALIABITY OF PREPARED ESTIMATE

FOR THE OWNER = TO GIVE THE OWNER PROJECT COST INFORMATION

FOR THE PLANNER, DESIGNER, ESTIMATOR=
FOR THE BUILDER( OR CONTRACTOR)=TO GET A WINNING BID(FAIR PROFIT)
FOR THE APPRAISER=VITAL ROLE IN BANKING INDUSTRY
FOR THE GOVERNMENT= TO ELIMINATE ESTIMATE AND CONSTRUCTION
FRAUD
FOR THE BUILDING OFFICIAL=TO EXAMINE EFFECTIVELY ALL
PROJECT
FOR THE ESTIMATE EXAMINER
Slide 7
PRINCIPLES OF ENGINEERING
ESTIMATE
•COMPLETE
ESTIMATE
TO MAKE THE ESTIMATE COMPLETE, ALL QUANTITIES OF
MATERIALS,
MANPOWER, AND EQUIPMENT MUST BE
CALCULATED
• MATERIALS-BILL OF QUANTITIES EXPRESSED IN VOLUME, WEIGHT,
AREA,
ET LENGTH,
C.
•LABOR-MANPOWER IN MAN-HOURS, MAN-DAYS OR
• TEAM-DAYS
EQUIPMENT- IN OPERATED- HOUR OR BARE
MONTH RENTAL
 PRINCIPLES OF ENGINEERING
ESTIMATE
• RELIABLE ESTIMATE
BOTH QUANTITIES AND PRICES MUST BE DETERMINED
ACCURATELY.
QUANTITIES OF MATERIALS ARE CALCULATED FROM DRAWINGS SHOWN
IN THE PLANS,
WITH THE AID OF SOLID MENSURATION PRINCIPLES, QUANTITIES CAN BE
DETERMINED WITH A
HIGH DEGREE OF ACCURACY (95-100%)

• EFFECTIVE ESTIMATE
 ADJUSTMENT SHALL BE MADE IN THE ESTIMATED
QUANTITIES AND UNIT COSTS TO INCLUDE ALLOWANCES
FOR THE WASTES AND PRICE FLUCTUATIONS WHICH MAKE
THE ESTIMATE EFFECTIVE DURING THE CONSTRUCTION.
PRINCIPLES OF ENGINEERING
ESTIMATE
•ENGINEERING ESTIMATE
DOCUMENTATION
MUST BE PROPERLY SUBSTANTIATED AND DOCUMENTED BY
STANDARD
ANALYTICAL COMPUTATIONS. IT SHOULD BE MADE WELL
ORGANIZED TO
PROVIDE EASY CORRECTION, AND
VERIFICATION, EXAMINATION.
REQUIREMENTS IN ESTIMATING BILL OF
QUANTITIES

