, ) ,y =y(u, u)

tm d and o.
ww
D aa e coMPOSITE FUNCTIONS
cr

P e armtm
uf 1, defined by the relations,
F
),. y =y(t)
w order partial derivatives w.r.t. x andy; and x andy posses
sowtsme

dt

La w Su
w u t d let the corresponding increment in x, y, u by , ,
res
by) . (u
Sulw
o& by)-flx, y)
yby) -f x, y +&y)) +Ifx, y + 8y) -fx,y))
By subtracting and addingfz,y"
Applying LagungsMsan Vaiue Theorem
lie..Aa h) -fa) h):0<0<1] to the two differences on theriE
w ehave

ou åsf,a s . y
by)õy .f,x,y +
0,õy); [0 <0, <1and 0 <¬<1]
PARTIAL FERENTIATION
233

dzdz dx dz dy
dx dx dx ay dx | By Cor. 1, Art. 11
dz dy
dx oy dx

From z = 2+y2, = 2 +y2)-V2.2x=-

dx

y
and ay
Also differentiating the given relation w.r.t. x, we ge

3 8y+3a
dx. »|=0
dy x+ay
or
(3y +3ax)=-(32
dx
+3ay) or
dx y + ax
Substituting in (1), we have

dz
dx

dz a

e" er" andy = e" -

e", show that

function ofx and y; where
x = +
Example 3. Ifz is a

z dz zy (KU.2007)
Qu du
Sol. Herez is a composite function of u and v.
2 is a function of both x and y and x, y
are functions of u, v).
By eqns. (u) and (vi) Cor. 2, Art. 11;
of
..1)
Qu x 'du dy du

and
dz .(2)
du dx du dy dv
* = e"+e and y = e - - e"
But
d e d -e
and
du

Also oy and dy-e

du
Putting these values in (1) and (2), we get

..(3)
-)-e"-
 DVANCED CALCULus
232
an by

The necessary
formulae for change of
these variables a r e given
equations (u) and
equatin.

eqn. (vi) of Cor. 2 Art. 11. and v.

function ofu
Let u s treat z as a composite
functions of u alone
then x, y, z be
t 1s regarded a s constant;

B y eqn. (v) of Art. 11,

oz dx,dz dy
ay a .3)
2 will be functions of u alone.
as constant, x, y,
Similarly regarding u

B y eqn. (ui) of Art. 11,

dz dz dx dzy
.4
dz
On solving equations (3) and (4) as simultaneous equations in and
and , , we get their
dy
dz
values in terms of u and u.

If instead of equations (2), u and v are given in terms of x and y say

u = e(x, y) and v = n(r, y)
5)
then it is easier to use the formulae (treating z as a composite function of r and y)

dzdz du du
dx du dx 6)
dz oz du dz du
and
y u dy *Ju
du dy
dy .(7)
The higher derivatives ofz can be obtained by repeated application of the formulae ()
and (4) or by repeated application of the formulae (6) and (7).
Remark. If u = f(x, ), wherex = ¢() and y =
y(); then the equation (iv) of Art. 11 namely
duL dx U changes the variables u,
dt ax dt dy
r
and y in terms of u and t.
du
/xample 1. Find when u=*+, x= at; y = 2at, verify by direct substitution.
dt
Sol. Now dudu.+
dt
du ddy (By eqn. (iv) of Art. 11)
2x. 2at + 2y.
2a 2.at.2at +2.2at.2a =
40213 +8a2t 4a^t(t + 2)
Again, u =x +y2= a2t+ 4a2
du
. =dt 4a3 + 8at 4a^(2 +2)=

Hence the verification.

Example 2. If z= + y2 and
* = a, y=a.
r++3axy =
5a?, find the value of dz/dx
dzdx when

Sol. The relation **y° +

Baxy -

5a' =
0
composite function of x. defines y as a function of x,
unction of therefore, 2
x, therero
15
 ADVANCED CALCULIs
234
+-")=-. e y
and dv dr dy
Subtracting (3) and (4), we get
d "+e")-(e"-e)=*-y
du dx dy
fiy z, z x, r -

y), prove that

Eample 4. 1f U
-

-
=

aU
-0. (M.D.U. 1996, 97, 99
d

Sol. Let u - y - 2 , U =2 -1,

w =r-y
U - flu, v, w).
o that
s a composite function of r, y, z.
Uis a function ofu, v, w and u, v, w are functions of
y.2therefore U is a composite function ofx, y, 2]
au U du OUdu dU dw
.1)
dx dudx
(By Remark, Art. 1)
But u =y - 2, V =Z -*, w =* -y

- 1,=1,
dx
Putting these values in (1), we get
aU
dx
OU,3U
du dw
..2)
Changing x, y, z and u, v, w in cyclic order
OU OU
dy dw du .3)

dz du
Adding (2), (3), (4), we get
OU OU
dx =
Example 5. Prove that
herex =
u cos a USLn , y =u sin a+U COs a.

Or
By chunging the independent
I u (- stn G, y u sinvariables
cOs U
a + v
u and
=
v to x
and y by means of the relat
cos o; show that

du ransforms into
dy