AWORKING DRAWINGS OR CONSTRUCTION

PLAN
B
. CONSTRUCTION
SPECIFICATION
.
FOR ARCHITECTURAL
• PERSPECTIVE • TRANSVERSE AND LONGITUDINAL
SECTIONS
• SITE DEVELOPMENT
PLAN
• LOCATION • CABINETS AND CLOSETS
PLAN
• FLOOR • DOORS AND WINDOWS
PLAN
• ELEVATION • CEILING
PLAN
S • INTERIOR DESIGN AND
FEATURES
FOR STRUCTURAL
• FOUNDATION PLANS
• FLOOR FRAMING PLANS
• ROOF FRAMING PLANS
• STAIR DETAILS
• BEAM
DETAILS
• DETAILS OF COLUMN/ FOOTING
• DETAIL OF
SLABS
FOR
PLUMBING
•PLUMBING
PLANS
-DETAILS OF WATER PIPE NETWORK, SANITARY AND DRAINAGE
PIPES AND
VENT
PIPES
-ISOMETRIC VIEW OF WATER AND SANITARY PIPE
SYSTEM
FOR
ELECTRICAL
• ELECTRICAL
PLANS
-DETAILS OF RISER DIAGRAM, LOAD COMPUTATION, PANEL
BOARDS,
SWITCHES,
-LIGHTING AND CONVENIENCE OUTLET
LAYOUT
THE IMPORTANCE OF
SPECIFICATION
CONSTRUCTIONIN PREPARING
•ESTIMATE
THE TECHNICAL INFORMATION IS PREPARED IN TWO
FORMATS:
• DRAWINGS (GRAPHICAL
PRESENTATION)
ARE SHOWN IN THE
PLANS
• SPECIFICATION/ CONSTRUCTION
SPECIFICATION
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF MATERIALS, EQUIPMENT, AND
METHODS OF
CONSTRUCTION STIPULATED IN TECHNICAL
ARE SPECIFICATIONS.
PURPOSE OF
SPECIFICATION
•TO DESCRIBED CLEARLY WHAT THE END USER( OWNER OR THE
CLIENT)
INTENDS TO PURCHASE OR TO
MAKE.
• TO PROVIDE THE BASIS TO EVALUATE MATERIALS AND WORK
QUALITY
DURING AND AFTER
CONSTRUCTION.
• TO BE USED BY ESTIMATORS AND BIDDERS TO PREPARE
QUANTITY
OFF, LABORTAKE-
MAN-HOURS, EQUIPMENT-HOURS, UNIT
COST.
PRINCIPLES OF SPECIFICATION
•WRITING
CLEAR AND
UNDERSTANDABLE
UNCLEAR SPECIFICATION WILL LEAD MISINTERPRETATIONS. SPECIFICATION MUST BE
CLEAR
EASY TO AND
UNDERSTAND BY EVERYBODY INCLUDING
LAYMEN.
•CONSISTENT UNIT OF
MEASURES
CLEARLY IDENTIFY THE UNITS OF MEASURE WHEN STATING A SIZE, DIMENSION,
VOLUME, WEIGHT.
• WELL DEFINED
FEATURES
USE BULLET POINTS WHERE NECESSARY, STARTING FROM THE MOST
IMPORTANT OF THE REQUIRED ITEM TO EMPHASIZE THE KEY FEATURES OF THE
CHARACTERISTICS
MATERIAL OR WORK
PRINCIPLES OF SPECIFICATION
WRITING
• COMPATIBILITY OF MATERIALS AND
WORKS
THE PROBLEM OF COMPATIBILITY ARISES WHEN TWO OR MORE
MATERIALS
PUT TOGETHERMUST
FORBEPARTICULAR USE OR
ASSEMBLY
• FAIRNESS TO
ALL
SPECIFICATION NEED TO BE DEFINITIVE, GENERIC AND FAIR TO ALL
POTENTIAL
AND SUPPLIERS
BUILDERS
DRAWING AND
RELATIONSH
SPECIFICATION
IP
• DRAWING AND SPECIFICATION ARE COMPLEMENTARY AND INSEPARABLE
DOCUMENTS
ENGINEERINGAS FAR AS IS
ESTIMATE
CONCERNED.
• AN ESTIMATE BASED ON DRAWING ALONE IS INCOMPLETE, BECAUSE SPECIFICATION
MAY SPELL
SPECIFIC OUR
PRODUCTS STANDARDS AND CONSTRUCTION METHODS TO BE USED, WHICH ARE
THE
FOR BASES
PRICING MATERIALS, AND DERIVING LABOR PRODUCTIVITY AND
EQUIPMENT OUTPUT.
IMPACT OF ESTIMATING
SPECIFICATI
WITHOUT
ON
• “ALL EXPOSED SURFACES , INCLUDING FINISHED SURFACES, SHALL BE TREATED
IMMEDIATELY
CONCRETE HASAFTER
BEEN POURED TO PROVIDE CONTINUOUS MOIST CURING FOR AT LEAST
SEVEN DAYS.”

• “MASONRY MORTAR FOR SETTING( LAYING AND FILLING) CHB BLOCKS SHALL BE IN THE
PROPORTION
ONE CEMENT OF
MORTAR TO THREE PARTS SAND. MORTARS SHALL BE MIXED WITH POTABLE
WATER USING
ONE-BAGGER
MIXER.”
WAGE SCHEDULE

• WAGE SCHEDULE SHOULD BE MADE PART OF THE SPECIFICATION.

SEATWORK NO. 1
1.WHAT IS A SPECIFICATION
2.WHAT IS A OPEN SPECIFICATION
3.WHAT IS A DESIGN SPECIFICATION
4.WHAT IS A PROPRIETY SPECIFICATION
5.WHAT IS A PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATION
TYPES OF
SPECIFICATION
THE TYPE OF SPECIFICATION IS DETERMINED DEPENDING ON HOW THE DESIGNER INSTRUCTS
THE
CONTRACTOR TO DO A PARTICULAR
JOB.
1 DESIGN
SPECIFICATION
2.
. PERFORMANCE
SPECIFICATION
3. PROPRIETY
SPECIFICATION
4. OPEN
SPECIFICATION
DESIGN SPECIFICATION

• IT IS A DESCRIPTIVE SPECIFICATION, A DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF

MATERIALS, WORKMANSHIP AND INSTALLATION AND ERECTION
PROCEDURES.
DESIGN SPECIFICATION

EXAMPL
E:
SAND: CLEAN, WASHED, SHARP, DURABLE NATURAL PARTICLES, FREE
FROM
SOLUBLE SALTS OR ORGANIC IMPURITIES. SAND FOR GROUTING SHALL
BE
SCREENED TO PASS A 30 MESH SIEVE WITH NOT MORE THAN 5% PASSING
A 100 MESH SCREEN.
DESIGN SPECIFICATION
• IT IS THE OBLIGATION OF THE CONTRACTOR TO FOLLOW
THE
INSTRUCTIONS AS STIPULATED IN THE SPECIFICATIONS.

• THE OWNER AND SPECIFICATION WRITER TAKE THE RESPONSIBILITY

OF
THE
RESULTS.
• THIS OBLIGE THE DESIGNER TO UNDERSTAND AND SPECIFY
ACCURATELY
WHAT TO USE AND HOW TO PUT THE MATERIALS TOGETHER FOR
BEAUTY,
ECONOMY AND
SAFETY.
PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATION
• THIS DESCRIBES THE EXPECTED RESULTS OF THE WORK AND
THE
METHODS TO BE USED ARE LEFT TO THE CONTRACTOR’S
DISCRETION.
• PERFORMANCE CAN BE EXPRESSED IN TERMS OF APPEARANCE,
TEXTURE-
ROUGH OR SMOOTH, COLOR, AND FINISH-PLAIN CEMENT OR SAND
BLAST.
• GIVE A CHANCE TO THE CONTRACTOR TO DEVISE
INNOVATIVE
APPROACHES TO THE WORK FOR THE LOWER PRICES THAT PUT HIM IN
A
BETTER POSITION TO WIN THE COMPETITIVE PROJECT
BIDDING.
PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATION

EXHAUST FAN PERFORMANCE. RATED FOR CONTINUOUS OPERATION AT

CAPACITY OF 500 CFM AGAINST A STATIC PRESSURE OF 0.5 INCHES OF
WATER COLUMN AND TEMPERATURE OF 50 DEG. C
PROPRIETY SPECIFICATION

• THIS SPECIFICATION STATES EXACTLY THE PRODUCT OR THE METHOD

TO
BE USED. SOMETIMES, IT MAY ALLOW FOR ONE SPECIFIC ALTERNATE
OR
HAVE AN “EQUAL” OR “APPROVED EQUIVALENT”
CLAUSE.
• THE PURPOSE IS TO ENSURE THAT THE OWNER GETS A
PREFERREDOR METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION FOR EASIER
MATERIAL
MAINTENANCE.
• ADJUSTMENT: MANUAL

• MIN. PATTERN: 180 DEGREES

• MIN. COVERAGE RANGE: 2100 SF
• MIN. TIME ADJUSTMENT: 1 MINUTE
• MAX. TIME ADJUSTMENT: 15 MINUTE
• MIN. LOAD RATING: 800W@120V INC
• 1200VA@120V
• 2700VA@277V FL
• VOLTAGE: 120/277 VOLT AC 60HZ
• PHOTO CELL: AMBIENT OVERRIDE ON
• STANDARDS AND CERTIFICATIONS: UL AND CSA
• MIN. WARRANTY: 1-YEAR
PROPRIETY SPECIFICATION
• RA 9184, SECTION 18 OF IRR
• REQUIRES THAT DESIGN SPECIFICATION FOR MATERIALS SHALL BE BASED
ON RELEVANT CHARACTERISTICS AND/OR PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS.
THIS MAY INCLUDE FORMS, MAKES, COLOR, SHAPE, COMPOSITION, AND SO
ON. STIPULATING OF BRAND NAMES SHALL NOT BE ALLOWED TO AVOID
THE
SUSPICION OF FAVOURING A CERTAIN PRODUCT MANUFACTURER OR
SUPPLIER.
OPEN SPECIFICATION

• THIS IS A NON RESTRICTIVE SPECIFICATION AND ALLOWS MANY

DIFFERENT CHOICES WITHIN A GIVEN CRITERIA. A NUMBER OF
VARIOUS
MANUFACTURERS MAY BE LISTED TO GIVE CONTRACTOR GREAT
LEEWAY
IN GETTING THE BEST PRICE- HONEST LOWEST AND
EFFECTIVE.
ORGANIZATION OF THE
SPECIFICATION
• SPECIFICATION MUST BE ORGANIZED TO STANDARD FORMAT TO ENABLE
ESTIMATORS
AND CONTRACTORS FIND INFORMATION
EASILY
• THE MOST WIDELY USED FORMAT FOR WRITING SPECIFICATION IS
CONSTRUCTION
SPECIFICATION INSTITUTE (CSI ) FORMAT WHICH CONTAINS SIXTEEN
DIVISIONS.
CSI SPECIFICATION FORMAT
• DIVISION 0 : BUILDING AND CONTRACT REQUIREMENTS

• DIVISION 1 : GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

• DIVISION 2 : SITE WORKS

• DIVISION 3 : CONCRETE

• DIVISION 4 : MASONRY

• DIVISION 5 : METAL
S
• DIVISION 6 : WOOD AND PLASTICS

• DIVISION 7 : THERMAL AND MOISTURE PROTECTION

• DIVISION 8 : DOORS AND WINDOWS

• DIVISION 9 : FINISHES

• DIVISION 10: SPECIALTIES

CSI SPECIFICATION FORMAT

• DIVISION 11 : EQUIPMENT

• DIVISION 12 : FURNISHING

• DIVISION 13 : SPECIAL CONSTRUCTION

• DIVISION 14 : CONVEYING SYSTEMS

• DIVISION 15 : MECHANICAL

• DIVISION 16 : ELECTRICA
L
CSI
•
SPECIFICATION
DIVISION 0 : BUILDING AND CONTRACT
FORMAT
REQUIREMENTS
• CONTAINS BIDDING REQUIREMENTS AND CONTRACT
DOCUMENTS.
• DIVISION 1 : GENERAL
REQUIREMENTS
• COVERS THE NON- TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS SUCH AS INFORMATION ABOUT TEMPORARY
FACILITIES,
ADMINISTRATIVE REQUIREMENTS AND TEMPORARY
UTILITIES.
• DIVISION 2 : SITE
WORKS
• CONTAINS CLEARING, GRUBBING, DEMOLITION, EARTHWORKS- EXCAVATION, BACKFILL,
BARROW
DISPOSALFILL,
.
• DIVISION 3 :
CONCRETE
• INCLUDES CONCRETE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH, PROPORTIONS, SLUMP; REINFORCING BARS YIELD
STRESS,
ADMIXTURE
S.
• DIVISION 4 :
MASONRY
• INVOLVES MASONRY UNITS, MORTAR MIXTURE, STEEL BARS, TILES SETTING, SIZES AND
ADHESIVE,
WORKS, STONE
PLASTERING.
CSI SPECIFICATION FORMAT
• DIVISION 5 :
METALS
•
SPECIFIES TYPES OF METALS AND YIELD STRESS, METHOD OF CONNECTIONS, BOLTS,
WELDS,
RIVETS, BASE
PAINTING.
• DIVISION 6 : WOOD AND PLASTICS
• STATE THE CLASS OF WOOD AND STRENGTH, MOISTURE CONTENT, FASTENERS,
TREATMENT.
• DIVISION 7 : THERMAL AND MOISTURE
PROTECTION
•ENTAILS WATER PROOFING, INSULATION OR HEAT A BARRIERS, FIREPLACE,
CHIMNEY,FANS,
EXHAUST
ETC.
• DIVISION 8 : DOORS AND WINDOWS
• STIPULATES THE TYPE AND MATERIALS OF DOORS AND WINDOWS, LOCK
SETS.
• DIVISION 9 : FINISHES
• DEALS WITH MATERIAL FINISHES EITHER PAINT OR VARNISH, TEXTURE- SMOOTH, GLOSSY
OR
ROUGH
.
CSI SPECIFICATION FORMAT
• DIVISION 10 : SPECIALTIES
• INCLUDES SPECIALTY WORKS LIKE GLASS AND ALUMINIUM, WOOD AND STEEL
LATTICE,
CONCRETE MOULDINGS, STEEL GRILLS AND HANDRAILS, LANDSCAPING, PEST
CONTROL.
• DIVISION 11 : EQUIPMENT
• INVOLVES THE TYPE, SIZE, CAPACITY OF EQUIPMENT TO BE
USED.
• DIVISION 12 : FURNISHINGS
• CONTAINS BUILT- IN CABINETS, CARPETS, LAVATORY AND INFORMATION
COUNTERS.
• DIVISION 13 : SPECIAL CONSTRUCTION
• COVERS DEEP OR PILE FOUNDATIONS, FOOTINGS ON DIFFICULT SOILS, SLOPE PROTECTION
AND OTHER WORKS WITH UNIQUE CHARACTERISTICS.
CSI SPECIFICATION FORMAT
• DIVISION 14 : CONVEYING SYSTEM
• DEALS WITH METHODS OF TRANSPORTING MATERIALS TO THE DESIRED PLACE OR FLOORS
OF THE BUILDING BY USE OF BUCKETS, WHEEL BORROWS, CARNE TOWER, PUMPS, ETC

• DIVISION 15 : MECHANICAL
• INCORPORATES WATER SUPPLY, SANITARY WASTE DISPOSAL SYSTEM, DRAINAGE,
ELAVATORS, ESCALATORS, AIR CONDITIONING, AND PUMPS

• DIVISION 16 : ELECTRICAL
• CONTAINS PANEL BOARDS, WIRES AND CONDUITS, FIXTURES.
TRADE SECTION
BREAKDOWN
• EACH TRADE SECTION WITHIN THE DIVISION SHALL CONTAIN BREAKDOWN
OF ITEMSESTIMATORS, BIDDERS AND FIELD PERSONNEL CAN
SO THAT
REFER TO THE THEY
INFORMATION
NEED.
TRADE SECTION BREAKDOWN
DIVISION 6: WOOD AND PLASTICS
Section numbers section titles
6.01 Fasteners and support anchorages
6.02 Rough carpentry
6.03 Wood treatment
6.04 Finish carpentry
6.05 Architectural woodwork
6.06 Heavy timber construction
6.07 Light structural wood
6.08 Pre- fabricated architectural plastic
MOST PROBABLE
COST
• THE MOST PROBABLE COST OF A PROJECT CONTAINS SEVERAL COST ITEMS
AND
ITEMEACH
MUST BE CALCULATED IN DETAIL TO ENSURE ACCURACY OF
ESTIMATE.
• THE COST ITEMS COMPROMISING THE MOST PROBABLE
COST ARE:
• DIRECT
• COST
INDIRECT
COST
• MARK
UPS.
DIRECT COST
• DIRECT COST OF A PROJECT IS BASED ON THE DRAWINGS
SHOWN IN PLANS AND DESCRIPTIONS IN THE SPECIFICATION.
DIRECT
•
COST
MATERIA
L:•
INVOLVES QUANTITY AND UNIT
PRICE
• LABO
R:• LABOR COST IS MADE UP TO TWO PARTS: BASIC DAILY WAGE AND BENEFITS AND
INSURANCE
• EQUIPMEN
T:• RENTAL
• FEE
THE WAGE FOR THE
OPERATOR
• FUEL, LUBRICANTS AND
MAINTENANCE
INDIRECT
COST
•IS A COST RELATED AND INCIDENTAL TO DIRECT
COST THAT WERE
ESTABLISHED BY EXPERIENCE IN ACTUAL CONSTRUCTION
OF THE PROJECT.
INDIRECT
COST
•OVERHE
AD
•CONTINGEN
CIES
•MISCELLAN
•OUS
MOBILIZATION/DEMOBILI
ZATION.
OVERHEA
D
IS AN INDIRECT COST OR ALLIED EXPENSES INTENDED FOR THE
OPERATION OF THE CONSTRUCTION BUSINESS INCLUDING
ENGINEERING AND ADMINISTRATIVE SUPERVISION.
CONTINGENCIES

ARE ALLOWANCES FOR UNFORESEEN EVENTS, WORKS AND

ITEMS THAT ARE NECESSARY TO COMPLETE THE JOB BUT NOT
NECESSARILY INDICATED IN THE PLANS OR STIPULATED IN THE
SPECIFICATION.
MISCELLANEOUS

MISCELLANEOUS INCLUDE EXPENSES INTENDED FOR THE COST

OF SMALL ITEMS THAT ARE NOT READILY DETERMINED
OR
DIFFICULT TO QUANTIFY AND OTHER VARIOUS WORKS.
MOBILIZATION/
DEMOBILIZATION
MOBILIZATION AND DEMOBILIZATION IN CONSTRUCITON
COVER
THE COST OF BRINGING IN AND TAKING OUT OF NON-
MOVING
TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT TO AND FROM THE
JOB.
MARKS UP

• PROFIT
• TAXE
S EWT (2.5- 3 % OF TOTAL DIRECT COST)
•
• EVAT ( 12 % OF TOTAL DIRECT COST)
MARKS UP

• PROFIT
• TAXE
S EWT (2.5- 3 % OF TOTAL DIRECT COST)
•
• EVAT ( 12 % OF TOTAL DIRECT COST)